进一步的读物
进一步的读物
全书总论
由于本书是为普通读者编写的一本科学史和技术史导论,可以作为教材使用,一般认为最好不要在书末加上注释和参考文献,以免使书的内容看起来过于繁杂。但是,我们在这里提供的这个“进一步的读物”,是想为那些希望就书中的某一个专题作深入研究的读者,以及那些想澄清书中的某一个历史事实的读者,提供一些帮助。
Charles C.Gillispie,ed.,Dictionary of Scientific Biography,16 vols,New York:Scribner's,1970—1980.
这是一部覆盖了20世纪70年代的科学史(在某些方面也包括技术史)的优秀著作,可以在许多图书馆中找到。
其他有用的一般性资料来源,包括:
Sheila Jasanoff,Gerald E.Markle,James C.Petersen,and Trevor Pinch,eds.,Handbook of Science and Technology Studies,Thousand Oaks,Calif.:Sage Publications,1995.
Helge Kragh,An Introduction to the Historiography of Science,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1987.
R.C.Olby,G.N.Cantor,J.R.R.Christie,and A.M.S.Hodge,eds.,Companion to the History of Science,London:Routledge,1990.
William F.Bynum,ed.,Dictionary of the History of Science,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1985.
Helaine Selin,Science across Cultures:An Annotated Bibliography of Books on Non-Western Science,Technology,and Medicine,New York:Garland Publishing,1992.
这本书对于从全球的视角审视科学、技术和医学的发展有一定参考价值。
关于技术史方面的著作,可参阅:
Donald Cardwell,The Norton History of Technology,New York:Norton,1995.
Selin,ed.,Encyclopedia of the History of Science,Technology,and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures,Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers,1997.
虽然这本著作出版时,本书的大部分工作已经完成,但还是非常值得参考。
读者如果感兴趣,可以参阅托马斯·库恩(Thomas Kuhn)的相关著述。他的开创性工作改变了人们对科学及其历史的认识。要了解他的研究方法,可以参阅:
Thomas S.Kuhn,“The History of Science”,in The Essential Tension:Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1977.
本书中提到的地理学方面的内容,更为全面的表述可参阅:
Harold Dorn,The Geography of Science,Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1991.
ISIS(美国科学史学会会刊)及其年鉴Critical Bibliography和Technology and Culture:The International Quarterly of the Society for the Society for the History of Technology.
推荐网站
The World Wide Web Virtual Library:History of Science,Technology and Medicine:
http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/hstm/hstm_ove.htm
History of Technology Resources Available on the Internet:
http://www.englib.cornell.edu/ice/lists/historytechnology/historytechnology.html#topics
STS Links:
http://www2.ncsu.edu/ncsu/chass/mds/stslinks.html
http://nextwave.sunyit.edu/~sts/stslinks.htm
http://www.dcu.ie/staff/hsheehan/sts/stslinks.htm
Virtual STS:
http://helix.ucsd.edu/~bssimon/index.html
Society for Social Studies of Science(4S)Homepage:
http://www.lsu.edu80/guests/ssss/public_html
History of Science Society Homepage:
http://weber.u.washington.edu/~hssexec
4000 Years of Women in Science:
http://www.astr.ua.edu/4000WS/4000WS.html
第一章 人类的出现:工具和工具制造者
人类的起源和进化本身就非常吸引人,有关这一主题目前有几本写得很棒的半通俗性著作。在过去的40年间,随着一系列非凡的化石发现以及分子生物学的发展,这一研究领域取得了跨越性发展。
Ian Tattersall,The Human Odyssey:Four Million Years of Human Evolution,New York:Prentice Hall,1993.
Jean Guilaine,ed.,Prehistory:The World of Early Man,New York:Facts on File,1991.
这两本书的介绍相当翔实可靠。
Donald Johanson and Maitland Edey,Lucy:The Beginnings of Humankind,New York:Warner Books,1981.
此书讲述了一次最具轰动效应的化石发现。
V.Gordon Childe,Man Makes Himself,New York:NAL/Dutton,1983.
对史前时代——旧石器和新石器时代——作了第一流的阐述。
Alexander Marshack,The Roots of Civilization,Wakefield:Moyer Bell,1992.
对于旧石器时代的人类留下的表明其天文学兴趣方面的最早记录,该书作者进行了开创性研究。
Robert J.Wenke,Patterns in Prehistory:Mankind's First Three Million Years,3rd ed.,New York:Oxford University Press,1990.
它对全世界在这一领域的进展作了可靠的概述。
读者们还可以从Archaeoastronomy杂志上发现许多有价值的材料。
推荐网站
ArchNet:WWW Archaeology:
http://www.lib.uconn.edu:80/ArchNet/Topical/Topical.html
Paleo-Psychology:
http://watarts.uwaterloo.ca/~acheyne/paleoimg.html
National Center for Prehistory(France):
http://dufy.aquarel.fr:8001/html/index.html
Paleolithic Art Gallery:
http://watarts.uwaterloo.ca/~cpshelle/neo-gallery.html
Origins of Humankind:
http://www.dealsonline.com/origins/
第二章 农民时代
新石器时代主要是考古学家们的研究领域。
Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn,Archaeology:Theories,Methods,and Practice,New York:Thames and Hudson,1991.
该书对这一领域作了权威性的概述。
Anthony Aveni,World Archaeoastronomy,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1989.
在尚未出现文字的新石器时代,我们只能通过遗留下来的建筑遗址去了解当时的天文学。该书对这一主题进行了详细阐述。
对于英国的巨石阵,可以参阅以下图书:
Jean-Pierre Mohen,The World Megaliths,New York:Facts on File,1990.
Christopher Chippindale,Stonehenge Complete,New York:Thames and Hudson,1983.
Gerald S.Hawkins and John B.White,Stonehenge Decoded,New York:Delta,1965.
Jo Anne Van Tilburg,Easter Island:Archaeology,Ecology,and Culture,Washington,D.C.:Smithsonian Institution Press,1994.
这本书对复活节岛作了权威性的介绍。
推荐网站
The Iceman:
http://dm2.uibk.ai.at/c/c5/c504/iceman en.html
How the Shaman Stole the Moon by William H.Calvin:
http://weber.u.washington.edu/~wcalvin/bk6.html
Stone Pages:Megalithic Sites of Europe:
http://joshua.micronet.it/utenti/dmeozzi
Stones of Wonder:Megalithic Sites and Astronomy:
http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/2621/stonesl.htm
Virtual Stonehenge:
http://avebury.arch.soton.ac.uk/LocalStuff/Stonehenge/index.html
Easter Island Homepage:
http://www.netaxs.com/~trance/rapanui.html
第三章 法老和工程师
文明的来临要看集权制国家、大型城市和较高学问的出现。这是“历史”时期的开始,也就是说,历史学家第一次可以通过查考文献来研究历史。
C.C.Lamberg-Karlovsky and Jeremy A.Sabloff,Ancient Civilizations:The Near East and Mesoamerica,Prospect Heights,Ill.:Waveland Press,1987.
这本书对全世界的早期文明作了综述,资料非常丰富。
Ronald Cohen and Elman R.Service,eds.,Origins of the State,Philadelphia:Institute for the Study of Human Issues,1978.
该书展示了解释最早的国家起源的各种理论。
Karl Wittfogel,Oriental Despotism,New Haven:Yale University Press,1957.
此书观点有些与众不同,有一定的学术价值。
集权制国家的大型建筑在复杂性和规模上都超过了新石器时代的建筑。要了解埃及的建筑情况,可参阅:
J.-P.Lepre,The Egyptian Pyramids:A Comprehensive,Illustrated Reference,Jefferson,N.C.:McFarland and Co.,1990.
Zahi A.Hawass,The Pyramids of Ancient Egypt,Pittsburgh:Carnegie Museum of Natural History,1990.
Kurt Mendelssohn,Riddle of the Pyramids,New York:Thames and Hudson,1986.
这是一位物理学家在尝试解释古代法老实施其伟大的建筑工程的目的。
Otto Neugebauer,The Exact Sciences in Antiquity,2nd ed.,New York:Dover Publications,1969.
它对这一问题提供了专家级的解释。
Marshall Clagget,Ancient Egyptian Science,2 vols,Philadelphia:American Philosophical Society,1989—1995.
该书对古埃及的建筑作了更为详尽的透视。
希望看到印刷精美的古代原始文献的读者,可参阅:
Gay Robins and Charles Shute,The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus:An Ancient Egyptian Text,New York:Dover Publications,1987.
推荐网站
Ancient World Web:Meta Index:
http://atlantic.evsc.virginia.edu/julia/AW/meta.html
Ancient Near East Web Sites:
http://eawc.evansville.edu/www/nepage.html
Ancient Egyptian Web Sites:
http://eawc.evansville.edu/www/egpage.htm
The Egyptian Pyramids(NOVA):
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/nova/pyramid/
The Oriental Institute:
http://www-oi.uchicago.edu/OI/default.html
Egyptology Page:
http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/egypt/
Near and Middle East Archaeology:
http://www.global.org/bfreed/archeol/ne-arch.html
Indus Civilization:
http://www.harappa.com/welcome.htm
第四章 得天独厚的希腊
希腊科学是许多学术研究的主题,以下几部著作对此作了准确而又通俗的介绍:
G.E.R.Lloyd,Early Greek Science:Thales to Aristotle,New York:Norton,1970.
G.E.R.Lloyd,Greek Science after Aristotle,New York:Norton,1973.
Marshall Clagett,Greek Science in Antiquity,rev.ed.,New York:Barnes and Noble,1994.
需要更为详尽地了解相关内容的读者,可参阅:
George Sarton,Ancient Science through the Golden Age of Greece,New York:Dover,1993.
George Sarton,Hellenistic Science and Culture in the Last Three Centuries B.C.,New York:Dover,1993.
Joseph Ben-David,The Scientist's Role in Society:A Comparative Study,with a new introduction,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1984.
这本书转而采用社会学方法来研究这一主题。
Lois N.Magner,A History of the Life Sciences,New York:Marcel Dekker,1994.
综述了古代物质生物学(matters biological)的观点。
在古代技术方面,可参见:
J.G.Landels,Engineering in the Ancient World,Berkeley:University of California Press,1978.
L.Sprague de Camp,The Ancient Engineers,New York:Ballantine Books,1988.
推荐网站
Ancient Greece Web Sites:
http://eawc.evansville.edu/www/grpage.htm
The Perseus Project:
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu
The Internet Classics Archive:
http://classics.mit.edu
Diotima:Women and Gender in the Ancient World:
http://www.uky.edu/ArtsSciences/Classics/gender.html
History of Mathematics:Greeks
http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/greece.html
The Philosophers Page:
http://www.bookstore.uidaho.edu/Philosophy/
Hypatia of Alexandria:
http://cosmopolis.com/people/hypatia.html
The Catapult Museum Online:
http://www.nzp.com/02contents.html
Classics and Mediterranean Archaeology Page:
http://rome.classics.lsa.umich.edu/welcome.html
Science in Antiquity:
http://www.mala.bc.ca/~mcneil/s1.htm
第五章 永恒的东方
希望深入了解伊斯兰科学和文明的读者,可以参阅以下文献:
Seyyed Hossein Nasr,Science and Civilization in Islam,New York:Barnes and Noble Books,1992.
George Saliba,A History of Arabic Astronomy,New York:New York University Press,1994.
Aydin Sayili,The Observatory in Islam,New York:Arno Press,1981.
Michael Adas,ed.,Islamic and European Expansion:The Forging of a Global Order,Philadelphia:Temple University Press,1993.
要了解伊斯兰技术,可参阅:
Ahmad Y.al-hassan and Donald R.Hill,Islamic Technology:An Illustrated History,Lanham:UNIPUB,1992.
Donald R.Hill,Islamic Science and Engineering,Chicago:Kazi Publications,1996.
Toby E.Huff,The Rise of Early Modern Science:Islam,China,and the West,New York:Cambridge University Press,1993.
这本书将伊斯兰科学放在一个更为广阔的背景下考察,具有特殊的价值。
推荐网站
Early Islam Web Sites:
http://eawc.evansville.edu/www.ispage.htm
Islamic Texts and Resources Meta Page:
http://wings.buffalo.edu/sa/muslim/isl/isl.html
Muslim Scholars Page:
http://www.oman_net.com/msp/main.htm
Medieval Science:
http://www.mala.bc.ca/~mcneil/s2.htm
Byzantine Studies on the Internet:
http://www.bway.net/~halsall/byzantium.html
第六章 中央帝国
任何学习科学史的学生都不应该忽视李约瑟(Joseph Needham)的多卷本煌煌巨著:
Joseph Needham,Science and Civilization in China,16 vols.to date,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1954—1995.
Colin A.Ronan,The Shorter Science and Civilization in China:An Abridgement of Joseph Needham's Original Text,5 vols.,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1978—1995.
这是由罗南(Colin A.Ronan)编辑的李约瑟的权威著作的简写本。
Derk Bodde,Chinese Thought,Society,and Science:The Intellectual and Social Background of Science and Technology in Pre-Modern China,Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press,1991.
这本书虽然不像李约瑟的著作那样令人望而生畏,但在价值上却毫不逊色。
采用比较方法创作的富有洞见的著作包括:
Huff,The Rise of Early Modern Science:Islam,China,and the West,New York:Cambridge University Press,1993.
G.E.R.Lloyd,Adversaries and Authorities:Investigations into Ancient Greek and Chinese Science,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996.
推荐网站
The Joseph Needham Homepage:
http://www.soas.ac.uk/Needham/Home.html
Ancient China Web Sites:
http://eawc.evansville.edu/www/chpage.htm
China 5000 Pro Timeline:
http://www.china5000pro.com/timeline.html
China Room:
http://www.chinapage.com/china-rm.html
History of China:
http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/toc.html
http://www.chinacommercial.com/chinahist.htm
Condensed China:Chinese History for Beginners:
http://www.hk.super.net/~paulf/china.html
Chinese Philosophy Page:
http://www-personal.monash.edu.au/~sab/index.html
第七章 印度河、恒河及其他
关于前殖民地时期印度的科学史和技术史的作品非常有限,其中属于纵览性的著作包括:
S.Balaachandra Rao,Indian Mathematics and Astronomy,Bangalore:Jnana Deep Publications,1994.
Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya,ed.,Studies in the History of Science in India,2 vols.,New Delhi:Editorial Enterprises,1982.
O.P.Jaggi,History of Science,Technology,and Medicine in India,15 vols.,Delhi:Atma Ram and Sons,1969—1986.
David Pingree,“History of Mathematical Astronomy in India”,in Dictionary of Scientific Biography,ed.C C Gillispie,New York:Scribner's,1978,15:533—633.
这篇文章虽然比较专业,但还是属于基础性读物。此外,还可以参阅Indian Journal of History of Science。
关于朱罗帝国,可参见:
Eleanor Mannikka,Angkor Wat:Time,Space,and Kingship,Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press,1996.
推荐网站
WWW Sites Relating to Ancient India:
http://eawc.evansville.edu/www/inpage.htm
History of India:
http://www.ib_net.com/links/history.htm
http://www.incore.com/india/history.html
http://www.indiagov.org/culture/history/intro.html
Information on Ayurveda:
http://www.boii.com/ayurfrme.htm
第八章 新大陆
古代美洲文明已经变成了一个特别活跃的研究领域,这从最近出版的一些著作中可见一斑。
Jeremy A.Sabloff,The Cities of Ancient Mexico,London:Thames and Hudson,1989.
Jeremy A.Sabloff,The New Archaeology and the Ancient Maya,New York:W.H.Freeman,1990.
Michael D.Coe,The Maya,5th ed.,fully revised and expanded,New York:Thames and Hudson,1993.
Brian M.Fagan,Kingdoms of Gold,Kingdoms of Jade:The Americas Before Columbus,London:Thames and Hudson,1991.
Craig Morris and Adriana von Hagen,The Inka Empire and Its Andean Origins,New York:American Museum of Natural History/Abbeville Press,1993.
Michael E.Moseley,The Incas and Their Ancestors,London:Thames and Hudson,1993.
David Muench and Donald G.Pike,Anasazi:Ancient People of the Rock,New York:Harmony Books,1974.
Linda Schele and Mary Ellen Miller,The Blood of Kings,New York:George Braziller,1986.
这本书有助于改变人们的看法,使人们看到在美洲的那些文明中存在的侵略和暴力。以前人们总以为这些文明中只存在和平。
要了解哥伦布到达之前的美洲科学,可参阅:
Anthony F.Aveni,Empires of Time:Calendars,Clocks,and Cultures,New York:Basic Books,1989.
Bernard R.Ortiz de Montellano,Aztec Medicine,Health,and Nutrition,New Brunswick,N.J.:Rutgers University Press,1990.
William Fash,Scribes,Warriors,and Kings:The City of Copan and the Ancient Maya,London:Thames and Hudson,1991.
推荐网站
Maya/Aztec/Inca Center:
http://www.realtime.net/maya/
Maya Links:
http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~jchance/link.html
A Mesoamerican Archaeology WWW Page:
http://copan.bioz.uniba.ch/meso.html
The Maya Astronomy Page:
http://www.astro.uva.nl/michielb/maya/astro.html
Archaeology of Teotihuacán:
http://archaeology.la.asu.edu/vm/mesoam/teo/index.htm
The Inca Trail and Machu Picchu:
http://www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/~angus/Gallery/Photos/SouthAmerica/
Peru/IncaTrail.html
NOVA Online:Ice Mummies of the Inca:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/nova/peru
Chaco Canyon National Monument:
http://www.chaco.com/park/index.html
Cahokia Mounds Historic Site:
http://medicine.wustl.edu/~kellerk/cahokia.html
第九章 犁、马镫、枪炮和黑死病
在过去的50年里,中世纪和近代欧洲早期的技术史一直是个非常繁荣的研究领域,因此,希望进一步了解这一主题的读者有大量的出版物可供选择。
Lynn White Jr.,Medieval Technology and Social Change,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1966.
这是一部经典著作,根据技术革新解释了欧洲封建主义的兴起。
Arnold Pacey,The Maze of Ingenuity:Ideas and Idealism in the Development of Technology,2nd ed.,Cambridge:MIT Press,1992.
此书专门研究了近代欧洲的早期阶段。
Jean Gimpel,The Medieval Machine:The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages,New York:Penguin Books,1983.
Frances and Joseph Gies,Cathedral,Forge,and Waterwheel:Technology and Invention in the Middle Ages,New York:HarperCollins,1994.
这是一部不错的纵览性著作。
Michael Roberts,The Military Revolution,1560—1660,Belfast:Queen's University Press,1956.
这部著作开创了一个全新的研究领域,专门研究近代欧洲早期独特的军事技术和技能,及其产生的社会影响。此后,其他历史学家的相关著作包括:
Geoffrey Parker,The Military Revolution:Military Innovation and the Rise of the West,1500—1800,New York:Cambridge University Press,1988.(https://www.daowen.com)
Carlo M.Cipolla,Guns,Sails,and Empires:The Technological Innovation and the Early Phases of European Expansion,1400—1700,New York:Pantheon Books,1966.
William H.McNeill,The Pursuit of Power:Technology,Armed Force,and Society since A.D.1000,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1984.
关于中世纪的科学本身,参见:
David C.Lindberg,The Beginnings of Western Science,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1992.
David C.Lindberg,ed.,Science in the Middle Ages,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1978.
Edward Grant,The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages,New York:Cambridge University Press,1996.
Edward Grant,Physical Science in the Middle Ages,New York:Cambridge University Press,1977.
推荐网站
Medieval Europe Web Sites:
http://eawc.evansville.edu/www/mepage.htm
Labyrinth:A WWW Server for Medieval Studies:
http://www.georgetown.edu/labyrinth/labyrinth-home.html Medieval Studies Resources:
http://infor.ox.ac.uk/departments/humanities/med.html
Orb:On-Line Text Materials for Medieval Studies:
http://orb.rhodcs.edu/
The Medieval Science Page:
http://members.aol.com/mcnelis/medsci_index.html
Medieval Technology and Everyday Life:Web Resources:
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/~medtech/medweb.html
第十至十二章 科学革命——总论
科学革命的历程是科学史的核心篇章之一。
H.Floris Cohen,The Scientific Revolution:A Historiographical Inquiry,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1994.
此书对围绕科学革命产生的高度发达的文学作品作了全面介绍。
I.B.Cohen,Puritanism and the Rise of Modern Science:The Merton Thesis,New Brunswick,N.J.:Rutgers University Press,1990.
这是一部非常重要的编年史。
最近的一些相关论述,可以参见:
Steven Shapin,The Scientific Revolution,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1996.
David C.Lindberg and Robert S.Westman,eds.,Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990.
Roy Porter and Mikulás Teich,eds.,The Scientific Revolution in National Context,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992.
Norriss S.Hetherington,Cosmology:Historical,Literary,Philosophical,Religious,and Scientific Perspectives,New York:Garland Publishing,1993.
稍早一些的优秀论著包括:
Arthur Koestler,The Sleepwalkers:A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe,New York:Viking Penguin,1990.
Herbert Butterfield,The Origins of Modern Science,1300—1800,rev.ed.,New York:Free Press,1965.
I.Bernard Cohen,The Birth ofa New Physics,revised and updated,New York:Norton,1985.
Richard S.Westfall,The Construction of Modern Science:Mechanism and Mechanics,2nd ed.,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1977.
最近有许多著作对科学革命进行了新的诠释,这些著作包括:
William Eamon,Science and the Secrets of Nature:Books of Secrets in Medieval and Early Modern Culture,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1994.
Pamela Smith,The Business of Alchemy:Science and Culture in the Holy Roman Empire,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1994.
David C.Goodman,Power and Penury:Government,Technology,and Science in PhilipⅡ's Spain,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988.
Frank J.Swetz,Capitalism and Arithmetic:The New Math of the 15th Century,LaSalle,Ill.:Open Court,1987.
Carolyn Merchant,The Death of Nature:Women,Ecology,and the Scientific Revolution,San Francisco:HarperSanFrancisco,1990.
第十章 哥白尼掀起一场革命
有关哥白尼、第谷和开普勒的著作,可参阅:
Bruce Stephenson,Kepler's Physical Astronomy,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1994.
Bruce Stephenson,The Music of the Heavens:Kepler's Harmonic Astronomy,Princeton University Press,1994.
Max Caspar,Kepler,trans.and ed.,C.Doris Hellman with a new introduction and references by Owen Gingerich,New York:Dover Publications,1993.
Victor E.Thoren,The Lord of Uraniborg:A Biography of Tycho Brahe,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990.
Thomas S.Kuhn,The Copernican Revolution,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1957.
这本书虽然年代较早,但见解十分深刻。
推荐网站
Renaissance Science:
http://www.mala.bc.ca/~mcneil/s3.htm
Copernicus,Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres(Dedication):
http://pluto.clinch.edu/history/wciv1/civ1ref/revolu.htm
Tycho Brahe Page in English:
http://inet.uni-c.dk/~nefts/tycho.htm
Johannes Kepler and More Kepler:
http://www.physics.virginia.edu/classes/109N/1995/lectures/kepler.html
http://www.physics.virginia.edu/classes/109N/1995/lectures/more
kepl.html
Kepler's Laws:
http://scruffy.phast.umass.edu/a114/lectures/lec03/lec03.html
http://www.itsnet.com/home/bmager/public.html/pluto/kepler.html
History of Mathematics:
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history
Museum of the History of Science(Oxford):
http://info.ox.ac.uk/departments/hooke
The Leonardo da Vinci Museum:
http://cellini.leonardo.net/museum/gallery.html#start
第十一章 伽利略的罪与罚
伽利略的科学著作是科学史上普通读者可以阅读欣赏的为数不多的珍贵文献。比如:
Stillman Drake,Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo,Garden City,N.Y.:Doubleday Anchor,1990.
可以见到的伽利略的其他主要著作包括:
Galileo on the World Systems:A New Abridged Translation and Guide,trans.and ed.Maurice A.Finocchiaro,Berkeley:University of California Press,1997.
Two New Sciences,trans.S.Drake,Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1992.
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems,trans.S.Drake,Berkeley:University of California Press,1967.
有关伽利略的科学工作的论述,可参见:
Stillman Drake,Galileo at Work:His Scientific Biography,New York:Dover Publications,1995.
对于伽利略因宣扬哥白尼学说而受到宗教裁判所审判的情况,可参阅:
Maurice Finocchiaro,The Galileo Affair:A Documentary History,Berkeley:University of California Press,1989.
该书可供基本参考。
Georgio de Santillana,The Crime of Galileo,Alexandria,Va.:Time-Life Books,1981.
Mario Biagioli,Galileo Courtier:The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1993.
Pietro Redondi,Galileo Heretic,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1987.
Michael Segré,In the Wake of Galileo,New Brunswick,N.J.:Rutgers University Press,1991.
推荐网站
The Galileo Project:
http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo
Museum of the History of Science,Florence:
http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/museo/4/index.html
Jesuits and the Sciences,1600—1800:
http://www.luc.edu/libraries/science/jesuits/index.html
The Art of Renaissance Science:Galileo and Perspective:
http://www.cuny.edu:80/multimedia/arsnew/arstoc.html
Descartes,Discourse on Method:
http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ
reader2/descartes.html
第十二章 “上帝说,‘让牛顿出世!’”
牛顿的科学及经历属于一大学术研究领域的主题。
Richard S.Westfall,Never at Rest:A Biography of Isaac Newton,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1983.
该书是科学传记方面的名著,是从事相关研究的基本起点。读者还可以参考其删节本:
The Life of Isaac Newton,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1993.
A.Rupert Hall,Isaac Newton,Adventurer in Thought,Oxford:Blackwell,1992.
该书同样属于经典著作。
Betty Jo Teeter Dobbs and Margaret C.Jacob,Newton and the Culture of Newtonianism,Atlantic Highlands,N.J.:Humanities Press,1995.
该书对范围广泛的主题进行了简要介绍。
Ⅰ.Bernard Cohen and Richard S.Westfall eds.,Newton:Texts,Backgrounds,Commentaries,A Norton Critical Edition,New York:W.W.Norton,1995.
这也是一部很重要的介绍性著作。
John Fauvel et al.,Let Newton Be!,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1988.
此书对牛顿这位伟人及其工作和社会影响作了最新的合理透视。
对于当时总的历史背景,可参阅:
Margaret C.Jacob,The Newtonians and the English Revolution,New York:Gordon and Breach,1990.
B.J.T.Dobbs,The Janus Faces of Genius:The Role of Alchemy in Newton's Thought,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1991.
该书对牛顿秘密研究的科学进行了细致的学术探讨。
推荐网站
Newton Biographies:
http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Newton/RouseBall/RB_Newton.html
http://euler.ciens.ucv.ve/English/mathematics/newton.html
http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.html
Science During the Age of Newton:
http://www.mala.bc.ca/~mcneil/s4.htm
Newtonia:
http://home.cern.ch/~mcnab/N/index.html
The Sir Isaac Newton Homepage:
http://newton.gws.uky.edu/cover.html
“The Official Isaac Newton Homepage”:
http://www2.andrews.edu/~ganos/newton.html
The Alchemy Virtual Library:
http://www.levity.com/alchemy/home.html
Early Modern English and the Scientific Revolution:
http://marie.mit.edu/~bruen/EME.html
第十三章 工业革命
近些年来,对工业革命及其产生的全球性影响的研究已经愈来愈深入。相关文献可以参阅:
George Basalla,The Evolution of Technology,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1989.
Arnold Pacey,Technology in World Civilization,Cambridge:MIT Press,1992.
Peter N.Stearns,The Industrial Revolution in World History,Boulder,Colo.:Westview Press,1993.
Vaclav Smil,Energy in World History,Boulder,Colo.:Westview Press,1994.
Alfred Crosby,Ecological Imperialism:The Biological Expansion of Europe,900—1900,New York:Cambridge University Press,1993.
Daniel Headrick,Tools of Empire:Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century,New York:Oxford University Press,1981.
要了解对欧洲工业革命的传统看法,可参阅:
T.S.Ashton,The Industrial Revolution,1760—1830,Westport,Conn.:Greenwood Press,1986.
关于工业化进程中科学的文化冲击,参见:
Margaret C.Jacob,Scientific Culture and the Making of the Industrial West,New York:Oxford University Press,1997.
推荐网站
The Industrial Revolution:
http://www.anglia.co.uk/angmulti/indrev/contents.html
http://www.stedwards.edu/cfpages/stoll/iw/industrl.htm
Internet Resources for Economic Historians:
http://cs.muohio.edu/Other/other-services.shtml
Canadian Economic History:
http://www.upei.ca/~rneill/course-outline.htm
Railroad-Related Internet Resources:
http://www-cse.ucsd.edu/users/bowdidge/railroad/rail-home.html
Railroad History:
http://www.rrhistorical.com/index.html
National Railway Museum:
http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/nrm
Ford Historical Library:
http://www.fmcc.com/archive/
第十四章 通向现代科学之路:纯科学和应用科学
本章提出的解释是从托马斯·库恩的一篇论文展开的,参见:
Thomas S.Kuhn,“Mathematical versus Experimental Traditions in the Development of Physical Science”,in The Essential Tension:Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1977.
有关后牛顿时代科学的观点,可参阅:
I.Bernard Cohen,Revolution in Science,Cambridge:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1985.
I.Bernard Cohen,Franklin and Newton:An Inquiry into Speculative Newtonian Experimental Science,Philadelphia:American Philosophical Society,1956.
要想进入19世纪科学的复杂殿堂,可参阅:
Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach,Intellectual Mastery of Nature,2 vols.,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1990.
Edmund Whittaker,A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity,New York:Dover Publications,1989.
该书也很有参考价值。
对于技术,特别是随着美国开始步入舞台中央,相关情况可参阅:
Ruth Schwartz Cowan,A Social History of American Technology,New York:Oxford University Press,1997.
Thomas Parke Hughes,American Genesis:A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm,New York:Viking,1989.
推荐网站
Victorian Science and Technology:An Overview:
http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/hypertext/landow/victorian/
science/sciov.html
Classical Science,1750—1820:
http://www.mala.bc.ca/~mcneil/s5.htm
Romantic Science,1820—1900:
http://www.mala.bc.ca/~mcneil/s6.htm
The Development of Mechanics:
http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm386/rudiment/tourclas/tourclas.htm
Noted Figures in Physics,Engineering,and Astronomy:
http://144.26.13.41/phyhist/homepage.htm
A Few Famous Physicists:
http://www.physics.gla.ac.uk/introPhy/Famous/
Glass Bead Game:
http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~rsauzier/Biography.html
Time Line of the History of Radio Technology:
http://www.antique-radio.org/timeline/time.html
第十五章 生命自身
与伽利略的情况一样,达尔文的一些著作也可以而且应该被读到,特别是《物种起源》第一版,可以见到许多不同的版本。达尔文的其他作品可参见:
Philip Appleman,ed.,Darwin,A Norton Critical Edition,2nd ed.,New York:Norton,1979.
Thomas F.Glick and David Kohn,eds.,Darwin on Evolution,Indianapolis,Ind.:Hackett Publishing,1996.
E.J.Browne,Charles Darwin:A Biography,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1996—.
这是一套多卷本著作,肯定会成为当代达尔文研究的典范。
Peter J.Bowler,Charles Darwin:The Man and His Influence,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996.
Peter J.Bowler,Evolution:The History of an Idea,rev.ed.,Berkeley:University of California Press,1989.
这两部著作对达尔文和进化论的发展提供了坚实的历史观察,也是进入恢弘的达尔文学术研究殿堂的基石。
需要了解19和20世纪生物学理论及其发展的读者,可以参阅:
Maitland A.Edey and Donald C.Johanson,Blueprints:Solving the Mystery of Evolution,New York:Penguin Books,1989.
David Kohn,ed.,The Darwinian Heritage,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1985.
这是一本有关这一主题的主要的论文集。
Richard Dawkins,The Blind Watchmaker:Why the Evidence of Evolution Revealsa Universe Without Design,New York:Norton,1996.
该书对自然选择原理进行了大胆解释。与此类似但哲学味更浓一点的著作可参阅:
Daniel C.Dennet,Darwin's Dangerous Idea,New York:Simon and Schuster,1995.
Jonathan Weiner,The Beak of the Finch:A Story of Evolution in Our Time,New York:Knopf,1994.
该书对进化的作用进行了温文尔雅的描述。
Carl N.Degler,In Search of Human Nature:The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought,New York:Oxford University Press,1991.
该书对社会科学领域中围绕达尔文主义争论的情况进行了全面阐述。
Edward O.Wilson,On Human Nature,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1978.
该书对社会生物学进行了较为通俗的讨论,这一领域是进化论具有争议的结果之一。
推荐网站
Enter Evolution:Theory and History:
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/evolution.html
Darwin:On the Origin of Species and Voyage of the Beagle:
http://www.literature.org/works/Charles-Darwin/
Darwin:The Descent of Man:
gopher://gopher.vt.edu:10010/02/69/1
Darwin:The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals(Excerpts):
http://paradigm.soci.brocku.ca/!lward/SUP/DARWIN00.html
Down House:
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/museum/Downhse/downhse.html
Artificial Life Online:
http://alife.santafe.edu/
The Tree of Life:
http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/phylogeny.html
Mendel Web:
http://www.netspace.org/MendelWeb
The WWW Virtual Library:Evolution:
http://golgi.harvard.edu/biopages/evolution.html
第十六章 受支配的工具制造者
参见上面列出的第十三章的相关文献。
第十七章 新亚里士多德学派
在许多通俗和半通俗的著作里,20世纪的物理科学得到了相当多的介绍。比如:
Russell McCormmach,Night Thoughts of a Classical Physicist,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1982.
Stephen W.Hawking,The Illustrated A Brief History of Time,updated and expanded,New York:Bantam Books,1996.
Steven Weinberg,The First Three Minutes:A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe,updated ed.,New York:Basic Books,1993.
George Gamow,Thirty Years That Shook Physics:The Story of Quantum Theory,New York:Dover,1985.
David Lindley,The End of Physics:The Myth ofa Unified Theory,New York:Basic Books,1993.
John Horgan,The End of Science:Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of the Scientific Age,Reading,Mass.:Helix Books,1996.
有关爱因斯坦的很有价值的作品包括:
David C.Cassidy,Einstein and Our World,Atlantic Highlands,N.J.:Humanities Press,1995.
Ronald William Clark,Einstein:The Life and Times,New York:Wings Books,1995.
Abraham Païs,“Subtle is the Lord...”:The Science and Life of Albert Einstein.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1982.
Jeremy Bernstein,Albert Einstein and the Frontiers of Physics,New York:Oxford University Press,1996.
Jeremy Bernstein,Einstein,New York:Penguin,1976.
沃森(James D.Watson)发现DNA双螺旋结构不仅是20世纪科学发展的里程碑,而且是当代科学实践中具有划时代意义的事件。有关这方面细节的最佳读物是:
Gunther S.Stent,ed.,The Double Helix,A Norton Critical Edition,New York:Norton,1980.
推荐网站
Albert Einstein Online:
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~smfriedm/einstein.html
Modern Science:
http://www.mala.bc.ca/~mcneil/s7.htm
Nobel Laureates in Physics,1901—1996:
http://www.slac.standford.edu/library/nobel.html
Hubble's Constant and the Age of the Universe:
http://www.mathsoft.com/astronomy/hubble.html
Marie Curie:
http://myhero.com/science/curie.asp
History of the Lawrence Livermore National Lab:
http://www.llnl.gov/llnl/history/history.html
第十八章 今天的应用科学和技术
学者们已经对20世纪科学与技术的融合从各个角度进行了探讨。有关社会学的分析,可参见:
Ben-David,The Scientist's Role in Society:A Comparative Study,with a new introduction,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1984.
Derek J.da Solla Price,Little Science,Big Science...and Beyond,New York:Columbia University Press,1986.
有关原子弹的发明与制造的典型事例,可参阅:
Richard Rhodes,The Making of the Atomic Bomb,New York:Simon and Schuster,1986.
David Dickson,The New Politics of Science,with a new preface,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1988.
John Ziman,The Force of Knowledge,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1976.
该书仍然值得作为入门读物。
有关当代科学技术学的创新性方法,可参见:
Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar,Laboratory Life:The Construction of Scientific Facts,Princeton,N.J.:Princeton University Press,1986.
Bruno Latour,Science in Action,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1987.
Wiebe E.Bijker,Thomas P.Hughes,and Trevor Pinch,The Social Construction of Technological Systems,Cambridge:MIT Press,1989.
Weibe E.Bijker and John Law,Shaping Technology/Building Society:Studies in Sociotechnical Change,Cambridge:MIT Press,1992.
推荐网站
Atomic Bomb Information:
http://astro.uchicago.edu/home/web/jeffb/abomb.html
Trinity Atomic Web Site:
http://www.envirolink.org/issues/nuketesting
City of Hiroshima:
http://www.city.hiroshima.jp/City/2-1.html
Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum:
http://www.usl.nagasaki-noc.or.jp/~nacity/nabomb/museum02e.html
A Career Planning Center for Beginning Scientists and Engineers:
http://www2.nas.edu/cpc/index.html
American Physical Society Careers/Employment Information:
http://www.aps.org/jobs/index.html
Employment and the U.S.Mathematics Doctorate:
http://www.ams.org/committee/profession/etfreport-text.html
National Science Foundation,Science Resources Studies Homepage:
http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/stats.html