一、谓语动词
考点分析
谓语动词是与非谓语动词相对应的概念。两者都是动词,但是前者做谓语,后者不能做谓语。而谓语就是说明主语的动作或状态的,一般由动词或短语动词承担。
(一)谓语动词的主谓一致
主谓一致的原则在完形填空一周已经详细讲解,这里不再赘述。
(二)谓语动词的时态
(1)时间状语
改错题中,要根据时间状语判定谓语动词的时态。
例:The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century.
分析:metal,aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语,因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was。
(2)for和since的区别
区别一:for后面使用时间段,since后面使用时间点。
区别二:since只能用在现在完成时态,for最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时。
例:They have lived in that house since two years ago.
分析:时间状语since two years ago一般要求主句用现在完成时态,而句中谓语动词为现在式,因此把live改为have lived。
(3)自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态
例:In general,prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.
分析:此句说的是客观事实,把lived改为live。
(三)谓语的语态
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。有四类动词是改错题中常考的:
(1)prove
例:My advice proved to be wrong.尽管是“被证明”,但习惯上用主动语态来表达。
(2)locate,situate
这两个词可以用主动语态,表示“把……放置在……地方;确定……的位置”;也可以用被动语态。
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语。
例:The center of gravity of the human body is located behind the hip joint.
(3)表示需要概念的动词:need,want,require等。
例:My watch needed repairing
My watch needed to be repaired.
(4)表示人的情感的动词:move,annoy,surprise,please等。
例:He is so moving./He is greatly moved.
技巧点拨
英语改错中谓语动词涉及的错误有主谓一致、动词的时态和语态。
要识别这类错误,考生应注意以下几点:
(1)熟练掌握主谓一致方面的语法知识和习惯用法。改错题中,主语、谓语间有时会插入其他成分,如定语、同位语,这些成分往往会对识别主谓一致错误构成干扰。
从形式上判断。规则名词看字形,不规则名词要熟记,单、复数同形的名词可借助句中其他线索,如从句修饰语的主动词或并列句的主动词是单数还是复数。
从含义上判断。有些集合名词既可表示单数概念,也可表示复数概念,因此谓语动词的“数”要根据句子的上下文含义判定。很多情况下,概念上的一致是一条行之有效的原则。如:either,neither等词作主语时,谓语动词按习惯用法应为单数。
注意寻找谓语动词的主语或逻辑主语,不要受分隔成分的干扰。尤其要注意定语从句中的谓语动词,其逻辑主语要到关系词前面的先行词。
(2)谓语动词的时态
根据上下文所用时态判断句子时态是否正确。
找到动词的主语或逻辑主语,弄清楚它们之间的关系。
注意主语和动词之间的分隔成分,不要受到这些成分的干扰。
看动词后面是否有宾语,如有宾语,则多半应为主动语态。
(3)谓语的语态
分析句子结构和成分,找到主语和谓语。
判定句子中主语与谓语之间的动作关系,是主动关系,就用主动语态;是被动关系,就用被动语态。
注意谓语语态在不同时态下的表达形式。
典型真题
例1:
Restrict yourself to one or two pages,and listing any publications or referees on a separate sheet.S7____(重庆大学2012年)
【名师点评】listing→list。根据连词and判定Restrict与listing构成并列结构,做句子的谓语,应用动词list的原形形式。
例2:
17.
three years after moving from Australia to this
point of England,we are
learning how things
here.(南京大学2008年)
【名师点评】D。谓语语态。主语与谓语的关系是被动的,所以要用被动语态。此外没有强调动作正在进行,所以用一般现在时,have done改为are done。(https://www.daowen.com)
例3:
37.
that Mark
in the kitchen
.(河海大学2013年)
【名师点评】C。谓语时态语态。smell意为“闻起来”,属于感官动词,这类动词没有被动语态成进行时态,后面经常接形容词做表语,类似的词还有feel,sound,look,taste等。因此is smelling改为smells。
例4:
(67)It is the very finest soot—so small that it lodges deep within the lungs and from there enter the bloodstream—that contributes to most of the public-health toll of air pollution including mortality.(北京大学2013年)
【名师点评】enter→enters。该句子的主语为it,因此谓语动词要使用第三人称单数形式。
例5:
36.He was the only one of the
who
campaignpledges.(河海大学2013年)
【名师点评】B。主谓一致。先行词为the only one of the candidates,定语从句的谓语应用单数形式,且不能直接接动词不定式,因此were应改为was able。
例6:
40.Older persons typically exhibit greater experienced-based knowledge,
,better judgment,and generally improved ability to handle familiartasks
.Such applied knowledge,
,may in fact beconsiderably more important to one’s ability to accomplish most tasks of day-to-day life
the abstract abilities tapped by intelligence tests.(中国社会科学院2011年)
【名师点评】D。谓语动词时态误用。从时态上看,句子中的谓语都是一般现在时,故应将than were改为than are。
实战演练
1.The report found that physicians are largely unaware that current federal government guidelines did not recommend annual exams for healthy adults without symptoms.
2.In essence,a nation planning its resources and needs do not differ from the familiar weekly shopping or monthly household budget.____
3.The spider is too short-sighted to see things at the distance.It only wanted to go where it won’t be disturbed.____
4.Nobody grow old merely by the number of years.We grow old by deserting our ideals.
5.Country life,on the other hand,differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally is kept the inhabitants of a small village together.____
6.Mr.Wells,together
all the
of his family,
leaving
Europe thisafternoon.
7.
of the political parties emerged with
credit and polls suggested voters
turned off by the entire
r.
8.My close friend and adviser Carter
the Chalk River experience
a lastingimpact on the president,influencing him when he
to confront nuclear issues while
the western alliance.
9.Most environmental
exist because adequate
for preventing them
taken
t.
10.The old farmer
run down by a car.He
to the hospital and 
right now.
11.One of the
for a fire
that the material
to its burning
12.In 2001,a committee of six
and two women
to
thecause
the air crash.
13.Defence Secretary Liam Fox
resigned after a week of pressure
his working
with friend and self-styled
Adam Werritty.
14.The teacher,along with his students,
doing
in the laboratory
the explosion
.
15.The Managing Director
that improving
with the association
not beeasy,but that they
to try.
16.Nothing but
ancient Chinese coins
in the sunken ship since they
the
.
17.The first is the broad area of communication,which
imparting information byuse of language,communicating
a group or an individual,and
communication through 
18.
like direct mail,radio,television and newspapers
to
the sales of industrial
.
19.The total number of
laid per Wolbachia-infected female
3.5 times higherthan tha
in non-infected
.
20.While people
television for up-to-the-minute
,it
that it
the newspaper completely.
答案解析
1.are→were。谓语时态。本句的主句的谓语动词found是过去时,故从句中的谓语动词也应该用过去时。
2.do→does。主谓一致。主语是动名词复合结构a nation planning its resources and needs,应视为单数。
3.wanted→wants。谓语时态。前一句用的是一般现在时。若没有使用表示过去时间的时间状语,具体语句不得使用过去时。显然,wanted应改为wants。
4.grow→grows。主谓一致。在nobody,anybody,everybody,somebody等不定代词作主语时,谓语动词均用单数。
5.is kept→keeps。谓语的语态。从句的主语a sense of community与the inhabitants of a small village together之间应该是主动关系。因此谓语动词is kept应改为keeps。
6.C。主谓一致。如果主语是单数,即使后面有with,together with,as well as等引起的短语,谓语动词还是用单数形式。因此,are应改为is。
7.C。主谓一致。neither of+名词作主语时,谓语动词应用单数,have应该改为has。
8.A。主谓一致。此句中friend和adviser是同一个人,这一点可从him上判断出。这种结构是并列主语,指同一事,同一概念或同一种东西时,谓语用单数。believe改为believes。
9.C。主谓一致。被动语态的时态、数、性的一致,主要由助动词来表示,要注意它们与主语的一致。此处从句的主语measures是复数,谓语动词应用复数形式。was改为were。
10.C。谓语时态语态。时间状语right now表示“现在,眼下,正在进行”,故应使用进行时态,又因为operate存在被动关系,因此is operated应改为is being operated。
11.C。谓 语 语 态。在 与motion,order,plan,recommendation,proposal,idea,request,requirement,suggestion等名词相关的从句中,谓语要使用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。is heated应改为be heated。
12.B。谓语时态和语态。由于本题中出现了明确的过去时间,所以时态只能是过去时,而不能用现在完成时。“a committee of+复数名词”后面所跟的通常是动词的单数形式,类似的情况还有“a panel of+复数名词”和“a/the board of+复数名词”等。因此,have been chosen应改为was chosen。
13.A。主谓一致。句子的主语为Defence Secretary Liam Fox,谓语应该用单数形式。因此have改为has。
14.A。主谓一致。如果主语是单数,即使后面有along with,with,together with,as well as等引起的短语,谓语动词还是用单数形式。题干中teacher为单数,were改为was。
15.D。谓语时态。根据句意和句子结构,可以看出宾语从句的谓语动词decide发生在主句谓语动词said之前,从句谓语动词只能使用过去完成时。因此,decide应改为had decided。
16.B。主谓一致和谓语语态。nothing but表示“除了……什么也没有”,nothing是句子的主语,单数形式。coins与find之间是被动关系。因此have found改为has been found。
17.A。主谓一致。which引导的从句的先行词area是单数,定语从句的谓语应该用单数形式。因此将include改成includes。
18.B。主谓一致和谓语语态。根据实际情况,各种媒介一直以来被广泛用于促销,所以选择被动语态的完成时最符合句意。media是名词medium的复数形式,根据主谓一致原则,has used应改为have been used。
19.B。主谓一致。句子的主语是数量number,谓语动词用单数。如果主语是a large number of+名词复数,谓语动词就要用复数形式。因此,were改为was。
20.D。谓语时态。从unlikely一词可以看出从句表示的是将来不大可能发生的事情,用一般将来时,will后接动词原形。因此,replaces改为replace。