一、平行结构
考点分析
改错题考得最多的一个方向便是平行结构。
（一）对等连接词
一共有三类连接平行结构的词
单一式：and，or，but
相关式：both...and，not...but，either...or，neither...nor
the same...as；as...as，not so...as，not as...as
such...as，so...that，too...to，from...to，from...until，between...and
not only...but also（also可以省略），not only+主谓，also
not only...but also（also可以省略）+as well
短语式：as well as；rather than（而不是）；other than（除……之外）；instead of
（代替）
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的，另一个单词却不对。
（二）平行的内容
（1）词性的平行
例：Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of an organism to changes in duration of daily，seasonally，or yearly periods of light and darkness.
分析：在daily，seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中，daily和yearly是形容词，seasonally是副词，故改为形容词seasonal，共同修饰名词periods，三个形容词的平行。词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行。
（2）名词单复数的平行
但是如果既有可数名词，又有不可数名词，可以不平行。
例：The main advertising media include direct mail，radio，television，magazines，and newspaper.
分析：newspaper为可数名词，在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式，并且和前面的magazines平行，而mail，radio，television则是不可数名词。
（3）时态的平行
例：The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated with the imagist movement，but later develops her own thyme patterns and verse forms.
分析：句中前半部分谓语为过去时，与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。因此develops应改为developed。
（4）排列位置的平行
例：not only does rust corrode the surface of metal，but also weakens it.
分析：Not only位置放错。从句but also放在动词前可知，not only也须置于动词前。即为Rust not only corrodes。
对于not only...but also的用法有以下几种：
主语+not only+谓语，but also+谓语，正确。
Not only+主谓，but also+主谓，正确。
Not only+主语+谓语，but also+谓语，错误。
技巧点拨
平行结构要求各部分采用相同的形式，改错题中经常会出现平行结构的连接词误用或是平行结构中某一部分与其他部分在形式上不统一的错误。
（1）识别这类错误的前提是熟悉各种平行结构；
（2）找到平行结构的连接词，根据上下文判断连接词使用是否正确；
（3）明确平行结构由哪几部分（词之间、两者之间以及句子间的平行）组成，对照其形式是否一致。
典型真题
例1：
65.Even if
modify commercially produced cars to 
alternative
，the 
catch on in a big way 
drivers can fill them up at the gasstation.（河海大学2004年）
【名师点评】D。对等连接词。D应该与前面的won’t搭配，所以用when不对，应改为until。
例2：
（69）“Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers，but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to the stores，and incremental sales，”said Steve Nave，senior vice president and general manager of Walmart.com.（北京大学2011年）
【名师点评】（only）do（we）。“not only...but also”连接两个句子时，not only部分的句子需要倒装，but also部分不倒装。not only句子部分是实义动词，only后面需要加助动词do。
例3：
39.Such changes，(https://www.daowen.com)
the erosion of 
barrier islands，and theBush administration’s policy of
more wetlands to development，weakened thenatural frontline defense against a hurricane storm surge
the city morevulnerable to death and destruction.（中国社会科学院2011年）
【名师点评】D。时态平行。leave和weakened是并列谓语，时态应保持一致，故应将and leave改为and left。
实战演练
1.
he wrote copiously on 
，politics，and religion，Lewis Mumford 
2.Ducks 
domesticated for 
commercially for 
meat and eggs.
3.“We go through life surrounded by protective convoys of others，”says Robert Kahn，a psychologist of the University of Michigan who studied the health effects of companionship.____
4.The man practices 
he 
because he doesn’t smoke，drink or 
anything to 
5.A bicycle is 
，and it 
to you 
things fresh air，sunshine and
.
6.The main reason for the 
of the 
isn’t so 
a fall in living conditions
a rise in it.
7.
the giant panda belonged to the bear 
raccoon families was a matter of
for many years.
8.People realize that 
animals may not have the same intelligence 
humanbeings，they are 
to learn certain 
9.Dreams of being 
simply suggest that you are 
an issue or 
to runaway and hide from something that you don’t want to 
10.Big 
，such as lions and 
，can be photographed as they bound happily
their 
and dinner.
11.Just as it seemed sensible 
us to regard advertising without going 
eitherextreme，so it also seemed logical 
try and find as coldbloodedly 
we could，what advertising in the Britain of the sixties really was.
12.In its place were
men and advertising agencies—all 
in differentways and to different rules and all 
quite startling 
of competence，taste and effectiveness.
13.In nursery lore a verse，
n early childhood，is 
usually passed on again 
the little listener has grown up，and has children of his own，
even grandchildren.
14.Parents want their children to graduate 
skills that prepare them to 
get a jobin today’s marketplace 
advance 
higher levels of education and training.
15.Artists use caricature to distort the human face or comic 
，while at the same timecapturing an 
likeness and 
the essence of the personality orcharacter 
the surface.
16.Professor Huntington，of the Foundation for the Study of Cycles，made extensivestudies 
discover the seasons when people 
serious books，attend scientificmeetings，
the highest scores on examination，and 
propose the mostchanges to patents.
17.The historical process which culminated in the ascent of Thomas Jefferson to the
can be regarded as the 
example 
of the birth of a newway of life but 
as a new way of life.
18.Female characters who appear strong in plays generally achieve their 
ofstrength 
manipulating the kinds of discourse they use，and 
the stereotypesof masculine and feminine behavior 
their own ends.
19.Advertising is 
of our major industries，and advertising exists not to satisfy desires
to create them—and 
create them faster 
any man’s budget can satisfythem.
20.Most singles 
devote an inordinate amount of time 
energy cultivating
relationships，
experience loneliness.
答案解析
1.B。平行结构。such...as为对等结构。出现as，往往要注意前面一半。
2.C。谓语重复Ducks have...many centuries是一个完整的句子，are raised处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词，因此要在are raised前面加上and。
3.studied→has studied。时态平行。全句的主语是现在时，定语从句介绍Robert做过的研究项目，所以用现在完成时比较合适。
4.C。词性平行。smoke，drink与does构成并列结构，故does应用动词原形do。
5.D。名词单复数平行。fresh air，sunshine，exercises构成并列，但exercise在这里指“锻炼”，为不可数名词。故exercises应改为exercise。
6.D。平行结构。在英语中not so much...as...表示的是一种特殊的比较结构，表示“与其说……不如说……”的意思。因此基于上下文逻辑关系like应该改为as。
7.A。平行结构。That放在这里说不通，而whether...or为固定词组。因此根据上下文逻辑关系That应该改为Whether。
8.B。平行结构。这里是表示比较的用法。“动物不可能有人的智能”，句型应为the same...as。因此like应改为as。
9.C。平行结构。and，or，not only...but also...，both...and...等词语连接的成分必须在词性和词型等方面一致。根据该原则，try应改为trying。
10.B。并列结构。and连词的名词应该用平行的单复数。根据此原则，tiger应改为tigers，与前面的lions并列。
11.D。平行结构。此句使用了as+adj.+as这一结构，we could后省略了前面提到的动词try和find，表示“尽可能冷静地处理”之意。as if意为“好像，似乎”，用在此处不合适。因此，去掉as。
12.C。并列结构。all working in different ways...and all showed quite startling differ-ences...是两个并列的状语结构，因为主语和动词之间是主谓关系，故动词应为现在分词形式。故showed改为showing。
13.C。平行结构。本句采用了not...until...句型，意为“直到小听众长大了……他在幼儿园学的诗才会被传下去……”，如用when，则与原文要表达的意思相反。故when改为until。
14.C。平行结构。either和or搭配构成一组并列连词。有一些并列连词有固定的搭配，如both...and，not only...but also，neither...nor，not...but等。因此，将advance前的and改成or。在使用这样的连词时要注意前后呼应。
15.C。并列结构。while引导的从句中，suggest应与capturing并列，因此要采用-ing形式。故将suggests改为suggesting。
16.D。并列结构。此句中and连接两个动词，从句子结构上讲and应该连接两个相同成分，因此用不定式不合适，删掉“to”。
17.D。平行结构。not only...but also...连接的两个并列成分应该是对等的。not only后是of the birth of a new way of life，那么but also后就应该是of nationalism as a new way of life。因此，在nationalism前加of。
18.C。并列结构。此处应为动名词词组，与前manipulating...并列放在by的后面。因此，adapt应改为adapting。
19.B。平行结构。根据句意，此处是not...but...的搭配，意为“不是……而是……”；注意与not only...but also...“不但……而且……”区分开来，此处连词混搭了。因此，also改为but。
20.B。平行结构。either...or...意为“二者择一的；要么……要么……”，是固定搭配。因此，改and为or。