生活环境的影响
另一个需要考虑的因素是,我们所处的社会在我们生活的不同时期是不同的。这一事实对于理解成瘾模式很重要。正如我们所看到的,当孩子还很小的时候,他们的父母就经历了自我的虚拟延伸。父母做或不做的任何事情都会影响孩子自身的压力和反应水平。当他们成长为青少年时,他们的同龄人成为他们周围环境中更有影响力的因素。例如,《科学美国人》报告研究表明,青少年的体重与他们的朋友具有相关性,不仅因为他们选择与自己更相像的朋友,还因为别人的行为影响他们。在某种程度上,他们增加或者减少体重基于周围的人对他们的影响。[42]
虽然一般没有理由将朋友的影响与成瘾联系在一起,因为大多数人吸烟或饮酒或其他软性瘾品不会上瘾。在缺乏独立证据证明这种相关性的情况下,在这个人群中就有理由将其归因于相关性。青少年受同龄人影响开始吸烟、饮酒或服用其他药物,这一事实与此有关,因为酒精和成瘾药物的早期使用已被证明会使成年生活中依赖的概率增加4~6倍。吸烟似乎是青少年的一种普遍恶习,但与其他药物依赖没有直接关系。研究发现,即使是吸烟开始的年龄,也是酒精使用和依赖的一个重要预测因素。[43]如果有一种“入门毒品”,那似乎是烟草,而不是饱受诟病的大麻。
因此,我们可以理性地,从分子层面到组织层面,再到与家庭和社会群体的互动层面,寻找成瘾的促成原因和关联。我们找不到一个原因,甚至一个状态,那就是成瘾。我们发现的是一个过程,主流研究人员将其描述为3个阶段,而其他人则将其描述为一个正在进行的过程,这个过程可能局限于个人选择的水平,也可以追溯到表观遗传对我们DNA 展开的影响。后一种分析很有可能是没有意义的,DNA 本质上最好的理解是它本身是一个过程。在一个有机体的生命周期中,它在许多点上产生和改变。这些不断变化的复杂行为模式中的每一种都与我们所知的成瘾有关,但没有一种是单独构成成瘾的。
【注释】
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