二、倒装
考点分析
英语句子的一般语序为“主语部分+谓语部分”。如果把谓语放到主语前面，称之为倒装。倒装分为完全倒装和部分倒装：
谓语动词提前至主语之前为全部倒装，
如：There lived an elderly lady whose husband died long ago.
助动词或情态动词提至主语之前，谓语动词位置不变，即为部分倒装，
如：So little did I know about him that I was easily taken in by his words.
倒装有多种原因：
1句子结构的需要
（1）疑问句的倒装
疑问句（包括一般与特殊）在直接引语中仍需倒装，如：A question often posed about journalism is“How much freedom should reporters have in interpreting any given news item ”
特殊疑问句在从句中为间接引语时不能倒装，如：He asked me where I wanted to go.
（2）表示前一种也适用于后一种情况的倒装。
如果第一分句是肯定句，第二分句用so+倒装结构；如果第一分句是否定句，则用neither，nor，no more：He had no friends or acquaintances，nor did he make any.
（3）在虚拟结构中的条件从句中，如果if被省略，那么were，had或should要移至主语之前（could，might很少引导这样的倒装句）。
（4）有些让步状语从句需要倒装。
2强调的需要
（1）某些副词（短语）+助动词+主语+谓语的倒装结构
这些副词（短语）有（just）then，soon，often，only（in this way，then），so（+形容词），especially，near（+地点名词或短语），early（+时间状语），in vain，many a time等。如：So little did I know about mathematics that the lecture was completely beyond me.
注意：上述有些词有时虽然位于句子的开头，但它们做形容词用，不是修饰介词短语或状语从句，而是修饰名词或代词，这时句子不需要倒装，如：Only he managed to pass the exam.
（2）以表示“否定”意义的副词（短语）开始的句子需要倒装
常见的否定副词有never，little，nowhere，not only（...but also，as well），not until，nowhere，hardly，scarcely，rarely，not once，seldom，no sooner等。
如：Not only was France Viuard an excellent political speaker but she was also among the first members of the Populist Party.
如果否定副词只是限定句子主语而非修饰谓语或全句，则句子不必倒装。
如：Hardly anyone has seen a man who eats ants.
某些否定词，如no，not修饰主语而不是做状语时，句子也不必倒装。
如：Not all that glitters is gold.
当“not a或many a+名词”位于句首时，要用倒装语序。
如：Many a time has the manager emphasized this point.
barely、hardly、scarcely和when、before连用，no sooner和than连用，它们位于句首时，为固定的倒装结构，表示一件事紧接着另一件事发生，相当于汉语的“一……就……”。但在时态上，主句一般用过去完成时而从句（when，before或than引导）用过去时。但表示一般情况时，主句也可用现在完成时，从句用一般现在时。
如：No sooner had I left the house than it began to rain.
上述句中，若barely，hardly，scarcely，no sooner用于句中，则不必倒装。
如：I had no sooner left the house than it began to rain.
（3）介词短语+倒装结构
以否定意义的短语为句首的句子应用倒装语序：under no circumstances，on no account，in no way，at no point，at no time，in no sense，这些短语都表示“绝不”。上述短语若用于句子中间，则不必用倒装。
如：On no account will my reference books be removed from the library.
下面一些倒装句也应引起考生足够的重视：
如：An old house stood at the side of the hill.→At the side of the hill stood an old house.（本句是为了保持句子平衡，避免主语过长）
The measure our company took to prevent loss was absurd.→Absurd was the measure our company took to prevent loss.（用来强调主语补足语）
（4）为了强调从句中的某个成分的倒装：正式文体中，为了强调从句中的某个成分（通常为补语或状语），可将其放在句首，从句由连词as引导，但这时不用倒装。
如：Difficult as the task was，they managed to accomplish it in time.
技巧点拨
倒装句是考博英语中的重要语法项目和重要考点之一，解答倒装试题可以遵循下面的三步。
第一步：寻找信息——分清倒装的类型
任何倒装句都有其构成此类句型的条件。能够识别前面讲到的各类倒装句的标志词，寻找信息来判断倒装的类型很关键。常见的标志词有：
（1）here，there，now，then，up，down，in，out，away，off等表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语位于句首，谓语动词是be，come，go，remain，stand，sit，lie等，且当句子的主语是名词时，句子用全部倒装。
（2）做状语的介词短语放于句首时引起的句子要全部倒装。
（3）含有否定意义的副词或连词置于句首引起部分倒装结构。这类词有：never，seldom，rarely，little，few，at no time，by no means，no longer，hardly/scarcely...when...，no sooner...than...，not only...but also...，not until，nowhere，neither...nor...等。
（4）在非真实条件句中含有were，had，should等助动词时，可以将if省略，把助动词放在非真实条件句的句首用部分倒装形式。
（5）so/neither/nor表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者时，用部分倒装结构，形式为“so/neither/nor+助动词/系动词/情态动词+主语”（so表示肯定意义，neither/nor表示否定意义）。
第二步：研究标志——判断倒装的位置
任何倒装句型都有其标志，这个标志也是构成倒装句型的条件。部分倒装句中，若有主从句，应认真研究标志词，判断哪句倒装。
（1）not until放句首做状语，表示强调时，主句用倒装结构。
（2）Hardly...when...；No sooner...than...句型中，前面的主句用倒装语序（主句一般用过去完成时而从句用过去时）。
（3）neither...nor...（既不……，也不……）句型，前后两个句子都倒装。
（4）not only...but also...（不但……而且……）句型中，前面的句子倒装。
（5）only修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放于句首时，主句要用倒装结构。
（6）so...that.../such...that...（如此……以至于……）中so+adj./adv.或such...提前到句首时，主句用倒装语序。
（7）as（尽管）引导的让步从句中必须将表语或状语（名词、形容词、副词、分词、实义动词等）提前，构成“名词/形容词/副词/分词/动词+as+主语+谓语的其他部分”的倒装形式，有时用though代替as。使用as进行倒装时需要注意的是：
①句首有名词时，名词不能带任何冠词。(https://www.daowen.com)
②句首是实义动词时，其他助动词则放在主语之后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，则宾语和状语随实义动词一起放在主语之前。如：Try hard as he will，he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
第三步：斟酌句意——确定倒装的时态
例如：
Never before____in greater need of modern public transport than it is today.
A.has this city been B.this city has been
C.was this city D.this city was
分析：当含有否定意义的never放在句首时，句子用部分倒装。句意为：这座城市从来没有比现在更需要现代公共交通运输系统。结合语境判断，本题应为完成时态，而C项为过去时态，不合适。故答案为A。
典型真题
例1：
The student can hardly speak simple English，____write articles in their language.（南京师范大学2015年）
A.much less they can B.much less they do
C.much less can they D.much less do they
【名师点评】C。much less引导从句使用部分倒装，情态动词can放到主语之前，表示“更不用说”的意思。故答案为C。
例2：
Rarely____a technological development____an impact on many aspects of social，economic，and cultural development as greatly as the growth of electronics.（中国社会科学院2015年）
A.has...had B.had...had C.has...has D.have...had
【名师点评】A。rarely作为否定副词置于句首，句子结构要使用倒装，句子的主语为a technological development，分析句子可知，句子表达的是电力发展所带来的影响，故应使用现在完成时态，表示过去持续到现在的动作。句意为：很少有技术发展像电力这样在社会、经济和文化发展各方面产生如此大的影响。故答案为A。
例3：
____down than the telephone rang.（复旦大学2011年）
A.Not until I lay B.No sooner had I lain
C.Hardly had I lain D.Scarcely did I lie
【名师点评】B。lie意为“躺，位于”，lie的过去式、过去分词、现在分词分别是：lay，lain，lying；lay意为“放，搁；下蛋”，lay的过去式、过去分词、现在分词分别是：laid，laid，laying。根据句意：我刚躺下，电话铃就响了。故答案为B。
实战演练
1.It was announced that only when the fire was under control____to return to their homes.
A.the residents would be permitted B.had the residents been permitted
C.would the residents be permitted D.the residents had been permitted
2.They often resort to listening Emo music as a release or escape but little____they know that it would just make matters worse.
A.have B.did C.had D.do
3.I have been living in the United States for twenty years，but seldom____so lonely as now.
A.have I felt B.I had felt C.I have felt D.had I felt
4.Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent____，or pronghorn.
A.it is the American antelope B.the American antelope is
C.is the American antelope D.the American antelope
5.Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed and
perhaps never before____so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.
A.has it served B.it did served C.had it served D.it serves
6.____she wondered if she had made a mistake.
A.Not until long afterwards that B.Not long until afterwards
C.It was not until long afterwards that D.It was long afterwards until
7.____that the pilot couldn’t fly through it.
A.The storm so severe was B.So severe was the storm
C.So the storm was severe D.Such was the storm severe
8.So seriously____in the train accident that he has lost his memory of anything.
A.he is injured B.injures him C.does he injured D.is he injured
9.Little____a year ago that I would be studying here today in Britain.
A.I thought B.thought I C.I did think D.did I think
10.Only after food has been dried，salted or canned____for later consumption.
A.that is should be stored B.should be stored
C.should it be stored D.it should be stored
答案解析
1.C。that从句中only引导的时间状语从句位于句首，that从句需用部分倒装结构。根据句意可知控制火势在先，允许回家在后，所以应用过去将来时。故答案为C。
2.D。当否定副词little置于句首时，句子要用部分倒装形式。but连接的两个并列句，不分时间先后，所以应该用一般现在时态。故答案为D。
3.A。当否定副词seldom置于句首时，句子要用部分倒装形式。将现在与以前相比较，故用现在完成时。故答案为A。
4.C。此句为形容词短语be typical of做表语前置而引起的完全倒装句，空白处缺少的实为倒装句的主语和谓语动词，A和B未倒装，D无动词，均排除。此句正常语序应为：The American antelope，or pronghorn，is typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent.故答案为C。
5.A。该句是复合句，and前是一复合句，定语从句by which...修饰the means，后一分句中never置于句首引起倒装。故答案为A。
6.C。强调句。本题综合考查了not...until...和强调句的用法。本句正常语序为She did not wonder if she had made a mistake until long afterwards.可以将not until放在句首，此时主句部分倒装，变为Not until long afterwards did she wonder if she had made a mistake.还可以再加上It was...that...结构将此句变为强调句，但是由于此时not until不再位于句首，故主句不需倒装。
7.B。加强语气。so（such）...that结构中的so位于句首时使用倒装。
8.D。将程度副词调到句首，起强调的作用，所以需要将相关的动词倒装，来靠近程度副词。一般是将助动词提前。
9.D。否定副词little在句首，句子应该倒装，是半倒装，助动词提前。故答案为D。
10.C。only+after从句放在句首，需要倒装。it指代食物。故答案为C。