三、本章小结
本章剖析公司欺诈转让的救济措施,分为行使撤销权的法效果和欺诈转让的抗辩两部分探讨。对于撤销权的法效果,集中型规制体系的国家提供了法律救济和衡平救济。在法律救济方面,集中型规制体系的国家通过欺诈转让专门法和破产法在维护个别债权人和全体债权人的利益上形成了很好的协同机制,在债务人没有进入破产阶段时,债权人可以根据欺诈转让法撤销债务人的欺诈转让行为,保障自身债权的实现。一旦债务人进入破产阶段,就遵循公平原则,由全体债权人共享撤销后的胜诉利益。这值得分散型规制体系的国家学习。在衡平救济方面,我国《民法典》合同编和《企业破产法》对债权人的救济权的规定存在缺失,在行使撤销权后不能通过强制性的措施来保障撤销权行使的效果。我国除了赋予破产管理人或者债权人撤销权以外,还应当增加相应的辅助措施,这些措施包括公司债权人请求法院扣押转让财产或者受让人其他财产的权利、向法院请求发布财产处置禁令、请求法院接管被转让的财产等。欺诈转让的抗辩包括受让人的抗辩、间接受益抗辩、纯粹管道抗辩、诉讼时效抗辩和金融合约安全港原则抗辩。这些抗辩措施对平衡债权人和受让人的利益起到了重要的作用,值得借鉴。
【注释】
[1]See 11 U.S.C.§551.
[2]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§4 p.19.
[3]See UFCA§9.
[4]See UFCA§10.
[5]See UFTA§7 comment(1).
[6]SeeUFTA§7(a).
[7]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§3 p.7.
[8]See Grupo Mexicano de Desarrollo S.A.v.Alliance Bond Fund,Inc.,527 U.S.308,119 S.Ct.1961,144 L.Ed.2d 319,331,Bankr.L.Rep.(CCH)P 77943,1999 A.M.C.1963(1999).
[9]See Walczak v.EPL Prolong,Inc.,198 F.3d 725,45 Fed.R.Serv.3d 296(9thCir.1999).
[10]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§3 p.9.
[11]See 11 U.S.C.A.§550(a).
[12]See Parikh,Samir D.,Saving Fraudulent Transfer Law,SSRN,https://ssm.com/abstract=1927418 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1927418,Oct.3,2015.
[13]See 11 U.S.C.A.§550(a).
[14]See UFTA§8 comment:(4).
[15]See 11 U.S.C.A.§550(e)(1).
[16]SeeUVTA§8(g)(1);UVTA§8(h);UVTA§8(g)(2);UVTA§8(g)(4).
[17]SeeUFCA§9(1);UFTA/UVTA§8(a).
[18]See 11 U.S.C.A.§548(c).
[19]SeeUFTA§8(d);UVTA§8(d);11 U.S.C.A.§548(c).
[20]SeeUFTA§8(b)(2);11 U.S.C.A.§550((b)(1).
[21]See 11 U.S.C.A.§550(b).
[22]See In re Sherman,67 F.3d 1348,27 Bankr.Ct.Dec.(CRR)1237,34 Collier Bankr.Cas.2d(MB)655,Bankr.L.Rep.(CCH)P 76671(8thCir.1995).
[23]See In reTOUSA,Inc.,422 B.R.p.867.
[24]See In re Nieves,648 F.3d 232,240,65 Collier Bankr.Cas.2d(MB)1442,Bankr.L.Rep.(CCH)P 82024(4thCir.2011).
[25]See UFTA§8 comment(2).
[26]See In re Incomnet,Inc.,463 F.3d 1064,47 Bankr.Ct.Dec.(CRR)23,Bankr.L.Rep.(CCH)P 80717(9th Cir.2006).
[27]See In re Hurtado,342 F.3d 528,534-535,41 Bankr.Ct.Dec.(CRR)229,Bankr.L.Rep.(CCH)P 78904,2003 FED App.0312P(6thCir.2003).
[28]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy Planning and Exemptions§4 p.10.
[29]See Wiand v.Wells Fargo Bank,N.A.,938 F.Supp.2d 1238,1249(M.D.Fla.2013).
[30]See 11 U.S.C.A.§550(a)(1).
[31]See Securities Investor Protection Corp.v.Bernard L.Madoff Inv.Securities LLC,516 B.R.18,23,59Bankr.Ct.Dec.(CRR)119(S.D.N.Y.2014).
[32]See Edward S.Weisfelner,“Advanced Fraudulent Transfers”,American Bankruptcy Institute,2014,p.112.
[33]See Rubin v.Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co.,661 F.2d 991.
[34]对公司关联互保的讨论详见第四章。
[35]See Mellon Bank NA v.Metro Communications Inc.,945 F.2d 647.
[36]See Edward S.Weisfelner,“Advanced Fraudulent Transfers”,American Bankruptcy Institute,2014,p.114.
[37]See Edward S.Weisfelner,“Advanced Fraudulent Transfers”,American Bankruptcy Institute,2014,p.115.
[38]See Bonded Fin.Servs.Inc.v.European Am.Bank,838 F.2d 890(7thCir.1988).
[39]See In re Chase & Sanborn Corp.,848 F.2d 1196,1199(11thCir.1988).
[40]See In re First Sec.Mortgage Co.,33 F.3d 42,43(10thCir.1994).
[41]See In re Harwell,628 F.3d 1312,1323(11thCir.2010).(https://www.daowen.com)
[42]See Paloian v.LaSalle Bank N.A.,619 F.3d 688(7thCir.2010).
[43]See Edward R.Morrison,Mark J.Roe,Christopher S.Sontchi,“Rolling Back the Repo Safe Harbor”Business Law,2013-2014,p.1024.
[44]See Charles W.Mooney,“The Bankruptcy Code's Safe Harbors for Settlement Payments and Securities Contracts:When is Safe too Safe?”,Texas International Law Journal,2014,p.247.
[45]See 11 U.S.C.§555(1982)(amended 1984).
[46]See Charles W.Mooney,supra note②,p.247.
[47]See 11 U.S.C.§559(1984)(amended 1994).
[48]See 11 U.S.C.§546(g)(1990).
[49]LTCM从1994年开始运作,1998年其金融衍生品合约的总名义金额超过了1.4万亿美元,其快速成长的衍生品交易与其日渐稀少的资产形成了鲜明的对比,最终导致其杠杆率在破产前夜跌至25∶1。俄罗斯卢布的贬值使LTCM遭受超过50%的股权损失,其股权融资变得越发困难,最终导致其破产。为了防止LTCM破产引发的金融危机,纽约联邦储蓄委员会组织LTCM的主要对手方救济LTCM,向LTCM注资36亿美元并获得90%的股权。1999年,总统金融市场工作小组(PWG)发表一个报告,认为如果LTCM违约,金融合约对手方的净额结算权不应当被自动中止规则所限制,这样才能抵销金融合约对手方的损失,并缓和金融市场的不稳定性。See Douglas G.Baird,“Bankruptcy's Uncontested Axioms”,quoted from Steven L.Schwarcz,Ori Sharon,“The Bankruptcy Law Sage Harbor for Derivatives:A Path-Dependence Analysis”,Washington & Lee Law Review,2014,pp.1731-1732.
[50]See Charles W.Mooney,“The Bankruptcy Code's Safe Harbors for Settlement Payments and Securities Contracts:When is Safe too Safe?”,Texas International Law Journal,2014,p.250.
[51]See11U.S.C.§101(38A),561(a),362(b),546(j),561(a)(2006).
[52]See Charles W.Mooney,“The Bankruptcy Code's Safe Harbors for Settlement Payments and Securities Contracts:When is Safe too Safe?”,Texas International Law Journal,2014,p.251.
[53]See BAPCPA§907(c).
[54]See BAPCPA§907(c).
[55]See Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1999(Part Ⅲ).
[56]参见冯果、洪治纲:《论美国破产法之金融合约安全港规则》,载《当代法学》2009年第3期,第23页。
[57]See Edward R.Morrison,Mark J.Roe,Christopher S.Sontchi,“Rolling Back the Repo Safe Harbors”,Business Law,2013-2014,p.1017.
[58]See Edward R.Morrison,Mark J.Roe,Christopher S.Sontchi,“Rolling Back the Repo Safe Harbors”,Business Law,2013-2014,p.1029.
[59]See Michael J.Fleming & Asani Sarkar,“The Failure Resolution of Lehman Brothers”,Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review,2014,p.23.
[60]See Fernando Duarte & Thomas M.Eisenbach,“Fire-Sale Spillovers and Systemic Risk”,Federal Reserve Bank of New York Working Paper No.645,2014,http://ssm.com/abstract=2340669,Oct.19,2015.
[61]See Edward R.Morrison,Mark J.Roe,Christopher S.Sontchi,“Rolling Back the Repo Safe Harbors”Business Law,2013-2014,p.1031.
[62]See Edward R.Morrison,Mark J.Roe,Christopher S.Sontchi,“Rolling Back the Repo Safe Harbors”,Business Law,2013-2014,p.1033.
[63]See Edward R.Morrison,Mark J.Roe,Christopher S.Sontchi,“Rolling Back the Repo Safe Harbors”,Business Law,2013-2014,p.1033.
[64]See Brian Bgallea,Ntoine Martin,James M.Candrews & Susan McLaughlin,“Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Report-The Risk of Fire Sales in the Tri-party Repo Market”,2013,http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/staff-reports/sr616.html,March 15,2016.
[65]See Samuel P.Rothschild,“Bad Guys in Bankruptcy:Excluding Ponzi Schemes from the Stockbroker Safe Harbor”,Columbia Law Review,2012,p.1378.
[66]See 11 U.S.C.§546(e).
[67]See 11 U.S.C.§548(a)(1)(A).
[68]See 11 U.S.C.A.§548(a).
[69]See 11 U.S.C.A.§550(f).
[70]SeeUFTA§9(a),(b).
[71]See UFTA§9(a),(b).
[72]See Duffy v.Dwyer,847 A.2d 266,271-272(R.I.2004).
[73]See 1 1 U.S.C.A§544(b).
[74]See Am.Jur.2d Fraudulent Conveyances§184.
[75]See 11 U.S.C.A.§548(a)(1).
[76]See In re Magnesium Corp.of America,460 B.R.360,375(Bankr.S.D.N.Y.2011).
[77]See Frank R.Kennedy,“Reception of the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act”,43 S.C.L.Rec.655,1991-1992,p.688.
[78]See Lind v.O.N.Johnson Co.,204 Minn.30,282 N.W.661,119 A.L.R.940(1938).
[79]See UVTA§9.
[80]See GEA Group,740 F.3d at 417.
[81]See In re Tronox Incorporated,503 B.R.239,267(Bankr.S.D.N.Y.2013).
[82]See Peter Spero,Fraudulent Transfers,Prebankruptcy,Planning and Exemptions,Thomson Reuters,2016,§4 p.35.
[83]参见李永军:《破产法律制度》,中国法制出版社2000年版,第290页。