注释

注释

前言 希腊及其祖先

1.Giorgos Seferis,Δoχιμές[Essays],vol.3,ed.D.Daskalopoulos(Athens:Ikaros,1992),167(original in French).

2.Speech by Melina Mercouri to the Oxford Union,12 June 1986(original emphasis)<http://www.parthenon.newmentor.net/speech.htm>(accessed 27 February 2018).

3.Loukia Droulia,‘Towards modern Greek consciousness',The Historical Review/La Revue Historique(Institute for Neohellenic Research,Athens)1(2004),51-67(see p.51).For the original Greek text see the website of the Hellenic Parliament.

4.Kostis Palamas,'Aπαvτα[Complete Works],17 vols(Athens:Biris,n.d.),vol.6,279.

5.Patrick Leigh Fermor,Roumeli:Travels in Northern Greece(London:John Murray,1966),96-101,106-13;Michael Herzfeld,Ours Once More:Folklore,Ideology and the Making of Modern Greece(Austin,TX:University of Texas Press,1982),18-21.

6.Samuel Huntington,The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order(London:Simon and Schuster,2002;first published 1996),162.

7.Stathis Kalyvas,Modern Greece:What Everyone Needs to Know(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2015),34.

8.David Brewer,Greece:The Hidden Centuries.Turkish Rule from the Fall of Constantinople to Greek Independence(London:I.B.Tauris,2010).

9.Steven Runciman,A History of the Crusades,3 vols(Harmondsworth:Penguin,1971;first published 1951-4),vol.3,130.

第一章 东方与西方相遇

1.Lucien Frary,Russia and the Making of Modern Greek Identity,1821-1844(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2015),20-27.

2.Paschalis Kitromilides,An Orthodox Commonwealth:Symbolic Legacies and Cultural Encounters in Southeastern Europe(Aldershot:Variorum,2007),ix-xv.

3.On science:Paschalis Kitromilides,Enlightenment and Revolution:The Making of Modern Greece(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2013),52,365 n.108,366 n.111;Efthymios Nicolaidis,‘The Greek Enlightenment,the Orthodox Church and modem science’,in Paschalis Kitromilides(ed.),Enlightenment and Religion in the Orthodox World(Oxford:Voltaire Foundation,2016),49-62.On anticlericalism see Kitromilides,Enlightenment and Revolution,250-59.

4.Nicolas Mavrocordatos,Les Loisirs de Philothée[parallel Greek and French texts],trans.Jacques Bouchard(Athens and Montreal:Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal,1989).

5.Daniel Philippidis and Grigorios Konstantas,Γεωγαφíα νεωτεριχ.Περí τηςEλλáδος[Modern Geography:On Greece],ed.with introduction by Aikaterini Koumarianou(Athens:Ermis,1970),editor's introduction(18-19,28,30-1)and text(37,38,44-51).

6.Peter Mackridge,Language and National Identity in Greece,1766-1976(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009),80-83.

7.Gelina Harlaftis and Sophia Laiou,‘Ottoman state policy in Mediterranean trade and shipping,C.1780-1820:The rise of the Greek-owned Ottoman merchant fleet',in Mark Mazower(ed.),Networks of Power in Modern Greece:Essays in Honour of John Campbell(London:Hurst,2008),1-44(see 9-15).The authors do not indicate whether the characterization‘Greek’is their own(presumably inferred from recognizably Greek names)or already to be found in their sources.

8.Harlaftis and Laiou,‘Ottoman state policy’,17.

9.David Constantine,In the Footsteps of the Gods:Travellers to Greece and the Quest for the Hellenic Ideal(London:I.B.Tauris,2011),52.

10.Johann Hermann von Riedesel,Remarques d'un voyageur moderne au Levant(Amsterdam,1773);Henry Miller,The Colossus of Maroussi(San Francisco,CA:Colt,1941);Lawrence Durrell,Prospero's Cell(London:Faber and Faber,1945).

11.Matthew Bell,‘The Greek body beautiful and the origins of European Romanticism',in Ian Jenkins(ed.),Defining Beauty:The Body in Ancient Greek Art(London:British Museum,2015),40-49(42-3 quoted).

12.J.J.Winckelmann,History of the Art of Antiquity,trans.H.F.Mallgrave(Los Angeles,CA:Getty,2006;first published in German,1764),187.

13.P.A.Guys,A Sentimental Journey through Greece(Dublin:Milliken,1773;first published in French,1771),vol.1,iv;Nasia Giakovaki,Eυπη μέσωEλλáδας.Mια χαμπ στηv ευωπαïχ αυτοσυνεδηση,17ος-18οςαινας[Europe via Greece:A Turning Point in European Consciousness,17th-18th Centuries](Athens:Estia,2006),26-7,448.

14.Giakovaki,Eυπη[Europe],and(quite independently)Paul Stock,The Shelley-Byron Circle and the Idea of Europe(Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2010),9-11,175-97.

15.Iosipos Moisiodax,Θεωíα της γεωγαφíας[Theory of Geography](Vienna,1781),x;Stratos Myrogiannis,The Emergence of a Greek Identity(1700-1821)(Newcastle upon Tyne:Cambridge Scholars,2012),92.

16.John Campbell,Honour,Family,and Patronage:A Study of Institutions and Moral Values in a Greek Mountain Community(Oxford:Oxford University Press,1974;first published 1964),v(quoted),318-19,353-6.

17.I am indebted to the anthropologist Maria Couroucli for this insight.

18.E.Legrand,Bibliothèque grecque vulgaire(Paris:Maisonneuve,1881),vol.3,312,based on the earliest extant text,published in 1784.

19.V.Laourdas(ed.),Mπáμπα-Παντζελιo.To ταyoδι του Δασχαλογιáννη[Barba-Pantzelios:The Song of Daskalogiannis](Heraklion,Crete:Marmel,1947),lines 8-9,12,754-8(quoted),989-94.

20.Anton Jeannaraki(ed.),'Ασματα χητιχá[Cretan Songs](Leipzig:Brockhaus,1876),142;reprinted in Giorgos Ioannou(ed.),Tα δημoτιxá μας ταγοδια[Our Folk Songs](Athens:Tachydromos,1966),30.Variants on the theme can be found in almost every anthology of Greek folk songs.

21.Alexis Politis(ed.),To δημoτιxó ταγoδι.χλέφτιχα[Folk Songs:Kleftic](Athens:Ermis,1973),2-3.

22.Claude Fauriel,Chants populaires de la Grèce moderne,2 vols(Paris:Dondey-Dupré,1824-5),vol.2,340.

23.I.Th.Kakridis,Οι αχαíoι Eλληνες στη νεοελληνιχ λαïχπαáδοση[The Ancient Greeks in the Modern Greek Popular Tradition](Athens:Cultural Foundation of the National Bank[MIET],1997;first published in German,1966),39.

第二章 种下一粒种子

1.Panagiotis Chiotis,Σeιáς ιστοιχv απoμνημοvευμáτων,τóμ.Γ'[Historical Memoirs Series,vol.3](Corfu:Government Printing House,1863),573(quoted),584,586;J.-P.Bellaire,Précis des opérations générales de la Division française du Levant(Paris,1805),11.

2.Christine Philliou,Biography of an Empire:Governing Ottomans in an Age of Revolution(Berkeley,CA:University of California Press,2011),49-51.

3.Rigas Velestinlis,Nέα πoλιτιχ διoíχησις τωv χατoíχωv της Ρομελης,τηςMιχáς Aσíας,τωv Mεσογεíωv Nσωv χαi της Βλαχoμπoγδαvíας,ed.P.M.Kitromilides(vol.5 in the series Pγα Bελεστιvλ.'Aπαvτα τα σωζóμενα[Rigas Velestinlis:Complete Surviving Works])(Athens:Hellenic Parliament,2000),with introduction,commentary and appendices,including the French text of the 1793 constitution.Hereafter:‘Rigas’.Substantial excerpts in English translation can be found in Richard Clogg(ed.and trans.),The Movement for Greek Independence,1770-1821:A Collection of Documents(London:Macmillan,1976),149-63.

4.Rigas,48(Constitution,article 7);33(Preface);45(Constitution,articles 1-2).

5.Rigas,35,119.

6.Rigas,46-7(Constitution,article 4);67(Constitution,article 109).

7.Rigas,44(Rights of Man,article 35);70-71.

8.Rigas,33-5(Preface);73-7(‘Thourios’[‘War song’]).

9.Adamantios Korais,'Aπαvτα τα πωτoτυπα έγα,τóμ.A'[Complete Original Works,Vol.1],ed.G.Valetas(Athens:Dorikos,1964),40.Hereafter:Korais,Complete.

10.Cited in Korais,Complete,44-5;Clogg(ed.and trans.),Movement,56-64.

11.Korais,Complete,54,56-7.

12.Korais,Complete,1(‘Autobiography’,1829).

13.See further Stratos Myrogiannis,The Emergence of a Greek Identity(1700-1821)(Newcastle upon Tyne:Cambridge Scholars,2012),142-50.

14.Korais,Complete,65-6(‘Martial trumpet-call’,1801).

15.Korais,Complete,853(‘Improvised thoughts I’).

16.Mémoire sur l'état actuel de la civilisation dans la Grèce,par Coray[Korais](Paris,1803),photographic reprint,National Foundation for Neohellenic Research,Athens(1983).For an English translation see Adamantios Koraes,‘Report on the present state of civilization in Greece',in E.Kedourie(ed.),Nationalism in Asia and Africa(London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson,1971),153-88.

17.Mémoire,1;Koraes,‘Report',153.

18.Mémoire,33,37,52;Koraes,‘Report’,169,172,179.

19.Mémoire,33,37,52,63,65;Koraes,‘Report’,180,183-4,186,186(quoted).

20.Korais,Complete,8,9(‘Autobiography’,1829).

21.Aνωνμoυ τoυ Eλληνος,Eλληνιχ νoμαχíα,τοιλóγοςπεí ελευθεíας[Anonymous the Hellene,Hellenic Nomarchy,or Discourse on Liberty],ed.G.Valetas(Athens:Vivlioekdotiki,1957;originally published in 1806).Hereafter:‘Anonymous’.For a translated excerpt see Clogg(ed.and trans.),Movement,106-17.

22.Anonymous,52,82-3(quoted),218.

23.Anonymous,197,200,202,205,217,219.

24.Anonymous,78-82(81 quoted),210-17.

25.Anonymous,205-7,see also 136 and 217.

26.Anonymous,150-4,163-82(163 quoted),201,204(quoted).

27.Kostas Kostis,History's Spoiled Children:The Formation of the Modern Greek State,trans.Jacob Moe(London:Hurst,2018;Greek original published in 2013),41.

28.Lord Byron,Complete Poetical Works,ed.Jerome McGann,7 vols(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1980-93),vol.1,330-2.

29.Henry Holland,Travels in the Ionian Isles,Albania,Thessaly,Macedonia,c.during the Years 1812-1813(London:Longman,1815),530-31.

30.The fullest early accounts are Ioannis Philemon,Δoχíμιον ιστοιχóν πεí τηςΦιλιχς Eταιíας[Historical Essay on the Friendly Society](Nafplion,1834)[hereafter:Philemon,Friendly],and the‘Memoirs of Emmanouil Xanthos’(1845),translated in Clogg(ed.and trans.),Movement,182-200.See also K.Svolopoulos,‘Η σσταση της Φιλιχς Εταιεíας.Μια επαναποσέγγιση’[‘The establishment of the Friendly Society:A reappraisal'],Ta Istorika 35(2001),283-98.

31.Philemon,Friendly,155(quoted),172,173.

32.Kostis,History's Spoiled Children,49-51.

33.Philemon,Friendly,128.Compare the famous saying of Massimo d'Azeglio,after the achievement of Italian independence,‘L’Italia è fatta.Restano da fare gli italiani’[‘Italy has been made.Now it remains to make Italians’].

34.Vasilis Kremmydas,Η ελληνιχ επανáσταση του 1821.Τεxμια,αναψηλαφσεις,εμηνεíες[The Greek Reνolution of 1821:Documents,Investigations,Interpretations](Athens:Gutenberg,2016),38-9,49-53,58.

第三章 浴血而生

1.Kostas Kostis,History's Spoiled Children:The Formation of the Modern Greek State,trans.Jacob Moe(London:Hurst,2018;Greek original published in 2013),59;Thomas Gallant,The Edinburgh History of the Greeks,1768 to 1913(Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press,2015),117;Thomas Gallant,Modern Greece:From the War of Independence to the Present,2nd edn(London:Bloomsbury,2016),119.

2.Spyridon Trikoupis,Ιστοíα της Ελληνιχς Επαναστáσεως[History of the Greek Revolution],4 vols(London,1853-7),vol.1,9,echoed in 2016 by Vasilis Kremmydas,Η ελληνιχ επανáσταση του 1821.Τεχμια,αναψηλαφσεις,εμηνεíες[The Greek Revolution of 1821:Documents,Investigations,Interpretations](Athens:Gutenberg,2016),99.

3.George Finlay,History of the Greek Revolution,2 vols(Edinburgh:Blackwood,1861),vol.1,283;see also vol.1,119,177-8,195;vol.2,194,381.

4.Mavrokordatos to Dimitrios Ypsilantis,27 October[=8 November]1821,first published in Ioannis Philemon,Δoxíμιον ιστοιxóν πεí της ΕλληνιχςΕπαναστáσεως[Historical Essay concerning the Greek Revolution],4 vols(Athens:Karyofyllis,1859-61),vol.4,513-14.

5.Finlay,History,vol.1,299.

6.Petros Pizanias(ed.),The Greek Revolution of 1821:A European Event(Istanbul:Isis Press,2011;Greek original published 2009).

7.Pizanias(ed.),Greek Revolution,64.

8.Finlay,History,vol.2,81.

9.Christos Evangelatos,Ιστοíα του Μεσολογγíoυ[History of Missolonghi](Athens:Govostis,2007),377;Thomas Gordon,History of the Greek Revolution,2 vols(Edinburgh:Blackwood,1832),vol.2,265,260;Finlay,History,vol.2,105;see also vol.2,111.

10.Gordon,History,vol.1,183.The Greek text,presumably the original,given by Trikoupis(Ιστοíα[History],vol.1,368-9)does not include the final sentence quoted.

11.Lord Byron,Don Juan,canto 10,lines 135-6.

12.Roderick Beaton,Byron's War:Romantic Rebellion,Greek Revolution(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013),152-3,citing James Hamilton Browne,‘Narrative of a visit,in 1823,to the seat of war in Greece’Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine,vol.36,no.226(September 1834),404.

13.Gordon,History,vol.2,283-4.

14.Gordon,History,vol.2,278-9.

15.Hüseyin ükrü Ilιcak,‘A radical rethinking of empire:Ottoman state and society during the Greek War of Independence(1821-1826)’(PhD dissertation,Harvard University,2011),169,193,196,257-60.

16.Gary Bass,Freedom's Battle:The Origins of Humanitarian Intervention(New York:Vintage,2009),92-7;William St Clair,That Greece Might Still Be Free:The Philhellenes in the War of Independence(Cambridge:Open Book,2008;first published 1972),274-6.

17.Lucien Frary,Russia and the Making of Modern Greek Identity,1821-1844(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2015),44,53.

18.Douglas Dakin,The Greek Struggle for Independence,1821-1833(London:Batsford,1973),273.

19.Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece,Service of Historical Archives,The Foundation of the Modern Greek State:Major Treaties and Conventions(1830-1947),ed.Ph.Constantopoulou(Athens:Kastaniotis,1999),30(in French).Facsimile of the original in J.M.Wagstaff(ed.),Greece:Ethnicity and Sovereignty,1820-1994.Atlas and Documents(Archive Editions[Cambridge:Cambridge University Press],2002),141-5.

20.Finlay,History,vol.2,199,209,217,218,220,227.

21.Kremmydas,Eπαváσταση[Revolution],198-9.

22.Peter Bien,Nikos Kazantzakis:Politics of the Spirit,vol.2(Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,2007),197-223;Adamantios Korais,Aπαvτα τα π-ωτóτυπα έγα,τóμ.Α'[Complete Original Works,Vol.1],ed.G.Valetas(Athens:Dorikos,1964),802(Καπoδιστιαχοí διáλoγοι Ε'[Capodistrian Dialogues,no.5],dated 30 October 1831);C.M.Woodhouse,Capodistria:The Founder of Greek Independence(London:Oxford University Press,1973),502-3.

23.Finlay,History,vol.2,275-6.

第四章 蹒跚学步

1.George Finlay,History of the Greek Revolution,2 vols(Edinburgh:Blackwood,1861),vol.2,290-93;Panagiotis Soutsos,Ο Λέαvδoς[Leander],ed.A.Samouil(Athens:Nefeli,1996;first published Nafplio,1834),130.

2.Leonard Bower and Gordon Bolitho,Otho I,King of Greece:A Biography(London:Selwyn and Blount,1939),72;Thomas Gallant,The Edinburgh History of the Greeks,1768 to 1913(Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press,2015),110.

3.Alexis Politis,Ρομαντιχá χóνια.Ιδεoλoγíες χαι νooτοπíες στην Eλλáδα του1830-1880[Romantic Years:Ideologies and Mentalities in Greece,1830-1880](Athens:Mnimon,1993),108.

4.Leo von Klenze,speaking on the Acropolis in 1833,cited in Yannis Hamilakis,The Nation and its Ruins:Antiquity,Archaeology,and National Imagination in Greece(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2007),61,89.

5.Roderick Beaton,An Introduction to Modern Greek Literature,2nd ed.(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1999),307-8;Peter Mackridge,Language and National Identity in Greece,1766-1976(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009),182-4.

6.Athina Kakouri,1821.Η αχ που δεν ολοχληθηχε(Athens:Patakis,2013).

7.John Koliopoulos and Thanos Veremis,Greece:The Modern Sequel,from 1821 to the Present(London:Hurst,2002),229.

8.Soutsos,Λέανδoς[Leander],101;Elli Skopetea,To«πστυπο βασíλειο»χαι ηΜεyáλη Ιδέα.'Οψεις του εθνιχo ποβλματος στην Ελλáδα(1830-1880)[The‘Model Kingdom’and the Grand Idea:Aspects of the National Problem in Greece(1830-1880)](Athens:Polytypo,1988),274.

9.John Petropulos,Politics and Statecraft in the Kingdom of Greece,1833-1843(Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1968),445.

10.Η της τíτης Σεπτεμβíου εν Αθναις Εθνιχ Συνέλευσις.Πραχτιχá[The‘3 September’National Assembly in Athens:Proceedings](Athens,1844;photographic reprint,Athens and Komotini:A.N.Sakkoulas,1993),190-4(190 quoted).

11.James Emerson,The History of Modern Greece,from its Conquest by the Romans B.C.146,to the Present Time(London:Colburn&Bentley,1830);Johann Wilhelm Zinkeisen,Geschichte Griechenlands vom Anfange geschictlicher Kunde bis auf unsere Tage(Leipzig:Barth,1832);George Finlay,A History of Greece:From its Conquest by the Romans to the Present Time,7 vols(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1877;originally published between 1844 and 1861).

12.Spyridon Zambelios,'Ασματα δημοτιχá της Ελλáδoς[Folk Songs of Greece](Corfu:Ermis,1852),5-7(5 quoted).

13.G.Babiniotis,Λεξιχó της νέας ελληνιχς γλσσας[Dictionary of the Modern Greek Language],2nd edn(Athens:Centre for Lexicography,2002).

14.Zambelios,'Aσματα δημoτιχá[Folk Songs],20,63-5,23.

15.Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos,Ιστοíα του ελληνιχο έθνoυς[History of the Greek Nation](Athens:Koromilas,1853),1(original emphasis).

16.Paschalis Kitromilides,‘On the intellectual content of Greek nationalism:Paparrigopoulos,Byzantium and the Great Idea',in David Ricks and Paul Magdalino(eds),Byzantium and the Modern Greek Identity(Aldershot:Ashgate,1998),25-33(28 quoted).

17.Dolphus Whitten,‘The Don Pacifico affair’,The Historian 48/2(1986),255-67(260 quoted).

18.Robert Holland and Diana Markides,The British and the Hellenes:Struggles for Mastery in the Eastern Mediterranean 1850-1960(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006),60,citing a letter of 4 November 1862.

19.Skopetea,To«πóτυπo βασíλειo»[The‘Model Kingdom’],240-41,235.

20.Finlay,History,vol.2,382.

21.Skopetea,To«πóτυπο βασíλειo»[The‘Model Kingdom’],162.

第五章 青年时代的理想和痛苦

1.George Finlay,A History of Greece:From its Conquest by the Romans to the Present Time,7 vols(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1877),vol.7,281.

2.Eleutherios Prevelakis,British Policy towards the Change of Dynasty in Greece(Athens:n.p.,1953),167-8;facsimile treaties in J.M.Wagstaff(ed.),Greece:Ethnicity and Sovereignty,1820-1994.Atlas and Documents(Archive Editions,[Cambridge:Cambridge University Press],2002),178-90.The Greek title,proposed by the National Assembly in 1863 and in use for more than a century after that,is Βασιλες των Ελλνων.The official translation was emended from Roi des Grecs to Roi des Hellènes.

3.Walter Christmas,King George of Greece(New York:McBride,Nast,1914);Aristea Papanikolaou-Kristensen(ed.and trans.),«Φíλτατε...».Επιστολές απóτην Ελλáδa 1897-1913[“Dear...”:Letters from Greece 1897-1913](Athens:Ermis,2006).

4.Konstantinos Svolopoulos,‘Η εξωτεριxπολιτιχ τoυ Χαιλáoυ Τιxoπη.Διαχoνιχ θεηση’[‘The foreign policy of Charilaos Trikoupis:A diachronic perspective’],in Kaiti Aroni-Tsichli and Lydia Tricha(eds),Ο Χαíλαoς Τιχοπης χαι η επoχ του[Charilaos Trikoupis and his Times](Athens:Papazisis,2000),28.

5.Mark Mazower,The Balkans(London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson,2000),1-4.

6.Gerasimos Augustinos,The Greeks of Asia Minor(Kent,OH:Kent State University Press,1992),199.

7.Konstantinos Svolopoulos,Κωνστaντινoπoλη1856-1908.Η aχμ τουΕλληνισμo[Constantinople 1856-1908:The High Point of Hellenism](Athens:Ekdotiki Athinon,1994),37-8.

8.George Vassiadis,The Syllogos Movement of Constantinople and Ottoman Greek Education,1861-1923(Athens:Centre for Asia Minor Studies,2007),55-6.

9.Alexis Politis,Ρoμaντιχá χóνια.Ιδεoλοyíες χαι νooτοπíες στην Ελλáδα του1830-1880[Romantic Years:Ideologies and Mentalities in Greece,1830-1880](Athens:Mnimon,1993),103-4,quoting in Greek translation Georges Perrot,Souvenirs d'un voyage en Asie Mineure(Paris,1864),11.

10.Hasan Kayalɪ,‘Elections and the electoral process in the Ottoman Empire,1876-1919’,International Journal of Middle East Studies 27/3(1995),265-86(see 266-7);Alexandros Alexandris,‘Οι'Ελληνες στην υπηεσíατης Οθωμανιxς αυτoxατoíας 1850-1922’[‘Greeks in the service of the Ottoman Empire 1850-1922’],Δελτíoν της Ιστοιχς χαι Εθνoλoyιχς Εται-εíaς της Ελλáδος[Bulletin of the Historical and Ethnological Society of Greece]23(1980),378-9,citing a letter from the representatives of Pera to Lord Salisbury,December 1876.

11.See Thomas Gallant,The Edinburgh History of the Greeks,1768 to 1913(Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press,2015),170-71,for a compilation of competing census data from the period;see Mark Mazower,Salonica:City of Ghosts(London:HarperCollins,2004),269,for what are probably the most accurate figures.

12.Augustinos,Greeks,241,cf.197,citing in translation letters from the Educational Society of Raidestos to the Hellenic Literary Association of Constantinople,dated 1871 and 1872.

13.Vasilis Gounaris,Τα Βαλχáνια των Ελλνων.Απó τo Διαφωτισμó έως τον Α'Παγχóσμιο Πóλεμo[The Balkans of the Greeks:From the Enlightenment to the First World War](Thessaloniki:Epikentro,2007),403-4.

14.Mazower,Salonica,245.

15.Kostas Kostis,History's Spoiled Children:The Formation of the Modern Greek State,trans.Jacob Moe(London:Hurst,2018;Greek original published in 2013),207,citing a speech to parliament in 1894.

16.Andrew Mango,Atatürk(London:John Murray,1999),42-3.

17.Kostis,History's Spoiled Children,230-33.

第六章 军事行动

1.Gerasimos Augustinos,Consciousness and History:Nationalist Critics of Greek Society,1897-1914(New York:Columbia University Press/East European Quarterly,1977),26,quoting(in translation)Neoklis Kazazis in Ellinismos 1(1899),7-8(emphasis added).

2.Ion Dragoumis,Ελληνιχóς πολιτισμóς[Ηellenic Civilization][1913],in 'Eργα[Works],2 vols(Athens,n.p.,1927),vol.2,180.

3.Eleni Bastéa,The Creation of Modern Athens:Planning the Myth(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000),194,and figs 73,77,78,85.

4.Thomas Gallant,The Edinburgh History of the Greeks,1768 to 1913(Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press,2015),215-16.

5.S.Victor Papacosma,The Military in Greek Politics:The 1909 Coup d'État(Kent,OH:Kent State University Press,1977),170.

6.Maria Anastasopoulou,Η συνετ απóστολος της γυναιχεíας χειαφεσíας:Καλλιóη Παέν[The Discreet Apostle of Female Emancipation:Callirhoe Parren]Athens:Σλλογος πoς Διáδοσιν Ωφελíμων Βιpλíωv[Association for the Dissemination of Useful Books],2012);Gallant,Edinburgh History,303-4.

7.Georgios Skliros,Τo χoινωνιχóν μας ζτημα[Our Social Question](Athens:Konstantinidis,1907);Gallant,Edinburgh History,302.

8.George Margaritis,‘The nation and the individual:Social aspects of life and death in Greece(1896-1911)’,in Philip Carabott(ed.),Greek Society in the Making,1863-1913:Realities,Symbols and Visions(Aldershot:Ashgate,1997),87-98(97 quoted).

9.Pericles Giannopoulos,'Απαντα[Complete Works],vol.1,ed.D.Lazogiorgos-Ellinikos(Athens,n.p.,1963),191,162.

10.Dragoumis,Ελληνιχóς πολιτισμóς[Hellenic Civilization],234;Augustinos,Consciousness,114-15.

11.Douglas Dakin,The Unification of Greece,1770-1923(London:Benn,1972),155;Kostas Kostis,History's Spoiled Children:The Formation of the Modern Greek State,trans.Jacob Moe(London:Hurst,2018;Greek original published in 2013),222,236-7;Alexis Dimaras,‘Modernisation and reaction in Greek education during the Venizelos era’,in Paschalis Kitromilides(ed.),Eleftherios Venizelos:The Trials of Statesmanship(Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press,2006),319-45(see 321,339 n.8).

12.Cited in Dimitris Livanios,‘“Conquering the souls”:Nationalism and Greek guerrilla warfare in Ottoman Macedonia,1904-1908’,Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 23(1999),195-221(see 196).

13.John Koliopoulos,Brigands with a Cause:Brigandage and Irredentism in Modern Greece 1821-1912(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1987),215,222-7,234.

14.Vasilis Gounaris,Τα Βαλχáνια τωv Ελλvωv.Απó τo Διαφωτισμó έως τον Α'Παγχóσμιο Πóλεμo[The Balkans of the Greeks:From the Enlightenment to the First World War](Thessaloniki:Epikentro,2007),411.

15.Mark Mazower,Salonica:City of Ghosts(London:HarperCollins,2004),275,citing in translation A.Sarrou,La Jeune Turquie et la Révolution(Paris:Berger-Levrault,1912),25.

16.Konstantinos Svolopoulos,Κωvσταvτιvoπoλη 1856-1908.Η αxμ τουΕλληνισμο[Constantinople 1856-1908:The High Point of Hellenism](Athens:Ekdotiki Athinon,1994),98,citing Ioannis Gryparis to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Athens,30 July 1908.

17.Eleftherios Venizelos,cited in translation in Michael Llewellyn Smith,‘Venizelos’diplomacy,1910-23:From Balkan alliance to Greek-Turkish settlement’,in Kitromilides(ed.),Venizelos,140;Ion Dragoumis,Ο ελληvισμóςμoυ χαι οι'Ελληνες(1903-1909)[My Hellenism and the Greeks(1903-1909)],in 'Εγα[Works],vol.2,144.

18.Svolopoulos,Κωvσταντιvoπoλη[Constantinople],23,citing Greek representatives in the Ottoman parliament,shortly after its reconstitution.

19.Maria Mandamadiotou,The Greek Orthodox Community of Mytilene:Between the Ottoman Empire and the Greek State,1876-1912(Bern:Peter Lang,2013).

20.Cited in Svolopoulos,Κωvσταντινοπολη[Constantinople],79.21.

21.Papacosma,Military,42,49.

22.Robert Holland and Diana Markides,The British and the Hellenes:Struggles for Mastery in the Eastern Mediterranean 1850-1960(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006),143,citing a Foreign Office memorandum of 17 June 1909.

23.Translated text in Papacosma,Military,190-6.

24.Papacosma,Military,115-20,citing J.B.Bourchier in The Times,13 January 1910.

25.Giorgos Mavrogordatos,1915.Ο Εθνιχóς Διχασμóς[1915:The National Schism](Athens:Patakis,2015),28;Dakin,Unification,186.

26.Alexis Dimaras,Η μετaθμιση που δεv έγινε[The Reform that Never Was],3 vols(Athens:Ermis,1974),vol.2,75-7.

27.Sean McMeekin,The Ottoman Endgame:War,Revolution and the Making of the Modern Middle East,1908-1923(London:Allen Lane,2015),ⅹⅴ-ⅹⅴⅲ,62-5.

28.McMeekin,Endgame,68-9.

29.Michael Llewellyn Smith,Ionian Vision:Greece in Asia Minor,1919-1922(London:Hurst,1998;first published 1973),17-20(18 quoted).

30.Athina Kakouri,Τα δo βτα[The Two Vs](Athens:Kapon,2016),84.

31.Richard Hall,The Balkan Wars,1912-1913:Prelude to the First World War(London:Routledge,2002),107-23.

第七章 自我分裂

1.Cited in translation in Mark Mazower,Salonica:City of Ghosts(London:HarperCollins,2004),295.

2.George Leon,Greece and the Great Powers,1914-1917(Thessaloniki:Institute for Balkan Studies,1974),29,citing a diplomatic telegram of 7 August 1914.

3.Cited in Leon,Greece,145.

4.Despoina Papadimitriou,‘Ο εθνιxισμóς στο βεvιζελιxó xαι αvτιβενιζελιχó τπo xαι η εσωτειx διαμáχη 1914-1917'[‘Nationalism in the Venizelist and anti-Venizelist press and the internal conflict,1914-1917'],in Συμπóσιo γιατov Ελευθέιo Βενιζέλο,Παχτιχá 1986[Symposium on Eleftherios Venizelos,Proceedings 1986](Athens:ELIA and Benaki Museum,1988),96.

5.Leon,Greece,218,citing a German diplomatic telegram of 2 September 1915.

6.Giorgos Mavrogordatos,1915.Ο Eθνιχóς Διχασμóς[1915:The National Schism](Athens:Patakis,2015),84.

7.Mavrogordatos,1915,93,217.

8.Mavrogordatos,1915,271,citing the diary of Penelope Delta.

9.Mavrogordatos,1915,89,99.

10.Mavrogordatos,1915,226-7,274-5,quoting newspapers of the period.

11.Cited in Michael Llewellyn Smith,Ionian Vision:Greece in Asia Minor,1919-1922(London:Hurst,1998;first published 1973),67,140.

12.Llewellyn Smith,Ionian Vision,146;Mavrogordatos,1915,134,citing Gounaris's speech on 25 October 1920.

13.Mavrogordatos,1915,168-9(citing a newspaper of 15 August 1920),171-4.

14.Llewellyn Smith,Ionian Vision,166.

15.Mavrogordatos,1915,142-3,154.

16.Llewellyn Smith,Ionian Vision,224.

17.Sean McMeekin,The Ottoman Endgame:War,Revolution and the Making of the Modern Middle East,1908-1923(London:Allen Lane,2015),456.

18.Mavrogordatos,1915,228-30.

19.McMeekin,Endgame,483-4.

20.Mavrogordatos,1915,150-5,314-18,and George Mavrogordatos,Μετá τo 1922.Η παáταση του διχασμο[After 1922:The Extension of the Schism](Athens:Patakis,2017).

21.Compare Llewellyn Smith,Ionian Vision,134,citing Venizelos to Lloyd George,5 October 1920,with p.203,citing Metaxas's diary for 11 April 1921.On defensibility,see the views of Metaxas as early as 1915 and Toynbee in 1921-2,both summarized in Llewellyn Smith,Ionian Vision,48-51,55,109-10;on economic isolation from the hinterland,Llewellyn Smith,Ionian Vision,73 n.,citing the view of an American analyst in 1918;Mavrogordatos,1915,121-5.

22.For instances see Llewellyn Smith,Ionian Vision,117,124,131.

23.Andrew Mango,Atatürk(London:John Murray,1999),316-17;Halid6 Edib,The Turkish Ordeal(London:John Murray,1928),284-310.

24.Douglas Dakin,The Unification of Greece,1770-1923(London:Benn,1972),237.

25.Ioannis Metaxas,Το πoοσωπιχó του ημεολóγιο[His Private Diary],4 vols(Athens,1951-64),vol.2,314(emphasis added);Athina Kakouri,Tα δo βτα[The Two Vs](Athens:Kapon,2016),150.

26.Text reproduced in full in Dimitri Pentzopoulos,The Balkan Exchange of Minorities and its Impact on Greece(Paris and The Hague:Mouton,1962;reprinted with a new preface by Michael Llewellyn Smith,London:Hurst,2002),257-63,and Renée Hirschon(ed.),Crossing the Aegean:An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey(Oxford:Berghahn,2003),282-7.

第八章 从头再来

1.Kostas Kostis,History's Spoiled Children:The Formation of the Modern Greek State,trans.Jacob Moe(London:Hurst,2018;Greek original published in 2013),264,291.

2.Stathis Kalyvas,Modern Greece:What Everyone Needs to Know(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2015),76,79.

3.Dimitri Pentzopoulos,The Balkan Exchange of Minorities and its Impact on Greece(Paris and The Hague:Mouton,1962;reprinted with a new preface by Michael Llewellyn Smith,London:Hurst,2002),96-100.For the number of Muslims covered by the Convention see p.69.See also Renée Hirschon(ed.),Crossing the Aegean:An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey(Oxford:Berghahn,2003),esp.3-37.

4.Pantelis Prevelakis,Τo χονιχó μιας πoλιτεíας[The Chronicle of a Town](Athens:Estia,1976;first published 1938),85.See also Sophia Koufopoulou,‘Muslim Cretans in Turkey:The reformulation of ethnic identity in an Aegean community’,in Hirschon(ed.),Crossing,209-33;Bruce Clark,Twice a Stranger:Greece,Turkey and the Minorities they Expelled(London:Granta,2006),184-7.

5.Henry Morgenthau,I Was Sent to Athens(New York:Doubleday,Doran and Co.,1929),101;Pentzopoulos,Balkan Exchange,96.

6.Vasso Stelaku,‘Space,place and identity:Memory and religion in two Cappadocian Greek settlements’,in Hirschon(ed.),Crossing,188.

7.John Koliopoulos and Thanos Veremis,Greece:The Modern Sequel,from 1821 to the Present(London:Hurst,2002),112.

8.On Jews,see K.E.Fleming,Greece:A Jewish History(Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,2008),91-109;Mark Mazower,Salonica:City of Ghosts(London:HarperCollins,2004),402-20.On other groups see Giorgos Margaritis,Αvεπιθμητοι συμπατιτες.Στοιχεíα για την χαταστοφτων μειονοττων στην Ελλáδα[Undesirable Compatriots:Evidence for the Destruction of Minorities in Greece](Athens:Vivliorama,2005);Elisabeth Kontogeorgi,Population Exchange in Greek Macedonia(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006).

9.Giorgos Theotokas,Argo,2 vols(Athens:Estia,[1933,1936]),vol.1,57-8.

10.Giorgos Theotokas,Ελεθεο πνεμα[Free Spirit],ed.K.Th.Dimaras(Athens:Ermis,1973;first published 1929),70.

11.George Seferis,Complete Poems,translated,edited and with an introduction by Edmund Keeley and Philip Sherrard(London:Anvil,1995),41.

12.Theotokas,Argo,vol.2,107.

13.George Mavrogordatos,Stillborn Republic:Social Coalitions and Party Strategies in Greece,1922-1936(Berkeley,CA:University of California Press,1983),36-7.

14.Mavrogordatos,Stillborn,41.

15.Mark Mazower,Greece and the Inter-War Economic Crisis(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1991),278.

16.Mavrogordatos,Stillborn,47-8.

17.John Campbell and Philip Sherrard,Modern Greece(London:Benn,1968),154.

18.John Koliopoulos,Greece and the British Connection,1935-1941(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1977),18,citing a Foreign Office telegram of 13 May 1935.

19.Koliopoulos,British Connection,98,citing a Foreign Office memorandum of 12 October 1938.

20.Ioannis Stefanidis,‘Reconstructing Greece as a European state:Venizelos’last premiership,1928-32’,in Paschalis Kitromilides(ed.),Eleftherios Venizelos:The Trials of Statesmanship(Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press,2006),193-233(see 208-9).

21.Mazower,Economic Crisis,276(citing Emmanuel Tsouderos,Governor of the Bank of Greece)and 301,285(citing Sydney Waterlow to Foreign Office,January 1935,original emphasis).

22.Mazower,Economic Crisis,292,citing Waterlow to Foreign Office,8 April 1936.

23.Marina Petrakis,The Metaxas Myth:Dictatorship and Propaganda in Greece(London:I.B.Tauris,2006),206 n.100,citing Palairet to Foreign Office,21 August 1939.

24.Εφημεíς της Κυβενσεως[Government Gazette],31 August 1936,cited in translation in Petrakis,Metaxas Myth,9;original available online.

25.Constantine Sarantis,‘The ideology and character of the Metaxas regime’,in Robin Higham and Thanos Veremis(eds),Aspects of Greece,1936-40:The Metaxas Dictatorship(Athens:Hellenic Foundation for Defense and Foreign Policy,1993),151,citing(in translation)speeches of May and November 1937;Jon Kofas,Authoritarianism in Greece:The Metaxas Regime(East European Monographs,Boulder,CO,distributed by Columbia University Press,New York,1983),100(quoted),citing a translation sent by Waterlow to Foreign Office,30 October 1936.The original Greek is not included in Ioannis Metaxas,Λóγoι χαι σχέψεις,1936-1941[Speeches and Thoughts,1936-1941],2 vols(Athens:Ikaros,1969).

26.Koliopoulos,British Connection,79,citing a state paper signed by Metaxas,quoted in translation in a British Legation despatch dated 2 June 1938.

27.Sarantis,‘Ideology',154,citing(in translation)a speech by Metaxas in 1939.

28.Τέσσαα χóνια διαχυβενσεως Ι.Μεταξá[Four Years of Government I.Metaxas],4 vols(Athens,[1940]),vol.2,213;Petrakis,Metaxas Myth,34-5,209-10 n.28.

29.Metaxas,Λóγoι[Speeches],vol.2,124(speech by Metaxas on 8 August 1939);Petrakis,Metaxas Myth,63.

30.Markos Vamvakaris,Αυτοβιογαφíα[Autobiography],ed.Angela Kail(Athens,1973),175,187.A translation of this work by Noonie Minogue is available from Greeklines,London.

31.Stathis Gauntlett,Ρεμπέτιχo ταγoδι.Συμβολ στην επιστημονιχ ποσέγγιση[Rebetiko Song:Contribution to a Scholarly Approach](Athens:Eikostos Protos,2001),68.

32.Thanos Veremis,‘1922:Political continuations and realignments in the Greek state’,in Hirschon(ed.),Crossing,53-62(60 quoted).

33.Koliopoulos,British Connection,89,citing Waterlow to Foreign Office,3 October 1938.

34.Ioannis Metaxas,Τo πoσωπιχó του ημεολóγιo[His Private Diary],4 vols(Athens,1951-64),vol.4,311(20 October 1938),vol.4,460(2 April 1940).

35.Koliopoulos,British Connection,91.

36.Mogens Pelt,‘The establishment and development of the Metaxas dictatorship in the context of Fascism and Nazism,1936-41',Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 2/3(2001),143-72(164 quoted);Metaxas,Ημεoλóγιo[Diary],vol.4,362(1 April 1939).

37.Pelt,‘Establishment’,165-6,citing German diplomatic documents of June and July 1940.

38.Metaxas,Hμεολóγιo[Diary],vol.4,484(14 July 1940).

39.Metaxas,Hμεολóγιo[Diary],vol.4,512-15.

40.Metaxas,Hμεολóγιο[Diary],vol.4,747.

第九章 彻底崩溃

1.John Koliopoulos,Greece and the British Connection,1935-1941(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1977),213;C.M.Woodhouse,Modern Greece:A Short History,5th edn,revised(London:Faber 4 Faber,1991;first edition 1968),236.

2.Ioannis Metaxas,To ποσωπιχó τoν ημεoλóγιo[His Private Diary],4 vols(Athens,1951-64),vol.4,516.

3.Giorgos Seferis,Χειóγαφo Σεπ.'41[Manuscript Sept.'41](Athens:Ikaros,1972),51-3.

4.Koliopoulos,British Connection,220,citing Palairet to Foreign Office,1 February 1941.

5.Metaxas,Ημεoλóγιo[Diary],vol.4,552-4(553 quoted)(2 January 1941).

6.Mark Mazower,Inside Hitler's Greece:The Experience of Occupation,1941-44(New Haven,CT,and London:Yale University Press,1993),173,155.

7.Mazower,Inside Hitler's Greece,244,256.

8.C.M.Woodhouse,The Struggle for Greece,1941-1949(London:Hart-Davis,1976;reprinted with an introduction by Richard Clogg:Hurst,2002),14.

9.Dimitris Glinos,Τι εíναι xαι τι θέλει τo Εθνιχó Απελευθερωτιχó Μέτωπο[What the National Liberation Front is and what it Wants](Athens:Rigas,1944;reprinted by Estia,n.d.),39,41.

10.Mazower,Inside Hitler's Greece,311.

11.C.M.Woodhouse,The Apple of Discord:A Survey of Recent Greek Politics in their International Setting(London:Hutchinson,1948),146-7.David Brewer(Greece:The Decade of War.Occupation,Resistance and Civil War[London:I.B.Tauris,2016],86)is sceptical,and notes that Woodhouse's later account(Struggle,62-3)is‘more guarded’.But by the time the later account was written Cold War attitudes had hardened.In 1948,Woodhouse was recording what he had seen and the impression it had made on him at the time.

12.Mazower,Inside Hitler's Greece,279.

13.Glinos,Τi εíναι[What...],60,61,62-3(emphasis added).

14.For example,Mazower(Inside Hitler's Greece,155-261)devotes a great deal of space to atrocities committed by the occupying forces,whose dynamics and motivation he examines closely,but gives no specific instances of extreme violence by EAM/ELAS,though he accepts that they happened.André Gerolymatos,on the other hand,repeats contemporary reports of murders and mutilations by ELAS and the KKE(An International Civil War:Greece,1943-1949[New Haven,CT,and London:Yale University Press],2016,88-9,108,162,164,222-6),but is silent on the achievements of‘people's rule’in the mountains and does not so much as mention Mazower's classic study.

15.David Close,The Origins of the Greek Civil War(London:Longman,1995),94.

16.Mazower,Inside Hitler's Greece,125-7;cf.Woodhouse,Struggle,3-5,63.

17.See,for example,Thanasis Sfikas,Πóλεμοςχαι εινη στη στατηγιχ του ΚΚΕ,1945-1949[War and Peace in the Strategy of the KKE,1945-1949](Athens:Philistor,2001),15,20.

18.Stathis Kalyvas,The Logic of Violence in Civil War(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006),31.

19.The source for the remark quoted is presented as a work of fiction:Thanasis Valtinos,Orthokostá(Athens:Agra,1994),114,and English translation by Jane Assimakopoulos and Stavros Deligiorgis(London and New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,2016),85.The novel consists of detailed oral testimonies closely based on real events.See also the foreword to the English edition by Stathis Kalyvas.On northern Greece,see,for example,John Koliopoulos,Plundered Loyalties:Axis Occupation and Civil Strife in Greek West Macedonia,1941-1949(London:Hurst,1999;first published in Greek,1994-5).

20.Mazower,Inside Hitler's Greece,342.

21.Procopis Papastratis,British Policy towards Greece during the Second World War,1941-1944(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1984),57;Roderick Beaton,George Seferis:Waiting for the Angel.A Biography(New Haven,CT,and London:Yale University Press,2003),235-6.

22.Giorgos Theotokas,Τετáδια ημεολογíου,1939-1953[Diary Notebooks,1939-1953],ed.Dimitris Tziovas(Athens:Estia,[1987]),509(13 October 1944);Mazower,Inside Hitler's Greece,362.

23.John Iatrides,Revolt in Athens:The Greek Communist‘Second Round’,1944-1945(Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1972),192.

24.Mazower,Inside Hitler's Greece,368;Close,Origins,137.

25.Winston Churchill,The Second World War,vol.6:Triumph and Tragedy(London:Cassell,1954),97,289.

26.Giorgos Seferis,entry for 7 December 1944 in his Μέες Δ'[Diary,vol.4](Athens:Ikaros,1977),374;Beaton,Seferis,252.

27.Churchill,Triumph,271.

28.Haris Vlavianos,Greece,1941-49:From Resistance to Civil War(Basingstoke:Macmillan,1992),257.

29.Close,Origins,159,citing Leeper to Foreign Office,22 February 1946.

30.Close,Origins,190.

31.Spyridon Plakoudas,The Greek Civil War:Strategy,Counterinsurgency and the Monarchy(London:I.B.Tauris,2017),120.

32.G.M.Alexander,The Prelude to the Truman Doctrine:British Policy in Greece,1944-1947(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1982),251.

33.Kostas Kostis,History's Spoiled Children:The Formation of the Modern Greek State,trans.Jacob Moe(London:Hurst,2018;Greek original published in 2013),324;John Koliopoulos and Thanos Veremis,Greece:The Modern Sequel,from 1821 to the Present(London:Hurst,2002),98.

34.David Close,‘Introduction’,in David Close(ed.),The Greek Civil War,1943-1950:Studies of Polarization(London:Routledge,1993),7-11;for the fullest figures available for 1946-9,see Giorgos Margaritis,Ιστoíα του ελληνιχοεμφυλíου πολέμου[History of the Greek Civil War],2 vols(Athens:Vivliorama,2000),vol.1,50-51.

35.Panos Lagdas,'Αpης Βελουχιτης[Aris Velouchiotis],2 vols(Athens:Kypseli,1964),vol.2,461,466;Woodhouse,Struggle,4-6.

36.Theotokas,Τεráδiα[Diary],507;Mazower,Inside Hitler's Greece,314;Seferis,ΜέεςΔ'[Diary,vol.4],381-2.

37.Close,Origins,131;Heinz Richter,British Intervention in Greece:From Varkiza to Civil War,trans.Marion Sarafis(London:Merlin,1985),x;John Hondros,Occupation and Resistance:The Greek Agony,1941-44(New York:Pella,1983),234;John Iatrides,‘Greece at the crossroads,1944-1950’,in John Iatrides and Linda Wrigley(eds),Greece at the Crossroads:The Civil War and its Legacy(Philadelphia,PA:Pennsylvania University Press,1995),12-13.

38.Antonis Liakos,‘Greece’,in Peter Furtado(ed.),Histories of Nations:How their Identities were Forged,2nd edn(London:Thames and Hudson,2017),39-46(45 quoted).

第十章 山姆大叔的庇佑

1.Kostas Kostis,History's Spoiled Children:The Formation of the Modern Greek State,trans.Jacob Moe(London:Hurst,2018;Greek original published in 2013),331;Thomas Gallant,Modern Greece:From the War of Independence to the Present,2nd edn(London:Bloomsbury,2016),255.

2.Kostis,History's Spoiled Children,351.

3.David Close,Greece since 1945:Politics,Economy and Society(London:Longman,2002),52,48.

4.Stanley Mayes,Makarios:A Biography(London:Macmillan,1981),39.

5.Ioannis Stefanidis,Stirring the Greek Nation:Political Culture,Irredentism and Anti-Americanism in Post-War Greece,1945-1967(Aldershot:Ashgate,2007),81,citing parliamentary debates of May 1950.

6.Stefanidis,Stirring,77-8;Evanthis Hatzivassiliou,Britain and the International Status of Cyprus,1955-59(Minneapolis,MN:University of Minnesota,Modern Greek Studies Yearbook supplement,1997),14;Kostis,History's Spoiled Children,341;Stavros Panteli,A New History of Cyprus:From the Earliest Times to the Present Day(London and The Hague:EastWest,1984),248-55.

7.Robert Holland,Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus,1954-1959(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1998),69(citing Macmillan to Foreign Office,16 July 1955),65;Hatzivassiliou,Britain,32,citing Makarios.

8.Holland,Britain,76.

9.Holland,Britain,89-91,127-31;Stefanidis,Stirring,105.

10.David French,Fighting EOKA:The British Counter-Insurgency Campaign on Cyprus,1955-1959(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2015),307.

11.Holland,Britain,184-5.

12.Roderick Beaton,George Seferis:Waiting for the Angel.A Biography(New Haven,CT,and London:Yale University Press,2003),358,citing Seferis's diary for 29 February 1960.

13.Stefanidis,Stirring,80,174-6;James Edward Miller,The United States and the Making of Modern Greece:History and Power,1950-1974(Chapel Hill,NC:University of North Carolina Press,2009),56-65;Susannah Verney,‘Greece and the European Community’,in Kevin Featherstone and Dimitrios Katsoudas(eds),Political Change in Greece:Before and After the Colonels(London:Croom Helm,1987),253-70.

14.Vrasidas Karalis,A History of Greek Cinema(New York and London:Continuum,2012),79-80;Achilleas Hadjikyriacou,Masculinity and Gender in Greek Cinema,1949-1967(London:Bloomsbury Academic,2013),66-7;Maria Stassinopoulou,‘Reality bites:A feature film history of Greece,1950-1963’(Vienna:University of Vienna,Habilitationsschrift,2000),3.

15.Dimitris Papanikolaou,Singing Poets:Literature and Popular Music in France and Greece(London:Legenda,2007),84(emphasis added).

16.Giannis Ritsos,Πoιματα[Poems],vol.2(Athens:Kedros,1989-90),59-72.

17.Stan Draenos,Andreas Papandreou:The Making of a Greek Democrat and Political Maverick(London:I.B.Tauris,2012),133,citing the testimony of Robert Keeley.

18.Kostis,History's Spoiled Children,356.

19.G.Papadopoulos,Το Πιστεω μας[Our Creed],7 vols(Athens,1968-72),vol.2,80(original emphases).

20.Papadopoulos,Πιστεω[Creed],vol.1,11,vol.2,171;Karen van Dyck,Kassandra and the Censors:Greek Poetry since 1967(Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1998),16-17.

21.Thanasis Valtinos,‘The plaster cast',trans.Theodora Vasils,in Willis Barnstone(ed.),Eighteen Texts:Writings by Contemporary Greek Authors(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1972),153-9(Greek original published 1970).

22.Kostis Kornetis,Children of the Dictatorship:Student Resistance,Cultural Politics,and the‘Long 1960s’in Greece(New York and Oxford:Berghahn,2013),269-70.

23.Kometis,Children,255,270.

24.C.M.Woodhouse,The Rise and Fall of the Greek Colonels(London:Granada,1985),134.

25.Kometis,Children,273-80.

26.Woodhouse,Rise and Fall,151-2.

27.James Ker-Lindsay,The Cyprus Problem:What Everyone Needs to Know(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2011),44-6.

第十一章 欧洲时代的到来

1.Michalis Spourdalakis,The Rise of the Greek Socialist Party(London:Routledge,1988),289-90.

2.George Mavrogordatos,Rise of the Green Sun:The Greek Election of 1981(London:King's College London,Centre of Contemporary Greek Studies,1983),9,55(quoted).

3.Kevin Featherstone and Dimitris Papadimitriou,Prime Ministers in Greece:The Paradox of Power(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2015),16,45,90,217.

4.David Close,Greece since 1945:Politics,Economy and Society(London:Longman,2002),161-2,178-82;Stathis Kalyvas,Modern Greece:What Everyone Needs to Know(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2015),140-42,citing an unpublished manuscript by Gerassimos Moschonas.

5.Theodore Couloumbis,‘PASOK's foreign policies,1981-89:Continuity or change?’,in Richard Clogg(ed.),Greece,1981-89:The Populist Decade(Basingstoke:Macmillan,1993),120.

6.George Kassimeris,Europe's Last Red Terrorists:The Revolutionary Organization 17 November(London:Hurst,2001),206.

7.See,for example,Misha Glenny,The Balkans,1804-1999(London:Granta,1999),656.

8.Loring Danforth,The Macedonian Conflict:Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World(Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1997),202-12.

9.Thanos Veremis,A Modern History of the Balkans:Nationalism and Identity in Southeast Europe(London:I.B.Tauris,2017),143,145-6.

10.Yannis Hamilakis,The Nation and its Ruins:Antiquity,Archaeology,and National Imagination in Greece(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2007),125-34.

11.Cited in Veremis,Modern History,151-2.

12.See,for example,Sotiris Dimitriou,May Your Name Be Blessed,trans.Leo Marshall(University of Birmingham,2000).

13.Close,Greece,197;Thomas Gallant,Modern Greece:From the War of Independence to the Present,2nd edn(London:Bloomsbury,2016),303.

14.Vasilios Makrides,‘Byzantium in contemporary Greece:The Neo-Orthodox current of ideas’,in David Ricks and Paul Magdalino(eds),Byzantium and the Modern Greek Identity(Aldershot:Ashgate,1998),142.

15.Graham Speake,Mount Athos:Renewal in Paradise(New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,2002).

16.Michael Llewellyn Smith,Athens:A Cultural and Literary History(Oxford:Signal,2004),207.

17.Kostas Kostis,History's Spoiled Children:The Formation of the Modern Greek State,trans.Jacob Moe(London:Hurst,2018;Greek original published in 2013),384.

18.Kostis,History's Spoiled Children,383-4,386.

19.Featherstone and Papadimitriou,Prime Ministers,1,165,203.

20.Gallant,Modern Greece,306-7;Miranda Xafa,‘Back from the brink:How to end Greece's seemingly interminable crisis',in Spyros Economides(ed.),Greece:Modernisation and Europe 20 Years On(London:London School of Economics,Hellenic Observatory,2017),46-53(see 47-8).

21.Dimitrios Theodossopoulos,‘Politics of friendship,worldviews of mistrust:The Greek-Turkish rapprochement in local conversation’,in D.Theodossopoulos(ed.),When Greeks Think about Turks:The View from Anthropology(Abingdon:Routledge,2007),193-210.

22.See,for example,James Ker-Lindsay,The Cyprus Problem:What Everyone Needs to Know(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2011),68-74,and the critiques of the Annan Plan in Andrekos Varnava and Hubert Faustmann(eds),Reunifying Cyprus:The Annan Plan and Beyond(London:I.B.Tauris,2009).

第十二章 中年危机

1.Stathis Kalyvas,Modern Greece:What Everyone Needs to Know(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2015),153,156.

2.Kevin Featherstone and Dimitris Papadimitriou,Prime Ministers in Greece:The Paradox of Power(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2015),189.

3.Giannis Voulgaris,Η μoιαíαπενταeτíα.Η πoλιτιχ της αδáνειας,2004-2009[The Fateful Five Years:The Politics of Inaction,2004-2009](Athens:Polis,2011),311(10 January 2009);Kostas Kostis,History's Spoiled Children:The Formation of the Modern Greek State,trans.Jacob Moe(London:Hurst,2018;Greek original published in 2013),388-9.

4.George Papaconstantinou,Game Over:The Inside Story of the Greek Crisis(English edition privately published,2016),30-40(37 quoted).

5.Loukas Tsoukalis,In Defence of Europe:Can the European Project be Saved?(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2016),89.

6.Kalyvas,Modern Greece,163.

7.For the period 1974-2000,see David Close,Greece since 1945:Politics,Economy and Society(London:Longman,2002),168-70;for 1999-2015,Miranda Xafa,‘Back from the brink:How to end Greece's seemingly interminable crisis’,in Spyros Economides(ed.),Greece:Modernisation and Europe 20 Years On(London:London School of Economics,Hellenic Observatory,2017),46-53.

8.Kostis,History's Spoiled Children,416;Dimitris Tziovas(ed.),Greece in Crisis:The Cultural Politics of Austerity(London:I.B.Tauris,2017),26.

9.Yanis Varoufakis,Adults in the Room:My Battle with Europe's Deep Establishment(London:Bodley Head,2017),237(quoted);Johanna Hanink,The Classical Debt:Greek Antiquity in an Era of Austerity(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2017),200,223,citing headlines in the German press from 2010.

10.Varoufakis,Adults,469.

11.Varoufakis,Adults,48;Hanink,Classical Debt,219.

12.Varoufakis,Adults,474.

13.Karen van Dyck(ed.),Austerity Measures:The New Greek Poetry(London:Penguin,2016),xviii.

14.Tziovas(ed.),Greece in Crisis,4.

15.George Pagoulatos,‘From project modernisation to forced adjustment:two decades of incomplete reforms(1996-2016)',in Spyros Economides(ed.),Greece:Modernisation and Europe 20 Years On(London:London School of Economics,Hellenic Observatory,2017),37-45(44 quoted).

16.Tziovas(ed.),Greece in Crisis,30;see also Hanink,Classical Debt,255-7.

17.Denis Vovchenko,Containing Balkan Nationalism:Imperial Russia and Ottoman Christians,1856-1914(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2016),329.

18.Kostis,History's Spoiled Children,421.