Task 2 Read More for Useful Information
Passage 2
Language points
1. estimate vt.估计，估算
e.g. It is estimated (that) the project will last four years. 据估计，这项工程将持续四年。
I estimate that the total cost for treatment will be $ 12,500.
我估计治疗费用总共会有12,500美元。
2. at the sight of 一看见就
e.g. The little child danced around his mother at the sight of her.
孩子一见到母亲就蹦蹦跳跳地围着她转。
His heart ached at the sight of her. 他一看到她就心痛。
3. faint vi.昏厥，昏眩
e.g. I fainted and the next thing I knew I was in the hospital.
我昏迷了，醒来时只知道自己在医院里。
She suddenly fell forward on to the table and fainted
她突然向前栽倒在桌上，晕了过去。
pass out 昏倒；black out 晕厥
4. unconscious adj.无知觉的，昏迷的
e.g. They found him lying unconscious on the floor.
他们发现他晕倒在地板上。
She was unconscious but her heart was still beating.
她已经不省人事，但脉搏还在跳。
consciousness n.知觉
e.g. I can’t remember any more─I must have lost consciousness.
我想不起来了——我当时一定是失去了知觉。
It took her a few minutes to recover consciousness.
过了几分钟她才恢复知觉。
5. One explanation is that as the NST switches between the sympathetic nervous response that readies you for action and the parasympathetic nervous response that settles the disorder, its process becomes confused and moreover it tries to decrease your blood pressure and increase your heart rate at the same time.
Translation: 一种解释是，当NST从准备好采取行动的交感神经反应和随后解决紊乱的副交感神经反应之间切换时，这个过程变得混乱，并且它试图同时做到这两者——降低血压同时增加心率。
Explanation: as the NST switches between the sympathetic nervous response that readies you for action and the parasympathetic nervous response that settles the disorder是that引导的表语从句中的时间状语从句，其中that readies you for action为修饰the sympathetic nervous response的定语从句，that settles the disorder为修饰the parasympathetic nervous response的定语从句；its process指的是NST switches的过程，it tries to...中的it指的是NST
confused adj.混乱的，难懂的
e.g. He had one clear and strong wish in his confused brain.
在他混乱的头脑中有一个清醒而强烈的愿望。
The children gave a confused description of what had happened.
孩子们把发生的事叙述得颠三倒四。
confusion n.困惑，不确定
e.g. There is still confusion over who is responsible for the accident. 还不清楚谁对这次事故负责。
The new rules have caused a lot of confusion. 新规定引起了很多困惑。
6. pump vt. (用泵样器官) 输送，抽送
e.g. The heart pumps blood around the body. 心脏把血液输送到全身。
The engine is used for pumping water out of the mine. 这台发动机是用来从矿井中抽水的。
7. Another possibility is that the brain’s NST switches too quickly between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic responses which makes the body temporarily shut down by blacking out instead of trying to do both at once.
Translation: 另一种可能性是，大脑的NST在交感神经和副交感神经反应之间切换太快，导致身体暂时昏厥而停止工作，而不是试图同时做这两件事。
Explanation: that the brain’s NST switches too quickly between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic responses为that引导的表语从句；which makes the body temporarily shut down by blacking out instead of trying to do both at once中which指代上文中的NST switches too quickly，trying to do both中both指代上段中提到的decrease your blood pressure and increase your heart rate
temporarily adv.暂时地，临时地
e.g. We regret this service is temporarily unavailable. 我们很抱歉暂时不能提供这一服务。
Lemon juice was temporarily out of stock. 柠檬汁暂时缺货。
8. survival n.生存，幸存
e.g. His only chance of survival was a heart transplant. 只有进行心脏移植，他才有望活下去。
It was a matter of single survival. 这完全是能不能生存的问题。
9. aid n.援助，帮助
e.g. Food aid is urgently needed after the disaster strikes.
灾难发生以后迫切需要食物援助。
The UN has agreed to allow the supply of emergency aid.
联合国已同意允许提供紧急援助。
10. horizontal adj. 水平的，与地面平行的
e.g. The teacher drew a long, horizontal line across the blackboard.
老师在黑板上画了一条长长的水平线。
The wine bottles should be kept in a horizontal position.
酒瓶应保持在水平位置。
11. regardless of 不管，不论
e.g. Everyone has the right to good medical care regardless of their ability to pay.
不管支付能力如何，每个人都有权得到良好的医疗。
All applicants will be considered regardless of age, sex, religion or nationality.
所有申请者，不论其年龄、性别、宗教信仰及国籍，都可考虑。
参考译文
恐血症
如果你在电视上看到一个烹饪节目，看到一个厨师不小心被刀在手指上划出了血，你会不会觉得恶心呢?如果同样的事情发生在现实生活中呢?
据估计，15%的人一看到血就会昏厥。更甚者，对约4%的人来说，血液损伤会恶化为完全恐惧症。正如我们在上面的提问，真正有趣的是，有很多人在割伤自己时并不感到头晕，但当他们看到自己流血时仍然会昏厥过去。这些昏厥症状的核心是焦虑，研究人员认为，焦虑会导致血压迅速飙升，然后骤降。血压的突然下降导致血液从大脑中流失，使人失去知觉。
大脑中一个叫作孤束核(NST)的区域连接着身体中与无意识运动相关的区域，比如呼吸、吞咽和心脏功能。NST就像一个内部切换开关，在战逃反应和随后的强镇静反应之间切换。
一种解释是，当NST从准备好采取行动的交感神经反应和随后解决紊乱的副交感神经反应之间切换时，这个过程变得混乱，并且它试图同时做到这两者——降低血压同时增加心率。结果，血液被抽离大脑，导致意识丧失。
另一种可能性是，大脑的NST在交感神经和副交感神经反应之间切换太快，导致身体暂时昏厥而停止工作，而不是试图同时做这两件事。研究人员还认为，由于NST也负责厌恶反应，恐惧和厌恶的混合物变得错综复杂，导致晕厥。
但为什么会有这么多困惑呢?它可能是一种生存援助吗?研究人员认为昏厥过去和现在都可能是一种生存工具。也许一个更可信的理论是，当人们看到自己的血液并经历血压突然下降，导致昏厥时，这种保护性反应会阻止我们出血。这是因为不管你为什么会晕倒，保持身体处于水平位置有助于心脏恢复大脑的血液供应。希望到你苏醒过来的时候，血已经止住了。
☛Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the passage you’ve read.
( F ) 1. There are about 4% of people pass out when they see blood.
( T ) 2. Breathing, swallowing and heart function are unconscious activities.
( F ) 3. You’ll be OK when NST tries to decrease your blood pressure and increase your heart rate at the same time.
( T ) 4. Your body will temporarily shut down by fainting when the brain’s NST switches too quickly between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic responses.
( T ) 5. When you faint, lying flat on the floor can help the heart restore blood to the brain.
After-reading Activity Build a Word Bank
☛The following words are all about medical science. Read and match their meanings.
1.G 2. C 3. J 4. F 5. A 6. 7. D 8. I 9. E 10. B
☛ Translate the following sentences into Chinese.
1. At the core of these fainting symptoms is anxiety.
这些昏厥症状的核心是焦虑。
2. It is estimated that there are 15% of people faint at the sight of blood.
据估计，15%的人一看到血就会昏厥。
3. If you saw a chef accidentally draw blood on her finger with a knife, would that make
you disgusted?
一个厨师不小心被刀在手指上划出了血，你会不会觉得恶心呢?
4. The sudden decrease in blood pressure causes blood to flow away from the brain and makes people fall unconscious.
血压的突然下降导致血液从大脑中流失，使人失去知觉。
5. The four vital signs include breathing, body temperature, pulse and blood pressure.
生命四大体征包括呼吸、体温、脉搏、血压。