三、本章小结
本章对公司欺诈转让法的主观构成要件进行探析,分为两个部分,当事人的构成和意图的显明与判断。对于当事人的构成,集中型规制体系的国家通过欺诈转让专门法和破产法的规则互补机制,保证了债权人和破产管理人撤销权的充分行使。分散型规制体系的国家固然有债权人撤销权和破产撤销权之分,但是对于债权人和破产管理人行权并没有形成连贯性的保障机制。此外,分散型规制体系的国家没有引入内部人的概念,内部人与债务人有关联关系,对债务人的经营状况和财务状况都非常了解,具有信息优势,容易发生利益输送,为公司欺诈转让行为提供了很大便利。因此,为防止内部人利用关联关系实施损害债权人利益的行为,应当为其规定更加严格的审查标准。
对于欺诈转让意图的显明与推断,集中型规制体系的国家将欺诈转让划分为实际的欺诈转让和推定的欺诈转让。实际的欺诈转让的实质为债务人所为以阻碍、延迟、欺骗债权人为目的的具有主观恶意的欺诈转让,而推定的欺诈转让的实质则为债务人所为财产转让或者义务增设行为在客观上造成了损害债权人利益的后果的欺诈转让。我国《企业破产法》中破产无效制度和破产撤销权制度也可认为分别规制了主观的欺诈转让行为和客观的欺诈转让行为,但是主观的欺诈转让行为和客观的欺诈转让行为之间界限模糊,证明要件也缺乏合理性,并没有提炼出概括性要件,无法给破产管理人行使破产撤销权更明确的指引。
【注释】
[1]See In re Automated Business Sys.,Inc.,642 F.2d 200(6th Cir.1981).
[2]See 11U.S.C.§544(b)(1988).
[3]UFCA§1;UFTA§1(3);UFTA§1(4);UFTA§1,Comment(3).
[4]UFTA§4(a)(2).
[5]UFTA§4(a)(1);UFCA§7.
[6]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§1 p.23.
[7]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§1 p.23.
[8]UFTA§10[UVTA§12].
[9]UVTA§4cmt:(2).
[10]UVTA§4 cmt:(2).
[11]See Butterworth Ex p.Russell,Re,1881 WL 18725(CA 1882).
[12]See Robert Van Kessel,Paul Rand,The Law of Fraud in Canada,LexisNexis,2013,p.317.
[13]See Paul Perell,“A Pragmatic Approach to Fraudulent Conveyances”,30 Adv.Q.373,2005,pp.381-382.
[14]See Robert Van Kessel,Paul Rand,The Law of Fraud in Canada,LexisNexis,2013,p.318.
[15]See In re W.R.Grace & Co.,281 B.R.852,862(Bankr.D.Del.2002).
[16]See NF Coco,“An Examination of Successor Liability in the Post-Bankruptcy Context”,22 J.Corp.L.345,1997,p.348.
[17]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§1.26.
[18]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§1.26.
[19]参见韩长印主编:《破产法学》(第2版),中国政法大学出版社2016年版,第127页。
[20]UFTA§1(7)(ⅰ).
[21]UFTA§1(7)(ⅱ);see also,11 U.S.C.A.§101(31).
[22]UFTA§1(1);see also,11 U.S.C.A.§101(2).
[23]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§3 p.27.
[24]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§3 p.27.
[25]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§3 p.27.
[26]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§1 p.27.
[27]11U.S.C.A.§503(c)(1).
[28]11 U.S.C.A.§503(c)(2).
[29]See Peter A.Alces,The Law of Fraudulent Transactions,Thompson/West,2006,§1 p.18.
[30]See Peter A.Alces,The Law of Fraudulent Transactions,Thompson/West,2006,§1 p.18.
[31]See Peter Spero,Asset Protection:Legal Planning,Strategies,and Forms,Warren,Gorham & Lamont,§12.01.
[32]See Hampton v.Niehaus,329 S.W.2d 794,799(Mo.1959).
[33]See UFTA§5(b).
[34]See Jackson Sound Studios,Inc.v.Travis,473 F.2d 503(5thCir.1973).
[35]See In re Lamie Chemical Co.,296 F.24(4thCir.1924).
[36]See Michael L.Cook,Richard E.Mendales,“The Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act:An Introductory Critique”,62 AM.BANKR.L.J,1988,p.89.
[37]See Frank R.Kennedy,“Reception of the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act”,43 S.C.L.Rev.665,1991-1992,p.662.
[38]See Philip I.Blumberg,“Intragroup(Upstream,Cross-Stream,and Downstream)Guaranties Under the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act”,9 Cardozo L.REV.685,1987,pp.703-707.
[39]See Bullard v.Aluminum Co.of America,468 F.2d(7thCir.1972),p.14.
[40]See Philip I.Blumberg,“Intragroup(Upstream,Cross-Stream,and Downstream)Guaranties Under the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act”,9 Cardozo L.REV.685,1987,p.664
[41]See UFTA§8(e).
[42]此抗辩权与偏颇性财产转让中“惯常交易”抗辩权的表述相似,但是实质的区别在于,偏颇性财产转让的抗辩权要求对债权人清偿的债务是在债务人与该债权人惯常的交易中产生的,而此处是债务人对内部人的清偿属于两者间的惯常交易。参见11 U.S.C.A.§547(c)(2)。
[43]See UFTA§8(f).
[44]See Michael L.Cook,Adam L.Hirsch,Alesia Ranney-Marinelli,Kayalyn A.Marafioti,Frauduelnt Transfers,http://docplayer.net/10366115-Fraudulent-transfers-michael-l-cook-adam-lhirsch-schulte-roth-zabel-llp.html,2016-2-8.
[45]参见韩长印主编:《破产法学》(第2版),中国政法大学出版社2016年版,第137页。
[46]See 11 U.S.C.A.§548(a);UFCA§7;UFTA§4(a)(1).
[47]See Michael L.Cook,Adam L.Hirsch,Alesia Ranney-Marinelli,Kayalyn A.Marafioti,Frauduelnt Transfers,http://docplayer.net/10366115-Fraudulent-transfers-michael-l-cook-adam-lhirsch-schulte-roth-zabel-llp.html,Feb.8,2016.
[48]See 287 U.S.353-355.(1932).
[49]See Michael L.Cook,“Fraudulent Transfer Liability under the Bankruptcy Code”,17 Hous.L.Rev.263,1979-1980,p.272.
[50]SeeUFTA§4(a)(1).
[51]See Pashaian v.Eccelston Properties,Ltd.,88 F.3d 77,86(2nd Cir.1996).
[52]See Society of Lloyd's v.Collins,284 F.3d 727,730(7thCir.2002).
[53]See Michael L.Cook,Adam L.Hirsch,Alesia Ranney-Marinelli,Kayalyn A.Marafioti,Frauduelnt Transfers,http://docplayer.net/10366115-Fraudulent-transfers-michael-l-cook-adam-lhirsch-schulte-roth-zabel-llp.html,Feb.8,2016.
[54]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§1 p.3.
[55]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§2 p.17.
[56]See In re Sentinel Management Group,Inc.,Nos.10-3787,10-3990 & 11-1123.
[57]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§2 p.5.
[58]See Zaretsky,“Fraudulent Transfer Law as the Arbiter of Unreasonable Risk”,46 S.C.L.Rev.1165,1995,pp.1170-1172 n.28.See also Robert C.Clark,“The Duties of the Coporate Debtor to Its Creditors”,90 Harv.L.Rev.505,1977,p.544.See also Douglas G.Baird & Thomas H.Jackson,“Fraudulent Conveyance Law and its Proper Domain”,38 Vand.L.Rev.,1985,p.832.
[59]See Douglas G.Baird & Thomas H.Jackson,“Fraudulent Conveyance Law and its Proper Domain”,38 Vand.L.Rev.1985,p.834.
[60]See In re Duque Rodriquez,77 B.R 936(Bankr.S.D.Fla.1987).
[61]See Twyne's Case,3 Coke Rep.80b,76 Eng.Rep.809(Star Camber 1601).
[62]See Twyne's Case,3 Coke Rep.80b,76 Eng.Rep.809(Star Camber 1601).
[63]See Twyne's Case,3 Coke Rep.80b,76 Eng.Rep.809(Star Camber 1601).
[64]See Twyne's Case,3 Coke Rep.80b,76 Eng.Rep.809(Star Camber 1601).
[65]See Twyne's Case,3 Coke Rep.80b,76 Eng.Rep.809(Star Camber 1601).
[66]See Twyne's Case,3 Coke Rep.80b,76 Eng.Rep.809(Star Camber 1601).
[67]See UFTA§4(b).
[68]此两点将在后文“推定的欺诈转让意图”中展开论述。(https://www.daowen.com)
[69]See Peter A.Alces,The Law of Fraudulent Transactions,Thompson/West,2006,§5 p.48.
[70]See Banner Construction Corp.v.Arnold,128 So.2d 893(Fla.Dist.App.1961).
[71]See UVTA§4,comment(5).
[72]See G.Glenn,Fraudulent Conveyances & Preferences,rev.ed.,New York:William S.Hein & Co.,Inc.2001,p.307.
[73]See Lumpkins v.MacPhee,59 N.M.442,286 P.2d 299(1955).
[74]See Warner v.Norton,61 U.S.(20 How.)448(1857).
[75]See UFTA§4,cmt:(4);UVTA§4,cmt:4.
[76]See UFTA§4,cmt:(4);UVTA§4,cmt:4.
[77]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§2.6.
[78]See Bruce A.Markell,“Toward True and Plain Dealing:A Theory of Fraudulent Transfers Involving Unreasonably Small Capital”,21 Ind.L.Rev.469,1988,pp.473-474.
[79]See Baird & Jackson,“Fraudulent Conveyance Law and Its Proper Domain”,38 Vand.L.Rev.829,1985,pp.830-835,850-854.
[80]See John H.Ginsberg,M.Katie Burgess,Daniel R.Czerwonka,Zachary R.Caldwell,“Befuddlement Betwixt Two Fulcaums:Calibrating the Scales of Justice to Ascertain Fraudulent Transfer in Leveraged Buyouts”,19 Am.Bank.Inst.L.Rev.71,2011,p.84.
[81]“资本不足”和“资产不足”来源于UFCA和UFTA中不同的表述,据以判断公司清偿能力的用词应为“资产”而非“资本”,因此UFTA将UFCA中的“资本不足”修正为“资产不足”,后文详述。
[82]See11U.S.C.§548(a)(1)(B)(ⅱ);UFCA§§2,4,5,6;UFTA§5(a);UFTA§4(a)(2)(ⅰ);UFTA§4(a)(2)(ⅱ).
[83]See 11 U.S.C.§548(a)(1)(B)(ⅱ)(Ⅳ).
[84]See Peter A.Alces,The Law of Fraudulent Transactions,Thompson/West,2006,§5 p.48.
[85]See Levit,“The Archaic Concept of Balance-Sheet Insolvency”47 Am.Bankr.L.J.,1973,p.215.
[86]See Honsberger,“Failure to Pay One's Debts Generally as They Become Due:The Experience of France and Canada”,54 Am.Bankr.L.J.,1980,p.153.
[87]See UFTA§2 comment(2).
[88]See In re Hill,8 B.R.779,3 C.B.C.2d 920(Bk.D.Minn.1981).
[89]See In re All Media Properties,Inc.,5 B.R.126,6 B.C.D.586,2 C.B.C.2d 449(Bk.S.D.Tex.1980).
[90]See 11 U.S.C.§101(32)(A).
[91]See UFCA§2.
[92]See UFTA§2(a).
[93]See UFTA§2(b).
[94]See In re Advanced Telecommunications Network,Inc.,490 F.3d 1325,1332(11th Cir.2007).
[95]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§2 p.8.
[96]SeeUFCA§1(1).
[97]See UFTA§1 comment(2).
[98]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§2 p.8.
[99]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§2 p.8.
[100]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§2 p.8.
[101]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§2 p.8.
[102]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§2 p.10.
[103]See UFTA§1(3).Cf.Bankruptcy Code§101(5)(B).
[104]See In re W.R.Grace & Co.,281 B.R.852,862(Bankr.D.Del.2002).
[105]See UFCA§1.
[106]See Davis v.Nielson,9 Wash.App.864,515 P.2d 995,1003(Div.11973).
[107]但是法院对商业债权人和非商业债权人提出了不同的证明标准。如文中所述,商业债权人只要证明债务人(公司)资本不足,就如同证明了其资不抵债,但是非商业债权人必须证明债务人(公司)确实资不抵债。对于非商业债务人证明标准提出更高的要求的理由并没有在案件中详述,UFCA也没有评论此种差异的原因。See Spanier v.U.S.Fidelity and Guaranty Co.,127 Ariz.589,623 P.2d 19(Ct.App.Div.11980).
[108]See 11 U.S.C.§548(a)(1)(B)(ⅱ)(Ⅱ);UFCA§5.
[109]See UFTA§4 comment(4).
[110]See Peter A.Alces,The Law of Fraudulent Transactions,Thompson/West,2006,§5 p.100.
[111]See Barrett v.Continental Illinous Nat'l Bank & Trust Co.,882 F.2d 1,4(1stCir.1989).
[112]See Moody v.Security Pacific Business Credit,Inc.,971 F.2d 1074-1075(3rd Cir.1992).
[113]See Lackawanna Pants Mfg.Co.v.Wiseman,133 F.2d 482(6hCir.1943).
[114]See Frank Kennedy,“The Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act”,18 U.C.C.L.J.195,1986,p.205,quoted from Peter A.Alces,The Law of Fraudulent Transactions,Thompson/West,2006,§5 p.77.
[115]See Peter A.Alces,The Law of Fraudulent Transactions,Thompson/West,2006,§5 p.78.
[116]See Peter A.Alces,The Law of Fraudulent Transactions,Thompson/West,2006,§5 p.78.
[117]See Peter A.Alces,The Law of Fraudulent Transactions,Thompson/West,2006,§5 p.78.
[118]See Bankruptcy Code§548(a).
[119]See Richard Levin,“An Introduction to the Trustee's Avoiding Powers”,53 Am.Bankr.L.J.173,1979,p.181.
[120]See Michael L.Cook,“Fraudulent Transfer Liability under the Bankruptcy Code”,17 Hous.L.Rev.263,1979-1980,p.279.
[121]See Garrard Glenn,Fraudulent Conveyances and Preferences,William S.Hein & Co.,Inc.,2001,p.512.
[122]See Peter A.Alces,The Law of Fraudulent Transactions,Thompson/West,2006,§5 p.103.
[123]See Parikh,Samir D.,Saving Fraudulent Transfer Law,SSRN,https://ssm.com/abstract=1927418 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssm.1927418,2015-10-3.
[124]See UFTA§3(a).
[125]See Uniform Frauduent Transfer Act§3 cmt.2,7A U.L.A.1985,p.651.
[126]See Paul M.Shupack,“Confusion in Policy and Language in the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act”,9 Cardozo L.Rev.811,1987,p.832.
[127]See Drewes v.FM Da-Sota Elevator Co.,939 F.2d 654(8th Cir.1991)p.655.
[128]See Peter A.Alces,The Law of Fraudulent Transactions,Thompson/West,2006,§5 p.106.
[129]See Bailey v.Metzger,Shadyac & Schwarz,72 B.R.447(Bankr.E.D.Tenn.1987),p.450.
[130]See HBE Leasing Corp.v.Frank,61 F.3d 1054,1060-1061(2nd Cir.1995).
[131]See Bankruptcy Code§548(a)(2).
[132]See Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005,Pub.L.109-8,119 Stat.23(Apr.20,2005).
[133]See Peter A.Alces,The Law of Fraudulent Transactions,Thompson/West,2006,§5 p.109.
[134]See Durrett v.Washington Nat'l Ins.Co.,621 F.2d 201(5thCir.1980).
[135]See Bundles v.Baker,856 F.2d 815(7th Cir.1988).
[136]See BFP,511 U.S.at 534.114 S.Ct.at 1759.
[137]See West Realty Corp.v.Commissioner,418 F.Supp.1274,1279(S.D.N.Y.1976).
[138]See Elliot v.Elliot.365 F.Supp.450,454(S.D.N.Y.1973).
[139]See In re Acequla,inc.,34 F.3d 800(9thCir.1994);Gendron,564 N.E.2d at 1215.