注释
注释
本书的题词源自伯特兰·罗素的《怀疑论集》（纽约：诺顿出版社，1938年版），第28页。
第1章观念的作用
1.Joseph A.Schumpeter，History of Economic Analysis（New York：Oxford University Press，1954），p.41.
2.Vilfred Pareto，Manual of Political Economy（New York：Augustus M.Kelley，1971），p.22.
第2章有限的观念和无限的观念
1.Walter Lippmann，Public Opinion（New York：The Free Press，1965），p.80.
2.Adam Smith，The Theory of Moral Sentiments（Indianapolis：Liberty Classics，1976），pp.233-234.
3.Ibid.，p.238.
4.Ibid.，p.108.
5.Edmund Burke，The Correspondence of Edmund Burke（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1967），Vol.Ⅵ，p.48.
6.Alexander Hamilton，Selected Writings and Speeches of Alexander Hamilton，ed.Morton J.Frisch（Washington，D.C.：American Enterprise Institute，1985），p.390.
7.Adam Smith，The Theory of Moral Sentiments，p.235.
8.Ibid.，p.234.
9.Ibid.，p.235.
10.Adam Smith，An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations（New York：Modern Library，1937），p.423.
11.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice（Toronto：University of Toronto Press，1969），Vol.Ⅰ，p.156.
12.Ibid.，pp.433，435.
13.Ibid.，pp.421-438.
14.Ibid.，pp.434-435.
15.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，p.122.
16.Edmund Burke，The Correspondence of Edmund Burke，Vol.Ⅵ，p.392.
17.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，p.308.
18.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅰ，p.172.
19.Ibid.，p.171.
20.Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet，Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind（Westport，Conn.：Hyperion Press，Inc.，1979），pp.52-53.
21.Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France（London：J.M.Dent & Sons，Ltd.，1967），p.60.
22.Edmund Burke，The Correspondence of Edmund Burke，Vol.Ⅵ，p.47.“谨慎……是做所有事的一种美德，是进行政治活动的第一美德……”。同上，第48页。伯克认为，谨慎的确是“第一”美德，它对其他所有美德“发号施令”。同上，第7卷，第220页。
23.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅰ，p.438.
24.Quoted in Keith Michael Baker，Condorcet：From Natural Philosophy to Social Mathematics（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1975），p.217.
25.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅰ，p.448.
26.Ibid.，p.451.
27.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，p.193.
28.Ibid.，p.211.
29.Ibid.，p.313.
30.Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet，Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind，p.4.
31.Ibid.，pp.49，65，99，117，150，169，175，193.
32.Ibid.，p.185.
33.Ibid.，p.184.
34.Ibid.，p.133.
35.Ibid.，p.200.
36.Robert A.Dahl and Charles E.Lindblom，Politics，Economics and Welfare（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1967），p.522.
37.Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet，Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind，p.192.
38.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅰ，pp.156，433.
39.Ibid.，p.152.
40.Ibid.
41.Adam Smith，The Wealth of Nations，p.423.
42.Ibid.，p.460.
43.Ibid.，p.128.
44.Ibid.，pp.98，128，249-250，429，460，537.
45.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅱ，p.129n.
46.John Stuart Mill，“Utilitarianism，”Collected Works（Toronto：University of Toronto Press，1969），Vol.Ⅹ，p.215.这将会在后面第3章和第5章关于密尔的讨论中加以阐释。
47.然而，密尔做出明确主张的模式，其基础是一套来自扩展到经济学说的另一个思想体系的前提和破坏性附加条件。参见，例如，Thomas Sowell，Classical Economics Reconsidered（Princeton：Princeton University Press，1974），pp.95-97；idem.Say's Law（Princeton：Princeton University Press，1972），pp.143-154.
48.Harold J.Laski，“Political Thought：Locke to Bentham，”The Burke-Paine Controversy：Texts and Criticisms（New York：Harcourt，Brace and World，Inc.，1963），p.144.
49.Thomas Robert Malthus，Population：The First Essay（Ann Arbor：University of Michigan Press，1959），p.67.
50.William Godwin，Of Population（New York：Augustus M.Kelley，1964），p.554.
51.Edmund Burke，“Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontent，”Burke's Politics：Selected Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke on Reform，Revolution，and War，eds.R.J.S.Hoffman and P.Levack（New York：Alfred A.Knopf，1949），p.5.
52.Thomas Hobbes，Leviathan（London：J.M.Dent & Sons，Ltd.，1970），p.89.
53.William Godwin，Of Population，p.480.
54.Thomas Robert Malthus，Population：The First Essay，p.54.
55.引自Lewis Coser，Men of Ideas（New York：The Free Press，1970），p.151.
56.Alexander Hamilton et al.，The Federalist Papers（New York：New American Library，1961），p.33.在其他地方，汉密尔顿说：“我们可能会在不改变单一的宗教信仰的情况下，宣扬对共和政体漠不关心的态度的必要性，直到我们对主题感到厌倦为止。”Alexander Hamilton，Selected Writings and Speeches of Alexander Hamilton，p.63.
57.Alexander Hamilton et al.，The Federalist Papers，p.322.
58.Adam Smith，The Theory of Moral Sentiments，p.308.
59.Alexander Hamilton et al.，The Federalist Papers，p.110.
60.Keith Michael Baker，ed.，Condorcet：Selected Writings（Indianapolis：The Bobbs-Merrill Company，Inc.，1976），p.80.
61.Ibid.，p.87.
62.Ibid.，p.157.
63.Adam Smith，The Theory of Moral Sentiments，p.380.相似的观点也表达在：The Correspondence of Edmund Burke，Vol.Ⅶ，p.510。
64.Keith Michael Baker，ed.，Condorcet：Selected Writings，p.80.
65.Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet，Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind，p.147.
66.Alexander Hamilton，Selected Writings and Speeches of Alexander Hamilton，p.455.
67.Thomas Jefferson，Letter of January 3，1793，The Portable Thomas Jefferson，ed.Merrill D.Peterson（New York：Penguin Books，1975），p.465.
68.Adam Smith，The Theory of Moral Sentiments，p.369.
69.Jean-Jacques Rousseau，The Social Contract（New York：Penguin Books，1968），p.49.
70.Ibid.，p.55.
71.Thomas Hobbes，Leviathan，pp.64，70，87.
72.Ibid.，p.65.
73.Keith Michael Baker，ed.，Condorcet：Selected Writings，p.8.
74.F.A.Hayek，Law，Legislation and Liberty（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1979），p.168.
75.Edmund Burke，The Correspondence of Edmund Burke，Vol.Ⅸ，p.449.
第3章知识和理性的观念
1.F.A.Hayek，The Constitution of Liberty（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1960），p.26.
2.F.A.Hayek，Law，Legislation and Liberty（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1979），Vol.Ⅲ，p.157.
3.Alexander Hamilton，Selected Writings and Speeches of Alexander Hamilton，ed.Morton J.Frisch（Washington，D.C.：The American Enterprise Institute，1985），p.222.
4.Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France（New York：Everyman's Library，1967），p.84.
5.Ibid.，p.93.
6.Edmund Burke，Speeches and Letters on American Affairs（New York：E.P.Dutton and Company，Inc.，1961），p.198.
7.Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France，p.140.
8.Gerald W.Chapman，Edmund Burke：The Practical Imagination（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1967），Chapters Ⅱ，Ⅵ；Isaac Kramnick，The Rage of Edmund Burke：Portrait of an Ambivalent Conservative（New York：Basic Books，Inc.，1977），Chapter 7；Edmund Burke，The Correspondence of Edmund Burke（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1968），Vol.Ⅶ，pp.122-125；ibid.，Vol.Ⅷ，p.451n.
9.Adam Smith，An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations（New York：Modern Library，1937），pp.553-555，559-560，684，736-737，740，777，794，899-900；Adam Smith，The Theory of Moral Sentiments（Indianapolis：Liberty Classics，1976），p.337.
10.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice（Toronto：University of Toronto Press，1969），Vol.Ⅱ，p.172.
11.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅰ，p.85.
12.Keith Michael Baker，ed.，Condorcet：Selected Writings（Indianapolis：The Bobbs-Merrill Company，Inc.，1976），p.86.
13.Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet，Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind（Westport，Conn.：Hyperion Press，Inc.，1955），p.11.
14.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅱ，p.206.
15.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅰ，p.34.
16.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，p.299.
17.Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France，pp.95-96.
18.Ibid.，p.31.
19.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅰ，p.70.
20.Ibid.，p.82.
21.Ibid.，p.104.
22.Lewis Coser，Men of Ideas（New York：The Free Press，1970），p.232.
23.Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet，Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind，p.109.
24.Jean-Jacques Rousseau，The Social Contract（New York：Penguin Books，1968），p.115.
25.Lewis Coser，Men of Ideas，p.231.
26.John Stuart Mill，Collected Works（Toronto：University of Toronto Press，1977），Vol.ⅩⅧ，p.86.
27.Ibid.，p.121.
28.Ibid.，p.139.
29.Ibid.，Vol.ⅩⅤ，p.631.
30.Ibid.，Vol.ⅩⅧ，p.86.
31.Ibid.，p.129.
32.Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France，p.76.
33.Russell Kirk，John Randolph of Roanoke（Indianapolis：Liberty Press，1978），p.57.
34.Thomas Hobbes，Leviathan（London：J.M.Dent & Sons，Ltd.，1970），p.4.
35.Ibid.，p.20.
36.Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France，p.108.
37.Adam Smith，The Theory of Moral Sentiments，pp.380-381.
38.Ibid.，p.381.
39.F.A.Hayek，Individualism and Economic Order（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1948），p.80.
40.［Pierre Joachim Henri Le Mercier de la Riviere］，L'Ordre Naturel et essentiel des societies politiques（Paris：Jean Nourse，Libraire，1767）.
41.Adam Smith，The Wealth of Nations，p.423.
42.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅰ，p.66.
43.Ibid.，p.315.
44.Ibid.，p.385.
45.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，p.320.
46.Ibid.，p.211.
47.Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet，Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind，p.192.
48.See，for example Thomas Sowell，“Economics and Economic Man，”The Americans：1976，eds.Irving Kristol and Paul Weaver（Lexington，Mass.：Lexington Books，1976），pp.191-209.
49.See Jacob Viner，The Role of Providence in the Social Order（Philadelphia：American Philosophical Society，1972）.
50.Oliver Wendell Holmes，Jr.，The Common Law（Boston：Little，Brown and Company，1923），p.1.
51.Chicago，Burlington & Quincy Railway Co.v.Babcock，204 U.S.585，at 598.
52.Oliver Wendell Holmes，Jr.，Collected Legal Papers（New York：Peter Smith，1952），p.26.
53.Ibid.，p.180.
54.Ibid.，p.185.
55.John Stuart Mill，Collected Works，Vol.ⅩⅧ，p.41.
56.Ibid.，pp.41-42.
57.Ibid.，p.43n.
58.Ibid.，pp.42-43.
59.F.A.Hayek，Law，Legislation and Liberty，Vol.Ⅰ，p.81.
60.Ibid.，p.85.
61.Ronald Dworkin，Taking Rights Seriously（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1980），p.147.
62.Ibid.
63.Ibid.，p.144.
64.Ibid.，p.137.
65.See，for example，Thomas Sowell，Knowledge and Decisions（New York：Basic Books，1980），pp.290-296.
66.Louisville and Nashville Railroad Co.v.Barber Asphalt Paving Co.，197 U.S.430，at 434.
67.Ibid.
68.Baldwin et al.v.Missouri，281 U.S.586，at 595.
69.Nash v.United States，229 U.S.373，at 378.
70.See，for example，Raoul Berger，Government by Judiciary（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1977），p.314；Thomas Paine，“The Rights of Man，”Selected Works of Tom Paine，ed.Howard Fast（New York：The Modern Library，1945），p.99.
71.Alexander Bickel，The Least Dangerous Branch（Indianapolis：The Bobbs-Merrill Company，Inc.，1962），p.110.
72.Chief Justice Earl Warren，The Memoirs of Earl Warren（New York：Doubleday and Company，Inc.，1977），p.333.
73.Ronald Dworkin，Taking Rights Seriously，p.260.
74.Ibid.，p.ⅹ.
75.Ibid.，p.146.
76.Ibid.，p.239.
77.F.A.Hayek，The Counter-Revolution of Science：Studies on the Abuses of Reason（Indianapolis：Liberty Press，1979），pp.162-163.
78.Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France，p.42.
79.Adam Smith，The Wealth of Nations，p.423.
80.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅰ，p.Ⅴⅱ.
81.Ibid.，p.304.
82.Ibid.，p.329.
83.Ibid.，p.331.
84.Ibid.，p.393.
85.Ibid.，p.331.
86.“责任是作用于个体方面的行为模式，它构成了其能力对一般利益的最佳应用。”ibid.，p.156.另参见ibid.，pp.159，161-162，197-198；ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，pp.57，415.
87.Edmund Burke，The Correspondence of Edmund Burke（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1969），Vol.Ⅷ，p.138.
88.Joseph A.Schumpeter，History of Economic Analysis（New York：Oxford University Press，1954），p.43.
89.Alexander Bickel，The Least Dangerous Branch，p.96.
90.Ibid.，p.14.
91.Alexander Bickel，The Morality of Consent（New Haven：Yale University Press，1975），p.30.
92.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅱ，p.341.
93.See，for example，ibid.，Vol.Ⅰ，pp.ⅹⅰ，302；ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，pp.112-113.
94.V.I.Lenin，“What Is To Be Done？”Selected Works（Moscow：Foreign Languages Publishing Office，1952），Vol.Ⅰ，Part Ⅰ，pp.233，237，242.
95.Ibid.，p.317.
96.Alexander Hamilton et al.，The Federalist Papers（New York：New American Library，1961），p.57.
97.Adam Smith，The Theory of Moral Sentiments，pp.243-244.
98.Ibid.，p.529.
99.Keith Michael Baker，ed.，Condorcet：Selected Writings，pp.5-6.
100.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅰ，p.100.
101.Ibid.，p.47.
102.William Godwin，The Enquirer：Reflections on Education，Manners，and Literature（London：G.G.and J.Robinson，1797），p.70.
103.Ibid.，pp.66-72.
104.Ibid.，p.11.
105.For example，Thomas Hobbes，Leviathan，pp.10，11，22，35，63.
106.Edmund Burke，Speeches and Letters on American Affairs，p.203.
107.Quoted in Russell Kirk，John Randolph of Roanoke（Indianapolis：Liberty Press，1978），p.442.
108.Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet，Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind，p.180.
109.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅰ，p.315.
110.Ibid.，p.385.
111.Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France，p.88.
112.Ibid.，p.83.
113.Edmund Burke，The Correspondence of Edmund Burke，Vol.Ⅵ，p.211.
114.Alexander Hamilton，Selected Writings and Speeches of Alexander Hamilton，p.343.
115.Ibid.，p.481.See also p.74.
116.Ibid.，p.223.
117.Thomas Hobbes，Leviathan，p.16.
118.F.A.Hayek，Law，Legislation and Liberty，Vol.Ⅰ，p.99.
119.F.A.Hayek，The Constitution of Liberty，p.30.
120.Ibid.，p.377.
121.Thomas Hobbes，Leviathan，p.63.
122.Ibid.，p.40.See also p.4.
123.Ibid.，p.35.
124.Ibid.，p.23.
125.Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France，pp.84-85，92，104，107，166-167，168.
126.Ibid.，p.200.
127.Thomas Hobbes，Leviathan，p.89.
128.Alexander Hamilton，Selected Writings and Speeches of Alexander Hamilton，p.392.
129.Russell Kirk，John Randolph of Roanoke，pp.69-70.
130.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅱ，p.538.
131.Keith Michael Baker，ed.，Condorcet：Selected Writings，p.111.
第4章社会程序的观念
1.F.A.Hayek，Law，Legislation and Liberty（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1973），Vol.Ⅰ，p.19.另参见Richard Posner，The Economics of Justice（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1981），pp.44-45.
2.F.A.Hayek，Law，Legislation and Liberty，Vol.1，pp.74-76.
3.Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France（New York：Everyman's Library，1967），pp.19-20.
4.Ibid.，p.162.
5.Ibid.，pp.165-166.
6.F.A.Hayek，Law，Legislation and Liberty，Vol.Ⅲ，p.166.
7.Ibid.，pp.154-158，165-169.
8.例如，参见F.A.Hayek，The Counter-Revolution of Science（Indianapolis：Liberty Press，1952），pp.165-211.
9.例如，参见John Kenneth Galbraith，The New Industrial State（Boston：Houghton Mifflin Company，1967）；Thorstein Veblen，The Theory of Business Enterprise（New York：New American Library，1958）.
10.Hubert Humphrey in National Planning：Right or Wrong for the U.S.？（Washington，D.C.：American Enterprise Institute，1976），p.37.
11.Wassily Leontief in ibid.，pp.14-15.
12.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice（Toronto：University of Toronto Press，1969），Vol.Ⅰ，p.297.
13.Ibid.，p.439.
14.Ibid.，p.428.
15.Bernard Shaw，The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism（New York：Brentano's Publishers，1928），p.127.
16.Ibid.，p.154.
17.G.Bernard Shaw，“Economic，”Fabian Essays in Socialism，ed.G.Bernard Shaw（Garden City，N.Y.：Doubleday，no date），p.113.
18.Ibid.，p.223.
19.Edward Bellamy Looking Backward：2000-1887（Boston：Houghton Mifflin Company，1926），p.49.
20.Ibid.，p.56.
21.Ibid.，p.58.
22.Ibid.，p.104.
23.Ibid.，p.141.
24.Ibid.，p.91.
25.Ibid.，pp.100，227-229，315.
26.Ibid.，pp.13，49.
27.Ibid.，pp.56，231，315，329.
28.Ibid.，pp.58，140-145，181-185.
29.Robert A.Dahl and Charles E.Lindblom，Politics，Economics and Welfare（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1967），p.73.
30.Ibid.，pp.387-388.
31.Ibid.，p.401.
32.Ibid.，p.79.
33.Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet，Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind（Westport，Conn.：Hyperion Press，Inc.，1955），p.164.
34.Ibid.，p.68.
35.Ibid.，pp.162，181，190.
36.John Kenneth Galbraith，The Affluent Society（Boston：Houghton Mifflin Company，1958），Chapter Ⅱ.
37.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅰ，p.245.
38.Ibid.，p.191.
39.Ibid.，pp.198-199.
40.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，p.264.
41.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅰ，p.199.
42.Ibid.，pp.128-129.
43.Ibid.，pp.129，131，173，202，214，249，264；ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，pp.264，351，507-514.
44.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅰ，p.215.
45.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，pp.351-352.
46.Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France，p.83.
47.See，for example，F.A.Hayek，The Counter-Revolution of Science：Studies on the Abuse of Reason（Indianapolis：Liberty Press，1979），passim.
48.Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France，p.58.
49.Ibid.，p.52.
50.Ibid.，pp.92-93.
51.F.A.Hayek，Law.Legislation and Liberty，Vol.Ⅰ，p.87.
52.Cited in Ronald Dworkin，Taking Rights Seriously（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1980），p.24.
53.Adam Smith，The Theory of Moral Sentiments（Indianapolis：Liberty Classics，1976），p.369.
54.F.A.Hayek，Law，Legislation and Liberty，Vol.Ⅰ，p.11.
55.Ibid.，p.12.
56.Ibid.，p.13.
57.Ibid.，p.14.
58.Ibid.
59.Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France，p.42.
60.Alexander Hamilton，Selected Writings and Speeches of Alexander Hamilton，ed.Morton J.Frisch（Washington，D.C.：American Enterprise Institute，1985），p.457.
61.F.A.Hayek，Law，Legislation and Liberty，Vol.Ⅰ，p.21.
62.Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France，p.93.
63.P.T.Bauer，Reality and Rhetoric：Studies in the Economics of Development（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1984），p.5.
64.Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France，p.44.See also p.193.
65.Alexander Hamilton，Selected Writings and Speeches of Alexander Hamilton，p.234.
66.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅰ，p.296.
67.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，pp.146-147.
68.Adam Smith，The Theory of Moral Sentiments，p.375.
69.Alexander Hamilton，Selected Writings and Speeches of Alexander Hamilton，p.227.
70.John Maynard Keynes，The General Theory of Employment，Interest and Money（New York：Harcourt，Brace and Company，1965），pp.84，210-212.
71.Thomas Sowell，Knowledge and Decisions（New York：Basic Books，Inc.，1980），pp.127-128.
72.John Bartlett，Bartlett's Familiar Quotations（Boston：Little，Brown and Company，1968），p.802.
73.Robert A.Dahl and Charles E.Lindblom，Politics，Economics and Welfare，p.49.
74.Ibid.，p.425.
75.Ibid.，p.518.
76.Thomas Hobbes，Leviathan（London：J.M.Dent & Sons，Ltd.，1970），p.82.
77.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅱ，p.404.
78.Ibid.，p.324.
79.Thomas Hobbes，Leviathan，p.110.
80.Friedrich A.Hayek，The Road to Serfdom（Chicago University of Chicago Press，1972），pp.25-26.
81.Ramsey Clark，Crime in America（New York：Simon and Schuster，1970），p.60.
82.Robert A.Dahl and Charles E.Lindblom，Politics，Economics and Welfare，p.518.
83.Cited in Friedrich A.Hayek，The Road to Serfdom，p.26n.
第5章观念的种类和动力
1.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，（Toronto：University of Toronto Press，1969），Vol.Ⅱ，pp.516-518；Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet，Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind（Westport，Conn.：Hyperion Press，Inc.，1955），pp.188-189.
2.See，for example，Milton Friedman，Capitalism and Freedom（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1962），pp.133-136.
3.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅰ，pp.ⅹⅷ，255，257，301，302.
4.G.Bernard Shaw，“Transition，”in Fabian Essays in Socialism，ed.G.Bernard Shaw（Garden City，N.Y.：Doubleday，no date），pp.224-225.
5.John Rawls，A Theory of Justice（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1971），pp.12，17-22.
6.Adam Smith，The Theory of Moral Sentiments（Indianapolis：Liberty Classics，1976），pp.161-162，211，228-229，247，352，370-371，422.
7.See Thomas Sowell，Marxism：Philosophy and Economics（New York：William Morrow，1985），pp.55-59，75-79.
8.Karl Marx and Frederick Engels，Selected Correspondence，translated by Dona Torr（New York：International Publishers，1942），p.58.
9.Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels，Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy，ed.Lewis S.Feuer（New York：Anchor Books，1959），p.119.
10.Ibid.，p.109.
11.Ibid.，p.399.
12.For example，Karl Marx，Capital（Chicago：Charles H.Kerr and Company，1906），Vol.Ⅰ，p.15；Friedrich Engels，“Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy，”in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels，Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy，p.230；Karl Marx and Frederick Engels，Selected Correspondence，p.476.
13.Karl Marx，“Wage Labour and Capital，”Karl Marx and Frederick Engels，Selected Works（Moscow：Foreign Languages Publishing House，1955），Vol.Ⅰ，pp.99-101.
14.Karl Marx，Theories of Surplus Value（New York：International Publishers，1952），p.380.
15.Karl Marx，“The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte，”in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels，Selected Works，Vol.Ⅰ，p.288.
16.Frederick Engels，Herr Eugen Duhring's Revolution in Science（New York：International Publishers，1939），p.200；Karl Marx and Frederick Engels，Selected Works，Vol.Ⅱ，p.199n.
17.Frederick Engels，Herr Eugen Duhring's Revolution in Science，p.306.
18.Karl Marx and Frederick Engels，The German Ideology（New York：International Publishers，1947），p.74.
19.K.Marx and F.Engels，The Holy Family（Moscow：Foreign Languages Publishing House，1956），p.227.
20.Karl Marx，Capital，Vol.Ⅰ，p.836.
21.Ibid.，p.297.
22.See Thomas Sowell，Marxism：Philosophy and Economics（New York：William Morrow，1985），Chapter 4.
23.See John Stuart Mill，Collected Works（Toronto：University of Toronto Press，1969），Vol.Ⅹ，pp.86-87.
24.用密尔的话说：“边沁的世界观是每个人追求各自不同的兴趣或者乐趣的集合。”Ibid.，p.97.
25.Jeremy Bentham，The Principles of Morals and Legislation（New York：Hafner Publishing Company，1948），p.70.
26.斯塔克注意到了“他的思想的极端条理性及其思维程序的严格的纪律性”。W.Stark，“Introduction，”Jeremy Bentham's Economic Writings（London：George Allen & Unwin，Ltd.，1952），Vol.Ⅰ，p.17.
27.Jeremy Bentham，Jeremy Bentham's Economic Writings，ed.W.Stark，Vol.Ⅰ，pp.14，123-207.
28.Ibid.，p.129.
29.Ibid.，pp.115-116.
30.John Stuart Mill，Collected Works，Vol.Ⅹ，pp.209n-210n.
31.Ibid.，pp.5-18，75-115.
32.Ibid.，pp.117-163.
33.Ibid.，p.91.
34.John Stuart Mill，Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy（London：John W.Parker，1844），p.50.
35.John Stuart Mill，Collected Works，Vol.Ⅹ，p.15.
36.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，pp.199-200.
37.Ibid.，p.200.
38.Thomas Sowell，Say's Law：An Historical Analysis（Princeton：Princeton University Press，1972），Chapter 5.
39.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅰ，pp.158-162，195；ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，p.57.
40.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅰ，pp.168-169，206.
41.Adam Smith，An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations（New York：Modern Library，1937），p.308.
42.Buck v.Bell，Superintendent，274 U.S.200，at 207.
第6章平等的观念
1.Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France（New York：Everyman's Library，1967），p.56.
2.Alexander Hamilton et al.，The Federalist Papers（New York：New American Library，1961），p.21.
3.Ibid.，p.117.
4.F.A.Hayek，Law.Legislation and Liberty（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1973），Vol.Ⅰ，p.141.
5.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，p.88.
6.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅰ，p.12.
7.Milton and Rose Friedman，Free to Choose（New York：Harcourt Brace Jovanovich，1980），p.148.
8.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice（Toronto：University of Toronto Press，1969），Vol.Ⅱ，p.109.
9.Ibid.，p.114.
10.Ibid.，p.110.
11.Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet，Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind（Westport，Conn.：Hyperion Press，Inc.，1955），p.174.
12.Bernard Shaw，The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism（New York：Brentano's Publishers，1928），p.94.
13.Regents of the University of California v.Allan Bakke，438 U.S.265，at 297.
14.Ibid.，at 387-394.
15.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅰ，p.15.
16.Bernard Shaw，The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism，p.22.
17.Ibid.，p.126.
18.Ibid.，p.137.
19.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅱ，p.429.
20.Bernard Shaw，The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism，p.146.
21.Edward Bellamy，Looking Backward：2000-1887（Boston：Houghton Mifflin Company，1926），p.136.
22.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅰ，p.17.
23.Adam Smith，The Theory of Moral Sentiments（Indianapolis：Liberty Classics，1976），pp.113ff；Milton and Rose Friedman，Free to Choose，p.146.
24.Milton and Rose Friedman，Free to Choose，p.146.
25.Adam Smith，An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations（New York：Modern Library，1937），pp.683，736；Milton Friedman，Capitalism and Freedom（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1962），Chapter Ⅻ.
26.Milton and Rose Friedman，Free to Choose，p.146.
27.Ibid.，p.147.
28.Friedrich A.Hayek，The Road to Serfdom（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1972），p.31.
29.Ibid.，p.137.
30.参见弗里德里希·A.哈耶克的《通往奴役之路》，尤其是第十章。哈耶克认为：“社会主义只能通过被大多数社会主义者所反对的方式付诸实践。”Friedrich A.Hayek，The Road to Serfdom，p.137.“社会正义的幻象”这一短语是哈耶克后来详细阐述的《法律、立法与自由》第二卷的副标题。
31.F.A.Hayek，Law，Legislation and Liberty，Vol.Ⅱ，p.20.
32.Ibid.，p.22.
33.Ibid.，p.33.
34.Ibid.，p.2.
35.Ibid.，p.39.
36.Ibid.，p.65.
37.Ibid.，p.64.
38.Ibid.，p.64.
39.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅰ，p.17.
40.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，p.15.
41.Ibid.，p.18.
42.Ibid.，p.102.
43.Ibid.，p.419.
44.Bernard Shaw，The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism，p.254.
45.Ibid.，p.169.
46.F.A.Hayek，Law，Legislation and Liberty，Vol.Ⅱ，p.74.
47.Ibid.
48.Milton and Rose Friedman，Free to Choose，p.146；Ronald Dworkin，Taking Rights Seriously（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1980）.
49.See，for example，Milton Friedman，Capitalism and Freedom，Chapter Ⅰ.
50.Adam Smith，The Wealth of Nations，p.16.
51.Ibid.，pp.15-16.
52.Adam Smith，The Theory of Moral Sentiments，p.337.
53.Adam Smith，The Wealth of Nations，pp.80-81，365.
54.Adam Smith，The Theory of Moral Sentiments，pp.126-127.
55.Ibid.，p.129.
56.Ibid.，p.120.
57.Jacob Viner，“Adam Smith and Laissez-Faire，”Journal of Political Economy，April 1927，p.215.
58.Alexander Hamilton，Selected Writings and Speeches of Alexander Hamilton，ed.Morton J.Frisch（Washington，D.C.：American Enterprise Institute，1985），p.210.
59.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅰ，p.143；ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，pp.98，137.
60.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，pp.101，110.
61.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅰ，pp.18-19；ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，p.15.
62.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅰ，pp.257，267-268，302；ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，pp.531-532，539，543.
63.Thomas Hobbes，Leviathan（New York：E.P.Dutton and Company，1970），pp.35，40.
64.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅰ，p.446.
65.Jean-Jacques Rousseau，The Social Contract（New York：Penguin Books，1968），p.89.
66.Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet，Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind，p.114.
67.Bernard Shaw，The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism，p.456.
68.P.T.Bauer，Reality and Rhetoric：Studies in the Economics of Development（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1984），pp.1-18，24；Theodore W.Schultz，Investing in People：The Economics of Population Quality（Berkeley：University of California Press，1981），pp.8-9，25-26.
69.Gunnar Myrdal，Asian Drama，abridged by Seth S.King（New York：Vintage Books，1972），pp.44，45，53，55，68-69.
70.Gerald W.Chapman，Edmund Burke：The Practical Imagination（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1967），pp.134-135.See also Edmund Burke，The Correspondence of Edmund Burke（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1969），Vol.Ⅷ，p.343；ibid.，Vol.Ⅸ，pp.89，315.
71.Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France，p.42.
72.Ronald Dworkin，Taking Rights Seriously，p.239.
第7章权力的观念
1.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice（Toronto：University of Toronto Press，1969），Vol.Ⅱ，p.143.
2.Alexander Hamilton et al.，The Federalist Papers（New York：New American Library，1961），p.46.
3.Ibid.，p.58.
4.Ibid.，p.60.
5.Ibid.，p.87.
6.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅱ，pp.144-145.
7.Ibid.，pp.144-145，155，173.
8.Ibid.，pp.164，173.
9.Ibid.，p.180.
10.Ibid.，p.146.
11.Ibid.，pp.167-168，169.
12.Adam Smith，The Theory of Moral Sentiments（Indianapolis：Liberty Classics，1976），p.390.
13.Ibid.，p.256.
14.Ibid.，pp.373-374.
15.Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet，Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind（Westport，Conn.：Hyperion Press，Inc.，1955），p.193.
16.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅰ，p.276.
17.Ramsey Clark，Crime in America（New York：Simon and Schuster，1970），p.220.
18.Ibid.，p.43.
19.Ibid.，p.29.
20.Ibid.，p.36.
21.Ibid.，p.17.
22.Ibid.
23.Adam Smith，The Theory of Moral Sentiments，p.170.
24.Ramsey Clark，Crime in America，p.219.
25.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅱ，p.355.
26.Ibid.，p.380.
27.Ibid.，p.381.
28.Ibid.，p.382.
29.Ibid.，p.532.
30.Ibid.，p.380.
31.Ramsey Clark，Crime in America，p.220.
32.John Stuart Mill，Collected Works（Toronto：University of Toronto Press，1977），Vol.ⅩⅧ，p.241.
33.Ibid.，p.269.
34.Ronald Dworkin，Taking Rights Seriously（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1980），pp.200-222.
35.Milton and Rose Friedman，Free to Choose（New York：Harcourt Brace Jovanovich，1980），p.17.
36.Ibid.，p.18.
37.Adolf A.Berle，Power（New York：Harcourt Brace and World，Inc.，1969），p.200.
38.Ibid.，p.208.
39.John Kenneth Galbraith，The New Industrial State（Boston：Houghton Mifflin Company，1967），p.58.
40.John Kenneth Galbraith，The Affluent Society（Boston：Houghton Mifflin Company，1958），pp.110-111；George J.Stigler，The Economist as Preacher（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1982），p.57.
41.Harry G.Johnson，On Economics and Society（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1975），p.202.
42.Gunnar Myrdal，Asian Drama，abridged by Seth S.King（New York：Vintage Books，1972），p.11.
43.P.T.Bauer，Dissent on Development，（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1979），p.25.
44.Gunnar Myrdal，Asian Drama，p.131.
45.Ibid.，p.142.
46.P.T.Bauer，Reality and Rhetoric：Studies in the Economics of Development（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1984），p.36.
47.Gunnar Myrdal，Asian Drama，pp.3，106，131-145.
48.Ibid.，pp.18，25，55.
49.Gunnar Myrdal，Asian Drama，p.150.
50.Ibid.，p.181.
51.Ibid.，p.43.
52.Ibid.，p.53.
53.Ibid.，pp.68-69.
54.Ibid.，p.4.
55.P.T.Bauer，Reality and Rhetoric，pp.2-3，6，30-31.
56.P.T.Bauer，Equality，the Third World，and Economic Delusion（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1981），p.80.
57.P.T.Bauer，Dissent on Development，p.162.
58.P.T.Bauer，Equality，the Third World，and Economic Delusion，p.83.
59.Ibid.，p.84.
60.P.T.Bauer，Dissent on Development，p.44.
61.P.T.Bauer，Equality，the Third World，and Economic Delusion，p.49.
62.P.T.Bauer，Dissent on Development，pp.205-206.
63.P.T.Bauer，Reality and Rhetoric，p.35.
64.P.T.Bauer，Dissent on Development，p.221.
65.Gunnar Myrdal，Asian Drama，p.63.
66.Ibid.，p.79.
67.Ibid.，p.82.
68.Ibid.，p.143.
69.P.T.Bauer，Reality and Rhetoric，p.25.
70.John Kenneth Galbraith，The Anatomy of Power（Boston：Houghton Mifflin Company，1983），p.7.
71.Robert A.Dahl and Charles E.Lindblom，Politics，Economics and Welfare（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1967），p.94.
72.John Kenneth Galbraith，The Anatomy of Power，p.14.
73.“经济权力”这一概念当代著名的倡导者之一将它定义为“引起或拒绝生产、采购、销售、货物运送，抑或导致或阻止提供服务（包括劳动力）的能力。”AdolfA.Berle，Power，p.143.
74.John Dewey，Intelligence in the Modern World（New York：Random House，1939），p.448.
75.Superior Oil Company v.State of Mississippi，ex rel.Knox，Attorney General，280 U.S.390，at 395-396.
76.Oliver Wendell Holmes，Jr.，Collected Legal Papers（New York：Peter Smith，1952），p.208.
77.Erie Railroad Co.v.Board of Public Utility Commissioners et al.，254 U.S.394，at 411.
78.Otis v.Parker，187 U.S.606，at 608.
79.Brown v.United States，256 U.S.335，at 343.
80.Ronald Dworkin，Taking Rights Seriously，p.149.
81.Ibid.，p.137.
82.Ibid.，p.139.
83.Ibid.，p.277.
84.Ibid.，pp.264，265.
85.Laurence H.Tribe，Constitutional Choices（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1985），p.22.
86.Ibid.，p.227.
87.Laurence H.Tribe，Constitutional Choices，p.28.
88.Ibid.，p.165.
89.Ibid.，p.171.
90.Ibid.，p.179.
91.Ibid.，p.187.
92.Ronald Coase，“The Problem of Social Cost，”Journal of Law Economics，October 1960，p.16.
93.Eirik G.Furubotn and Svetozar Pejovich，“Property Rights and Economic Theory：A Survey of the Literature，”Journal of Economic Literature，December 1972，p.1137.
94.Laurence H.Tribe，Constitutional Choices，p.189.
95.Ibid.，p.193.
96.Ibid.，p.220.
97.Ibid.，p.197.
98.Ibid.，p.193.
99.Armen A.Alchian and Harold Demsetz，“Production，Information Costs，and Economic Organization，”American Economic Review，December 1972，pp.777，788.
100.Ibid.，p.777.
101.Laurence H.Tribe，Constitutional Choices，p.243.
102.例如，参见Food Employees Local Union v.Logan Valley Plaza，391 U.S.308，and Lloyd Corp.，Ltd.，v.Tanner，407 U.S.551.
103.Laurence H.Tribe，Constitutional Choices，p.255.
104.Ibid.，p.247.
105.Peterson et al.v.City of Greenville，373 U.S.244，at 250.
第8章正义的观念
1.John Rawls，A Theory of Justice（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1971），pp.3-4.
2.Ronald Dworkin，Taking Rights Seriously（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1980），p.ⅹⅰ；Laurence H.Tribe，Constitutional Choices（Cambridge，Massachusetts：Harvard University Press，1985），p.5.
3.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice（Toronto：University of Toronto Press，1969），Vol.Ⅰ，p.166.
4.例如，葛德文反对政府补偿财产分配中的不平等，虽然他将这些不平等视为道德上的不平等。Ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，pp.433-434.
5.Adam Smith，The Theory of Moral Sentiments（Indianapolis：Liberty Classics，1976），p.169.
6.Ibid.，p.167.
7.Ibid.，pp.167-168.
8.Ibid.，p.166.
9.Oliver Wendell Holmes，Jr.，The Common Law（Boston：Little，Brown and Company.1923），p.108.
10.Ibid.，p.48.
11.Oliver Wendell Holmes，Jr.，Collected Legal Papers（New York：Peter Smith，1952），p.179.
12.Oliver Wendell Holmes，Jr.，The Common Law，p.48.
13.Buck v.Bell，Superintendent，274 U.S.200，at 207.
14.Oliver Wendell Holmes，Jr.，The Common Law，p.1.
15.Oliver Wendell Holmes，Jr.，Collected Legal Papers，p.194.
16.Ibid.
17.William Blackstone，Commentaries on the Laws of England（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1979），Vol.Ⅰ，p.62.
18.Ibid.，p.41.
19.Ibid.，p.70.
20.Ibid.，p.68.
21.Ibid.，pp.59，60，61，passim.
22.Ibid.，p.70.
23.Edmund Burke，Reflections on the Revolution in France（New York：Everyman's Library，1967），p.92.
24.F.A.Hayek，Law，Legislation and Liberty（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1973），Vol.Ⅰ，p.100.
25.Adam Smith，The Theory of Moral Sentiments，p.142.
26.Ibid.，p.156.
27.Oliver Wendell Holmes，Jr.，The Common Law，p.2.
28.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅱ，p.347.
29.Ibid.，p.400.
30.Ibid.，p.404.
31.John Dewey，Human Nature and Conduct（New York：Random House，1957），p.46.
32.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅰ，p.171.
33.Ibid.，p.173.
34.例如，为控制犯罪的威慑与改造方法。
35.Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet，Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind（Westport，Conn.：Hyperion Press，Inc.，1955），p.192.
36.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.1，pp.437-438.
37.Ibid.，pp.171ff.
38.Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet，Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind，p.112.
39.Ibid.，p.31.
40.Laurence H.Tribe，Constitutional Choices，p.ⅸ.
41.Ibid.，p.ⅷ.
42.Ibid.，p.4.
43.Ibid.，p.5.
44.Ibid.，p.268.
45.Ibid.，p.11.
46.Ibid.，p.13.
47.Ibid.，p.26.
48.Ibid.，p.239.
49.Ibid.，pp.241-242.
50.Ronald Dworkin，Taking Rights Seriously，p.147.
51.See，for example，Richard Posner，Economic Analysis of Law（Boston：Little，Brown，and Company，1972），Chapter 2.
52.Ibid.，pp.12-13，18.See also idem.，The Economics of Justice（Cambridge，Mass.：Harvard University Press，1981），pp.70-71，180-182.
53.Milton Friedman Capitalism and Freedom（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1962），Chapter Ⅰ.
54.Abrams et al.v.United States，250 U.S.616，at 630.
55.Ibid.霍姆斯也在该异议中说：“我从来没有怀疑过通过同样的推理可以论证惩罚谋杀的理由的合理性，美国宪法可能会惩罚一个产生或旨在产生明确的和迫在眉睫的危险的演讲，这样的演讲可能会带来某些即时的实质性罪恶，而这正是美国宪法可能寻求阻止的。”Ibid.，at 627.
56.Ronald Dworkin，Taking Rights Seriously，p.264.
57.Laurence H.Tribe，Constitutional Choices，p.165.
58.Ibid.，p.169.
59.Ibid.，p.165.
60.Ibid.，p.11.
61.Ibid.，p.189.
62.Ibid.，p.197.
63.Ibid.，p.188.
64.Ibid.，p.220.
65.For example，see Marsh v.Alabama，326 U.S.501；Food Employees Union v.Logan Valley Plaza，391 U.S.308.
66.Laurence H.Tribe，Constitutional Choices，p.258.
67.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅱ，p.57.
68.Ibid.，Vol.Ⅰ，pp.161，162.
69.Ibid.，pp.168-169，206；ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，pp.432，439-445；Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet，Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind，pp.130-131，180.
70.F.A.Hayek，Law，Legislation and Liberty（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1976），Vol.Ⅱ，p.64.
71.See subtitle，ibid.，title page.
72.F.A.Hayek，Law，Legislation and Liberty，Vol.Ⅱ，p.ⅹⅱ.
73.Ibid.，p.66.
74.Ibid.，p.78.
75.Adam Smith，An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations（New York：Modern Library，1937），pp.683，734-738；John Rae，Life of Adam Smith（New York：Augustus M.Kelley，1965），p.437.
76.Michael St.John Packe，The Life of John Stuart Mill（New York：The Macmillan Company，1954），pp.56-59，457-462，484.
77.Edmund Burke，The Correspondence of Edmund Burke（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1968），Vol.Ⅶ，pp.124-125；Adam Smith，The Theory of Moral Sentiments，p.337；Adam Smith，The Wealth of Nations，pp.365-366；William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，pp.443-444；Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet，Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind，p.114.
78.Milton Friedman，Capitalism and Freedom，pp.191-193；Bernard Shaw，The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism（New York：Brentano's Publishers，1928），pp.112-117.
79.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice，Vol.Ⅱ，pp.429-430.
80.Bernard Shaw，The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism，pp.95-96.
81.F.A.Hayek，Law，Legislation and Liberty，Vol.Ⅱ，p.75.
82.Ibid.，p.67.
83.F.A.Hayek，Studies in Philosophy，Politics and Economics（New York：Simon and Schuster，1969），p.238.
84.F.A.Hayek，Law，Legislation and Liberty，Vol.Ⅱ，p.ⅹⅱ.
85.Ibid.，p.ⅹⅰ.
86.Ibid.，p.80.
87.Ibid.，p.97.
88.Ibid.，p.130.
89.Friedrich A.Hayek，The Road to Serfdom（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1972），p.79.
90.F.A.Hayek，Law.Legislation and Liberty，Vol.Ⅱ，pp.62-63.
91.Ibid.，p.33.
92.Ibid.，p.70.
93.Ibid.，p.64.
94.F.A.Hayek，Studies in Philosophy，Politics and Economics，p.240.
95.Ibid.，p.243.
96.F.A.Hayek，Law，Legislation and Liberty，Vol.Ⅱ，p.36.
97.See，for example，Milton Friedman，Capitalism and Freedom，pp.133-136，161-177.
98.Richard Posner，The Economics of Justice.
99.Friedrich A.Hayek，The Road to Serfdom，p.167.
100.Ibid.，Chapter Ⅻ.
101.Ronald Dworkin，Taking Rights Seriously，pp.184-205.
102.Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet，Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind，p.174.
103.Regents of the University of California v.Allan Bakke，438 U.S.265，at 294n.
第9章观念、价值观和范式
1.Thomas Kuhn，The Structure of Scientific Revolutions（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1970），pp.ⅷ，10，23-34.
2.Ibid.，p.10.
3.Ibid.，p.17.
4.Thomas Robert Malthus，Population：The First Essay（Ann Arbor：University of Michigan Press，1959），pp.3，50-105.
5.Ibid.，p.4.
6.尽管暗含的报酬递减律直到17年后才变得明确，但马尔萨斯和爱德华·威斯特爵士同时出版的小册子使他们成为这个经济学原理公认的共同发现者。Thomas Robert Malthus，An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent（Baltimore：Johns Hopkins University Press，1903）；Sir Edward West，An Essay on the Application of Capital to Land（London：P.Underwood，1815）.Thomas Sowell，Classical Economics Reconsidered（Princeton：Princeton University Press，1974），pp.75-77.
7.Thomas Robert Malthus，Population，p.20.
8.Thomas Robert Malthus，Principles of Political Economy，2nd edition（London：John Murray，1836），p.226.
9.Thomas Robert Malthus，Population，p.34.
10.Ibid.，p.57.
11.Ibid.，p.67.
12.Ibid.，p.95.
13.参见Thomas Sowell，“Adam Smith in Theory and Practice，”Adam Smith and Modern Political Economy，ed.Gerald P.O'Driscoll（Ames：Iowa State University Press，1979），pp.11-13.
14.Richard A.Lester，“Shortcomings of Marginal Analysis for Wage-Employment Problems，”American Economic Review，March 1946，pp.63-82.
15.Herbert G.Gutman，The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom，1750-1925（New York：Vintage Books，1976）.
16.Friedrich A.Hayek，The Road to Serfdom（Chicago：University of Chicago Press，1972），pp.103-105.
17.Adam Smith，An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of The Wealth of Nations（New York：The Modern Library，1937），p.250.
18.Ibid.，p.438.
19.Ibid.，p.128.
20.Ibid.，p.401.
21.Milton and Rose Friedman，Tyranny of the Status Quo（New York：Harcourt Brace Jovanovich，1984），pp.35-39，46，52-53，119；F.A.Hayek，Studies in Philosophy，Politics and Economics（New York：Simon and Schuster，1967），p.192.
22.William Godwin，Enquiry Concerning Political Justice（Toronto：University of Toronto Press，1969），Vol.Ⅰ，p.21；ibid.，Vol.Ⅱ，p.454；Bernard Shaw，The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism（New York：Brentano's Publishers，1928），pp.386-391；John Kenneth Galbraith，The Anatomy of Power（Boston：Houghton Mifflin Company，1983），pp.138-140.
23.Adam Smith，The Wealth of Nations，p.718ff.
24.约瑟夫·熊彼特就是一个罕见的例外，但他的从商生涯相当短暂——他是一个失败的商人。
25.Thomas Robert Malthus，Population，p.3.
26.William Godwin，Of Population（London：Longman，Hurst，Rees，Orme，and Brown，1820），p.520.
27.Ibid.，p.554.
28.Ibid.，p.550.
29.Ibid.，p.565.
30.For example，see Friedrich A.Hayek，The Road to Serfdom，pp.ⅳ-ⅴ.
31.Ibid.，p.55.
32.Ibid.，p.185.
33.See，for example，J.A.Schumpeter，“Science and Ideology，”American Economic Review，March 1949，pp.345-359.
34.Thomas Sowell，Knowledge and Decisions（New York：Basic Books，1980），pp.147-149.