四、结语
美国研制氢弹的决定,是冷战升级的一个重要环节,给整个冷战时代带来深远影响,进一步加剧了美苏之间的核军备竞赛。杜鲁门决定研制氢弹以后,又曾3次批准扩大核生产。1952年11月1日,美国在马绍尔群岛的一个小岛上进行了第一次大规模的氢弹试验,它的当量是1040万吨梯恩梯,比在广岛投掷的原子弹的当量大1000倍。然而,就在美国试验氢弹仅仅9个月后,1953年8月8日,苏联领导人马林科夫宣布“美国再也垄断不了氢弹了”。4天后,苏联进行了第一次氢弹爆炸试验。1954年3月1日,美国又进行了氢弹试验,其中一枚的当量达到了1500万吨梯恩梯,且可以投掷,成为真正意义上的核武器。美苏核军备竞赛愈演愈烈,一发而不可收拾,核武器的数量和性能都有了大幅度提高,最终达成了所谓的“恐怖平衡”。与此同时,鉴于核武器的巨大破坏力,两国领导人都清醒地认识到,在一场核战争中不可能有胜利者,只能是两败俱伤,甚至是毁灭。因而,双方在使用核武器这一问题上变得越来越谨慎,氢弹只不过是双方相互威慑的工具,其作用更多的是政治上和心理上的,并没有实际的军事意义。
更为重要的是,美国国家安全委员会第68号文件的出台则为美国的冷战政策奠定了理论基础。在对苏政策上,美国政府的态度愈发强硬。与此相应,美国的国家安全政策也从有限遏制转向全面遏制。
(原刊于《历史教学》2010年第5期)
【注释】
[1]Barton J.Bernstein,“Roosevelt,Truman,and the Atomic Bomb,1941-1945”,Political Science Quarterly,Vol.90,No.1,1975,p.63.
[2]Central Intelligence Agency(以下简称为CIA)ORE3/1,Soviet Capabilities for the Development and Production of Certain Types of Weapons and Equipment,October 31,1946,DNSA,Soviet Estimate(SE)0004.
[3]Charles Ziegler,“Intelligence Assessments of Soviet Atomic Capability,1945-1949”,Intelligence and National Security,Vol.12,No.4,October 1997,p.13.
[4]CIA,Estimate of the Status of the Russian Atomic Energy Project,July 6,1948,U.S.Declassified Documents Online,CK2349398666.
[5]John Lewis Gaddis,We Now Know:Rethinking Cold War History,New York:Oxford University Press,1997,p.95.
[6]David Holloway,The Soviet Union and the Arms Race,New Haven:Yale University Press,1983,p.20.
[7]David Holloway,Stalin and the Bomb,New Haven:Yale University Press,1994,p.148.
[8]Donald P.Steury,“How the CIA Missed Stalin's Bomb”,Studies in Intelligence,Vol.49,No.1,2005.
[9]John Newhouse,War and Peace in the Nuclear Age,New York:Alfred A.Knopf,1988,p.73.
[10]Office of the Federal Register,National Archives and Record Service,Public Papers of the Presidents of the US:Harry S.Truman,1949.Washington,D.C.:United States Government Printing Office,1964,p.485.
[11]Vojtech Mastny,The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity:The Stalin Years,New York:Oxford University Press,1996,p.77.(https://www.daowen.com)
[12]U.S.Department of State,Foreign Relations of the United States,1950,Vol.1,Washington,D.C.:United States Government Printing Office,1977,p.39.
[13]U.S.Department of State,Foreign Relations of the United States,1949,Vol.1,Washington,D.C.:United States Government Printing Office,1976,p.613.
[14]U.S.Department of State,Foreign Relations of the United States,1949,Vol.1,Washington,D.C.:United States Government Printing Office,1976,pp.572-573.
[15]詹欣:《杜鲁门政府研制氢弹政策的形成及其影响》,《史学集刊》,2004年第2期,第56页。
[16]McGeorge Bundy,Danger and Survival:Choices about the Bomb in the First Fifty Years,New York:Random House,1988,p.204.
[17]U.S.Department of State,Foreign Relations of the United States,1949,Vol.1,Washington,D.C.:United States Government Printing Office,1976,p.583.
[18]U.S.Department of State,Foreign Relations of the United States,1949,Vol.1,Washington,D.C.:United States Government Printing Office,1976,pp.588-595.
[19]U.S.Department of State,Foreign Relations of the United States,1949,Vol.1,Washington,D.C.:United States Government Printing Office,1976,p.562.
[20]U.S.Department of State,Foreign Relations of the United States,1949,Vol.1,Washington,D.C.:United States Government Printing Office,1976,p.595.
[21]David Alan Rosenberg,“American Atomic Strategy and the Hydrogen Bomb Decision”,Journal of American History,Vol.66,No.1,June 1979,p.83.
[22]Gordon Arneson,“The H-Bomb Decision”,Foreign Service Journal,May 1969,p.27.
[23]Barton J.Bernstein,“Truman and H-bomb”,Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,Vol.40,No.3,March 1984,p.16.
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[25]John Newhouse,War and Peace in the Nuclear Age,New York:Alfred A.Knopf,1988,p.79.