参考文献

一、威权主义理论

现代作家对威权主义着墨甚少。要对威权主义和极权主义政府的实践有基本的了解，就必须阅读柏拉图、霍布斯、黑格尔、特赖奇克、马基雅维利以及卢梭、卡莱尔、特勒尔奇的著作。

希特勒和墨索里尼及其辩护人的作品提供了关于威权主义原则的理论和实践层面的材料。

1.Boswell，James，Boswell's Life of Johnson.Edited by G.B.Hill，revised and edited by L.F Powell；Oxford：Clarendon Press，1934.Vol.2.

2.Brown，Robert U.，“IAPA Vows to Fight Political Oppression，”Editor & Publisher，88（April 2，1954）12.

3.Catlin，George，The Story of the Political Philosophers.New York：Tudor Publishig Co.，1939.

4.Catlin，George，“Thomas Hobbes，”in Edwin R.A.Seligman，editor，Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences.New York：Macmillan Co.，1935.Vol.7.

5.Childs，Harwood L.，and John B.Whitton，Propaganda by Short Wave.Princeton：Princeton University Press，1942.

6.Ebenstein，William，Man and the State.New York：Rinehart and Co.，1947.

7.Fuller，B.A.G.，A History of Philosophy.Revised edition；New York：Henry Holt and Co.，1945.

8.Harley，John E.，World-Wide Influences of the Cinema.Los Angeles：University of Southern California Pree.1940.

9.Hitler，Adolph，Mein Kampf.Boston：Houghton Mifflin Co.，1937.

10.Hobber，Thomas，Leviathan.New York：E.P.Dutton and Co.，1950.

11.Johnson，Samuel，Lives of the English Poets.Edited by G.B.Hill；Oxford：Clarendon Press，1905.Vol.1.

12.Kiefer，Alexander F.，“Government Gontrol of Publishing in Germany，”Political Science Quarterly，57（March 1942）73-97.

13.Krieg，Ugo，La Legislazione Penale Sulla Stampi：Manuale Teorico-Practico.Milano：A.Guiffrè，1942.

14.Lopez，Salvador P.，Freedom of Information，1953.Report submitted to United Nations Economic and Social Council.New York，1953.（Its Official Records，16th Session.Suppl.no.12）Doc.E/2426.

15.MacIver，Robert M.，The Web of Government.New York：Macmillan Co.，1947.

16.Mussolini，Benito，The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism.English translation；London：Hogarth Press，1993.Ouoted in William Ebenstein，Man and the State.New York：Rinehart and Go.，1947，pp.303-04.

17.New York Times，July 5，1954，p.10，col.2.

18.New York Times，Dec.25，1955，p.4，col.1.

19.Political and Economic Planning，The British Film Industry.London：P E P（Political and Economic Planning），1952.

20.Rex vs.Tutchin，14 State Trials（1704）.

21.Shepard，W.J.，“Government.History and Theory，”in Seligman，editor，Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences.Vol.7.

22.Siebert，Fredrick Seaton，Freedom of the Press in England 1476-1776.Urbana：University of Illinois Press，1952.

23.Sington，Derrick，and Arthur Weidenfeld，The Goebbels Experiment：A Study of the Nazi Propaganda Machine.Lordon：John Murray，1943.

24.Stephen，Sir James Fitzjames，History of the Criminal Law of England.London：Macmillan Co.，1883.Vol.2.

25.Stephen，Sir James Fitzjames，Liberty，Equality，Fraternity.New York：Henry Holt and Co.，1882.

26.United Nations，Yearbook on Human Rights for 1952.New York：United Nations，1954.

27.Williamson，George Ed，“IPI Vows Full Publicity Attack on Press Enemies，”Editor & Publisher，88（May 21，1955）74.

28.Zimmern，Alfred，editor Modern Political Doctrines.New York：Oxford University Press，1939.

二、自由至上主义理论

29.Anticau，Chester，“‘Clear and Present Danger’—Its Meaning and Significance，”Notre Dame Lawyer，25（Summer 1950）604-45.

30.Antieau，Chester，“The Rule of Clear and Present Danger；Scope of Its Applicability，”Michigan Law Review，48（April 1950）881-40.

31.Becker，Carl L.，Freedom and Responsibility in the American Way of Life.New York：Alfred A.Knopf，1945.

32.Becker，Carl L.，New Liberties for Old.New Haven：Yale University Press，1941.

33.Becker，Carl L.，Progress and Power.New York：Alfred A.Knopf，1949.

34.Blackstone，Sir William，Commentaries on the Law of England.Chicageo：Callaghan，1899.Vol.2，Bk.iv，Sec.512.

35.Brucker，Herbert，Freedom of Information.New York：Macmillan Co.，1949.

36.Burstyn vs.Wilson，72 S.Ct.777（1952）.

37.Cassirer，Ernst，“Enlightenment，”in Edwin R.A.Seligman，editor，Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences.New York：Macmillan Co.，1935.Vol.5.

38.“Censorship of Motion Pictures，”Yale Law Journal，49（November 1939）87-113.

39.Chafee，Zechariah，Jr.，Freedom of Speech in the United States.Cambridge：Harvard University Press，1941.

40.Chafee，Zechariah，Jr.，Government and Mass Communications.Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1947.2 vols.

41.Chenery，William L.，Freedomof the Press.New York：Harcourt，Brace and Co.，1955.

42.Cross，Harold L.，The people's Right to Know.New York：Columbia University Press，1953.

43.Editorial，“El Tiempo，”Editor & Publisher，88（Aug.131955）36.

44.Gerald，J.Edward，The Press and the Constitution 1931-1947.Minneapolis：University of Minnesota Press，1948.

45.Gildersleeve，Virginia Crocheron，Government Regulation of Elizabethan Drama.New York：Columbia University Press，1908.

46.Howell，Thomas B.，compiler，A Complete Collection of State Trials.London：1704.Vol.22.（Erskine's defense of Paine for publishing The Rights of Man.）

47.Inglis，Ruth，Freedom of the Movies.Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1947.

48.Jefferson，Thomas，The Writings of Thomas Jefferson.Edited by Andrew A.Lipscomb；Memorial edition；Washington，D.C.：Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association，1904.Vol.11

49.Laski，Harold J.，The Rise of European Liberalism.London：G.Allen and Unwin Ltd.，1936.

50.Lopez，Salvador P.，Freedom of Information，1953.Report submitted to United Nations Economic and Social Council.New York：1953.（Its Official Records，16th Session.Suppl.no.12.）Doc.E/2426.

51.Meiklejohn，Alexander，Free Speech and Its Relation to Self-Government.New York：Harper and Brothers，1948.

52.Mill，John Stuart，On Liberty.Edited by Alburey Castell；New York：F.S.Crofts and Co.，1947.

53.Milton，John，Areopagitica.Edited by George H.Sabine；New York：Appleton-Century-Crofts，1951.

54.Mock，James，R，Censorship，1917.Princeton：Princeton University Press，1941.

55.Mott，Frank L.，Jefferson and the Press.Baton Rouge：Louisiana State University Press，1943.

56.National Association of Broadcasters，Broadcasting and the Bill of Rights.Statements Prepared by Representatives of the Broadcasting Industry on the WHITE BILL（S.1333）to Amend the Communications Act of 1934.Washington，D.C.，1947.

57.Schenck vs.United States，249 U.S.47（1919）.

58.Siebert，Fredrick Seaton，Freedom of the Press in England 1476-1776.Urbana：University of Illinois Press，1952.(https://www.daowen.com)

59.United Nations Conference on Freedom of Information，Geneva，1948—Delegates from the United States，Report of the United States Delegates with Related Documents.Washington，D.C.：Government Printing Office，1948.

60.U.S.—Federal Communications Commission，Public Service Responsibility of Broadcast Licensees.（Blue Book）Washington，D.C.，1946.

61.Waples，Douglas，editor，Print，Radio and Film in a Democracy.Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1942.

62.White，Llewellyn，The American Rodio.Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1947.

63.Willey，Malcolm M.，and Ralph D.Casey，editors，“The Press in the Contemporary Scene，”Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science，219（January 1942）.

64.Yeager，W.Hayes，and William Utterback，editors，“Communication and Social Action，”Annalsofthe American Academy of Political and Social Science，250（March 1947）.

三、社会责任理论

就新闻自由委员会所发展出来的社会责任理论而言，关于其表述的最佳来源显然是该委员会的诸项报告（第65、66、69、70、81项报告）。最重要的是《一个自由而负责的新闻界》。霍京的著作是一个出色的姐妹篇，因为它扩展了共同研究据以展开的多项原则。这两本书充分表达了该委员会的理念，但是查菲的两卷本著作值得读者特别关注。

没有哪个单篇作品能够整合社会责任理论，它不能被传媒自身发展出来。然而，《尼曼报告》（Nieman Report）和《鹅毛笔》（Quill）等期刊定期刊登从业者探讨他们对公众所承担义务的文章。

65.Chafee，Zechariah，Jr.，Government and Mass Communications.Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1947.2 vols.

66.Commission on Freedom of the Press，A Free and Responsible Press.Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1947.

67.Davis，Elmer，But We Were Born Free.Indianapolis：Bobbs-Merrill CO.，1954.

68.Ceneral Council of the Press，The Press and the People.London：General Council of the Press，1954.

69.Hocking，William Ernest，Freedom ofthe Press：A Framework ofPrinciple.Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1947.

70.Inglis，Ruth，Freedom ofthe Movies.Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1947.

71.Irwin，Will，“The American Newspaper，”a series of fifteen articles in Collier's between Jan.21，1911，and July 29，1911.

72.Isaacs，Norman，“A Small Town Paper Has One Supreme Ethical Duty—To Print the News，”Quill，41（Decembr 1953）7-8，15-16.

73.Jensen，Jay，W.，“Toward a Solution of the Problem of Freedom of the Press，”Journalism Quarterly，27（Fall 1950）399-408.

74.National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters，The Television Code.Washington，D.C.：National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters，1954.

75.Pulitzer，Joseph，“The College of Journalism，”North American Review，178（May 1904）641-80.

76.Royal Commission on the Press，1947-49，Report，London：His Majesty's Stationery Office，1949.

77.St.Louis Post-Dispatch Symposium on Freedom of the Press.St.Louis：The Post-Dispatch，1938.

78.Schramm，Wilbur，editor，Mass Communications.Urbana：University of Illinois Press，1949.“Canons of Journalism，”“The Broadcaster's Creed，”“The Movies Production Code，”236-56.

79.Svirsky，Leon，editor，Your Newspaper：Bluprint foraBetter Press.New York：Macmillan Co.，1947.

80.U.S.—Federal Communications Commission，Fifteenth Annual Report.Washington，D.C.，1949.

81.White，Llewellyn，The American Radio.Chicago University of Chicago Press，1947.

82.Whitehead，Alfred North，Science and the Modern World.New York：New American Library，1948.

四、苏联共产主义理论

正像马克思、列宁和斯大林的著作是符合这一主题背景的基本文献那样，有必要指出的是，本文仰仗两部当代著作——没有它们，要写传媒的苏联概念将困难得多。其中一部是安德烈·维辛斯基的《苏维埃国家的法律》，另一部是亚历克斯·英科尔斯（Alex Inkeles）的《苏维埃俄国的舆论》（Public Opinion in Soviet Russia），它是我们所拥有的对苏联大众传媒最完整的和令人印象最深刻的研究。出版得太晚近以至于本文来不及引证和利用的，有一部由雷蒙德·A·鲍尔（Raymond A.Bauer）、亚历克斯·英科尔斯和克莱德·W·克拉克洪（Clyde W.Kluckhohn）撰写的引人注目的著作，名为《苏联的制度是如何运作的》（How the Soviet System Works，坎布里奇：哈佛大学出版社，1956），以及一篇由Paul Kesckemeti撰写的具有洞见的论文“苏联的国际政治传播方法”（《公众舆论季刊》，1956年春季号）。本文使用和多次提及的文献有：

83.Barghoorn，Frederick C.，The Soviet Image of the United States.New York：Harcourt，Brace and Co.，1950.

84.Bauer，Raymond A.，The New Man in Soviet Psychology.Cambridge：Harvard University Press，1952.

85.Brinton，Crane，The Shaping of the Modern Mind.New York：New American Library，1953.

86.Constitution ofthe Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.Moscow：Foreign Language Publishing House，1947.

87.Crossman Richard，editor，The God That Failed.New York：Bantam Books，1952.

88.Domenach，Jean-Marie，“Leninist Propaganda，”Public Opinion Quarterly，15（Summer 1951）265-73.

89.Engels，Friedrich，Writings.New York，1915-21.

90.Fainsod，Merle，HowRussia Is Ruled.Cambridge：Harvard University Press，1953.

91.Farago，Ladislav，“Soviet Propaganda，”United Nations world（September 1948）18-24.

92.Hadamovsky，Eugen，Propaganda and National Macht.Oldenburg，1933.

93.Historyof the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Bolsheviks.Short Course.New York：International Publishers，1939.

94.Hook，Sidney，international Communism.Montgomery，Ala.：U.S.Air Force，1952.

95.Inkeles，Alex，Public Opinicn in Soviet Russia.，Cambridge：Harvard University Press，1950.

96.Kecskemeti，Paul，“Totalitarian Communication as a Means of Control，”Public Opinion Quarteriy，14（Summer 1950）224-34.

97.Kelsen，Hans，The Political Theory of Bolshevism.Berkeley and Los Angeles：University of California Press，1949.

98.Kennan，George F.，American Diplomacy 1900-1950.New York：New American Library，1952.（Includes the well-known paper by“X”from Foreign Affairs.）

99.Lasswell，Harold D.，“The Strategy of Soviet Propaganda，”Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science，24，214-226.

100.Leites，Nathan，A Study of Bolshevism.Glencoe，Ill.：The Free Press，1953.

101.Leites，Nathan，The Operational Code of the Politburo.New York：McGraw-Hill，1951.

102.Lenin，Vladimir Ilyich，Collected Works.New York：International Publishers，1927.

103.Marx，Karl，Capital.Chicago：Kerr，1909.

104.Mead，Margaret，Soviet Attitudes Toward Authority.New York：McGraw-Hill，1951.

105.Muller，Herbert，The Uses of the Past.New York：Oxford University Press，1952.

106.Nemzer，Louis，“The Kremlin's Professional Staff，”American Political Science Review，44（1950）64-85.

107.Peters，J.，The Communist Party—A Manual on Organization.New York：Workers Library，1935.

108.Plekhanov，G.B.，Sochineniya（Works）.Moscow：Gosudarstvcnnoe Izdatel'stvo，1927.

109.Rostow，W.W.，The Dynamics of Soviet Society.Cambridge，Mass.：Technology Press，1952.

110.Schramm，Wilbur，The Soviet Concept of“Psychological”Warfare.Washington，D.C.：USIA，1955.

111.Schramm，Wilbur，and John W.Riley，Jr.，“Communication in the Sovietized State as Represented in Korea，”American Sociological Review，16（1951）757-66.

112.Selznick，Philip，The Organizational Weapon：A Study of Bolshevik Strategy and Tactics.New York：McGraw-Hill，1952.

113.Stalin，Joseph，Problems of Leninism.Moscow：Foreign Language Publishing House，1940.

114.Stalin，Joseph，Sochineniya（Works）.Moscow：State Publishing House，1946-52.

115.Trotsky，Leon，History of the Russian Revolution.New York：Simon and Schuster，1932.

116.Vyahinsky，Andrei，The Law of the Soviet State.New York：Macmillan Co.，1948.