第六节 本章小结

第六节 本章小结

本章首先论述了本研究的理论基础,认为复杂动态系统理论对于第二语言交际能力研究的启示如下:第一,学科核心术语从二语习得到二语发展的转变,体现了交际能力的涌现,承认其可逆的倒退和发展过程及变化,强调适应的社会化过程及复杂能力,是既应用于语言又面向学习者的双向互动过程;第二,从输入到可供性的变化,反映了复杂动态系统理论把交际能力发展的复杂性看成是语言使用过程中和可供环境的互动,同时预示在二语发展中,是多种因素的交互作用共同决定了交际能力的发展速度和水平;第三,复杂动态系统理论同时整合了二语研究中长期存在的认知派和社会派的斗争,启示我们在进行交际能力研究时,既要强调学习者的语言交际能力发展是所有可供环境合力的结果,同时也要重视学习者内在的认知系统,把其视为语言交际能力发展系统中的重要组成部分;第四,在交际能力培养的教学设计中,其重点是减少预设与控制,发挥学生的创造性、自适应性和自我探索能力,同时注重交际过程中的变化和互动;第五,对语言教师而言,主要是角色范式的转变,为学生创设友好、轻松、自在的可供环境,并重视课堂交际过程中的微小变化;第六,在复杂动态系统视域下,每个学生都是一个不同的主体,在不同阶段呈现不同的交际能力发展路径及突变与涌现,这是不同主体内部系统和外部系统构成要素之间的动态交互作用的结果。

为了进一步探析交际能力的本质特征,我们着重分析了交际能力产生的基础,发现母语交际和第二语言交际具有不同的生理基础、认知基础和社会基础。从生理基础来看,使用母语和第二语言交际的大脑语言敏感区不同;从认知基础看,母语交际行为基本遵循从语言模仿到语义理解的认知过程,而第二语言交际过程则是神经网络节点不断扩散激活的认知构筑过程,比母语交际行为需要调动更多的网络与节点;从社会基础来看,母语交际的社会基础起源是人类在从事群体劳动时为协调动作而形成,同样是依赖社会交往,但第二语言交际的社会化过程更加复杂。同时对交际能力进行了多维视角的解读,研究发现:在每一个视角下,交际能力都具有一定的特性,这些特性是交际能力复杂性的体现。

通过对语言交际能力和复杂动态系统特征的比较,我们发现两者的特征高度吻合,因此在本章我们提出本研究的一个重要观点,即:语言交际能力就是一个复杂动态系统,具有复杂动态系统的特征。接着从复杂动态系统观对交际能力的两大主要特征——复杂性和动态性进行了深入的剖析,认为交际能力的复杂性主要体现在以下五个方面:(1)交际能力的多相性;(2)交际系统构成的复杂性;(3)交际语境的复杂性;(4)交际通道的多感官性;(5)交际过程的复杂性。认为交际能力的动态性主要体现在以下四个方面:(1)语言交际的动态性;(2)交际过程的动态性;(3)交际语境的动态性;(4)交际能力的动态发展。

基于交际能力产生的基础,第二语言交际过程的生理、心理和认知特点,交际能力的多维视角分析,交际能力的本质特征分析,并全面梳理了现有的交际能力理念和定义后,本章提出复杂动态视域下的汉语作为第二语言的交际能力定义:“汉语作为第二语言的交际能力是一个依赖于环境、社会、认知、心理等众多因素而产生的综合体,是由交际主体的发展、话语网络和可供环境所构成的复杂动态系统,是交际主体运用话语网络通过多感官通道感知、体验和适应汉语语言社会可供环境的复杂互动能力。每一个主体又由无数的子系统以及下一层级的各个组成成分与要素构成,他们之间的持续运动和交互作用又会产生新的结构,涌现新的特征,具有复杂性和动态性。交际成功与否最终体现在交际的效果上,有效性是评价交际能力的一个重要指标。”

本章从理论上分析复杂动态系统视域下汉语作为第二语言交际能力发展,并对交际能力的发展进行理论上的建构和探讨。基于复杂动态系统理论、可供性理论以及社会适应论、三向交互论、活动理论、最近发展区理论和具身认知理论,我们在本章尝试构建了汉语作为第二语言交际能力发展模型。这个模型一方面要体现制约交际能力发展的复杂要素,一方面还要反映处在交际能力复杂系统中的各要素之间的互动关系。与传统的交际能力模型不同,我们尝试构建的汉语作为第二语言交际能力发展模型是由主体的发展、话语网络和可供环境所构成的复杂动态系统。其核心理念是交际能力是在与交际主体发展、可供环境和话语网络的动态互动中发展的。在这个动态系统中,交际能力既不是二语发展的起点,也不是二语发展的终点,而是二语发展的复杂互动过程,是与主体发展和整个生态系统协同发展的进程。在第二语言发展的进程中,主体感知、体验和适应话语网络与可供环境,以此促进交际能力发展。愉悦和信心是这个进程中的两个重要参数,分别代表使用第二语言做成一件事和成功交际的成就感,他们和交际能力的发展高度相关。

本章接着探讨如何在教学实践中应用交际能力发展理论模型。以交际能力发展理论模型为指导,我们综合分析了汉语作为第二语言交际能力培养方法,从中抽取了其合理内核,并结合大数据时代和后方法时代的第二语言教学的新导向,进一步构建了一个以师生为主体发展、以复杂适应方法和交际能力培养十个原则为指导的汉语作为第二语言交际能力培养体系,提出学习者的交际能力是在复杂动态系统中动态适应和发展的理念,以期指导汉语作为第二语言教学实践。

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