五、应用前景
(一)新生儿听力筛查
目前,常用的新生儿听力筛查手段为畸变产物耳声发射、瞬态耳声发射和自动听性脑干反应,耳声发射只能反映外毛细胞的功能,不能检查外毛细胞之后的听觉通路病变,自动听性脑干反应频率特异性差。ASSR具有频率特异性好、能够反映整个听觉系统状态的特点,有可能成为具有频率特异性的新生儿听力筛查工具。
但是ASSR用于新生儿听力筛查尚存在一些问题。1岁以内婴幼儿ASSR的振幅、阈值和可探测性仍在发育变化,不同载频的发育速度不同,高频发育速度快,1岁以内4.0kHz阈值可下降14dB,0.5kHz下降7dB。用2kHz纯音(49dB SPL)进行新生儿快速筛查时,通过率(86%)显著高于用0.5kHz(62dB SPL)筛查(65%),可能与耳蜗和神经系统的发育成熟有关。由于目前缺乏新生儿ASSR阈值数据,故在应用于婴儿之前应作进一步的研究,以确保预估的听力级可靠。
(二)阈上功能测定
听力正常年轻人、老年人和听力下降的老年人的言语识别率与IAFM诱发的调幅和调频反应振幅和有意义反应数均有显著相关性(图9-7)。声强下降、噪声掩蔽和听力下降可以减低言语识别率、调幅和调频反应振幅和反应数,助听器可以增加言语识别率、反应振幅和反应数。故Picton等认为,IAFM反应与声信号改变(强度、掩蔽和放大)、传导性或蜗性听力损失、听神经功能不良(神经瘤、神经病)以及脑干功能障碍引起的言语辨别功能改变有关,指出这种方法有可能成为耳蜗和脑干处理言语信号能力的客观检测方法,可提供言语识别起始阶段所必需的阈上加工的客观数据,对了解受试者言语辨别能力、选择和监测助听器、观察耳蜗置入效果和研究听感知(auditory perception)非常有帮助。如果该方法能够应用于评价言语识别能力将不受年龄、方言和文化程度的影响,可以提供更客观的言语识别功能的数据。
(三)全麻术中监测听觉通路
由于耳蜗和脑干听觉通路很少受麻醉剂的影响,术中可用80Hz反应监测听觉通路的完整性(如听神经瘤切除术),用40Hz反应监测患者意识状态。
图9-7 语言测试及IAMF测试结果
被测者为87岁老年人,其裸耳听力在500、1 000、2 000、4 000Hz处分别为15、20、40、55dBHL。在佩戴助听器后给予50dBHL声音时,言语识别力为72%,同时8个IAFK反应中7个可引出反应;言语识别率越低,反应出现的越少,两者呈正相关关系
(卢云云 郭明丽 李兴启)
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