Task 1 Learn Some Grammar before Writing
Activity 1 Challenge yourself
Group 1
Barclaycard, which processes nearly half of the UK’s credit and debit card transactions, says that in the last two years 26% of retailers have seen an increase in in-store and online returns - with the number of items being sent back up by 22%. (being sent作为定语修饰items ,用被动形式表达意为“被送回的”)
Group 2
People who are afraid of conflict likely have had a negative experience with it; they may have been put down by someone, yelled at, abused or embarrassed. (have been put down现在完成时被动语态,意为“被批评”)
Group 3
Items may need to be repackaged.（be repackaged，逻辑上与主语是动宾关系，主语是动作承受者，意为“被再次包装”）
Activity 2 Practice Your Learning
关于被动语态的补充内容
1. 情态动词的被动语态
1) 一般疑问句直接将陈述句被动语态中的情态动词提前。
如：Must this work be done at once？这项工作必须立即完成吗？
Should your homework be finished before six？你的家庭作业应在六点前完成吗？
2) 特殊疑问句由疑问词加上一般疑问句被动语态构成。
如：When must this work be done？这工作必须在什么时候完成？
Where can the lost book be found？这本失踪的书能在什么地方被找到？
3) 反意疑问句借助情态动词构成附加疑问部分。
如：This bridge can be built next year，can’t it？这座桥能建成，是吗？
This book shouldn’t be taken out of the library，should it？
这本书不应被带出图书馆，是吗？
4) 否定句在情态动词后面加上“not”或“never”即可，但“must”表“必要”时，否定式为“needn’t”。
如：This work needn’t be done at once．这项工作没必要立即做。
This dustbin shouldn’t be put here．这个垃圾箱不应放在这儿。
含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答应保留原情态动词，但“must”表“必须”时，其否定回答应用“needn’t”；“need”表“必要”时，其肯定回答应用“must”。
如： —Should my exercises be finished today？我的作业应在今天完成吗？
—Yes，they should．是的，应在今天完成。
（No，they shouldn’t．不，不应在今天完成。）
—Must his exercise book be handed in at once？他的练习本必须立即上交吗？
—Yes，it must．是的，必须立即上交。
（No，it needn’t．不，不必立即上交。）
—Need he be operated on at once？他必须立即手术吗？
—Yes，he must．是的，他必须。
（No，he needn’t．不，他不必。）
2. 不用被动语态的情况
1）不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态（即多数的瞬间动词）：
appear, die（死亡）,disappear（消失）, end (vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread,stand break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place. After the fire, very little remained of my house.
比较：rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。
（错）The price has been risen.
（对）The price has risen.
（错）The accident was happened last week.
（对）The accident happened last week.
（错）The price has raised.
（对）The price has been raised.
（错）Please seat.
（对）Please be seated.
要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
2）不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with,succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
This key just fits the lock.
3）系动词无被动语态（“keep”除外）：
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn It sounds good.
4）带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态：die, death, dream, live, life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
5）当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。
（对）She likes to swim.
（错）To swim is liked by her.
3. 非谓语动词的被动语态
1）不定式的被动语态
由“to be+过去分词”构成。如：
He needs to be taken care of. 他需要人照顾。
Not a sound was to be heard. 听不到一点声音。
It‘s better to be prepared than unprepared. 有准备比没有准备好。
【注】有时用不定式的完成体被动式(to have been+过去分词)：
I should like to have been told the result earlier. 我本想让人把结果早点告诉我。2）现在分词的被动语态
由“being+过去分词”构成。如：
The building being repaired is our library. 正在维修的那座楼是我们的图书馆。
Being protected by a wall，he felt quite safe. 有一堵墙保护，他感到很安全。
He was seen being taken away by the police. 有人看见他被警察带走了。
【注】有时用现在分词的完成体被动式(having been+过去分词)：非谓语动词的被动语态
Having been invited to speak, I‘ll start making preparations tomorrow.
因为邀请我去讲话，我明天就得做准备。
3）动名词的被动语态
由“being+过去分词”构成。如：
She likes being looked at. 她喜欢被人瞧。
He objected to being treated as a child. 他反对被当成孩子看待。
This question is far from being settled. 这个问题远没解决。
4. 过去分词没有被动式
过去分词本身可以表示被动意义，但它没有相应的被动语态形式。如：
The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着。
☛ Choose the best answers.
（C）1. —What do you think of the latest TV play the Name of People?
—It’s very popular.Millions of families ____by it during that time.
A. attracted B. are attracted C. were attracted D. were attracting
答案解析：根据上文推测下文的意思是亿万家庭被吸引了，结合时间状语during that time是表示过去的时间，故是一般过去式的被动关系，其构成是was/were+done，亿万家庭是复数。
（A）2. When Tim ___ why he was late for school，he just kept silent.
A. was asked B. asked C. was asking D. is asked
答案解析：结合选项中的ask 一词并结合句意可判断出Tim 是被问的对象，是谓语动词ask的动作承受者，所以此处应该用被动语态，其结构为be+动词的过去分词;又由于后面主句中的关键词kept，所以主从句的时态要保持一致要用一般过去时，意为过去发生的事.综合以上的分析，可知此处应该用一般过去时的被动语态，因为主语是单数Tim，所以be 变为was 加ask的过去分词asked。
（C）3. The play ______ at the theatre next Sunday.
A. will show B. will shown C. will be shown D. is shown
答案解析：主语the play是动作show的承受者，和动词构成被动的关系，应该用被动语态.被动语态的结构是"be+过去分词".根据句中的next Sunday可知，应该用一般将来时。
（B）4. It’s said that the coal on the earth ______ in 100 years.
A. is run out B. will be run out C. is come out D. will be come out
答案解析：根据句中时间状语In 100 years"100年以后"可知是一个将来的时间,句中的主语the coal 是谓语动词run out的承受者，二者是被动关系可知句子所使用的语态应该是被动语态。
（D）5. -Alice，you ______ on the phone.
-I’m coming.Thanks.
A.want B. wanted C. are wanting D. are wanted
答案解析：you是谓语动词want的动作承受者，所以表被动;根据"I am coming"，可知此处需用一般现在时被动语态。
（B）6. -Excuse me.I’m looking for Be the Best of Yourself.
-Sorry.The book you ask for ______ out.
A.is selling B. is sold C. was selling D. will be sold
答案解析：根据The book you ask for ______ out.可知这句话的主语是book，是动作的承受者，它和动词sell构成被动关系，所以应该用被动语态.结合语境可知书已售罄是现在的一个客观事实，应该用一般现在时。
（D）7. Smoking _____ in public places in China.
A. allows B. doesn’t allow C. allowed D. isn’t allowed
答案解析：根据题干可知在中国，公共场所不允许吸烟，其中主语smoking和谓语allow是被动关系，且是对现在情况的描述，则本句应用一般现在时的被动语态。
（D）8. Oh,my god!Our house last night.Look at the footprints on the floor.
A. broke into B. was breaking into C. broken into D. was broken into
答案解析：主语house房子.是动词短语break into的承受者，表示被闯入.用一般过去时态的被动语态。
（B）9. Andy loves playing the piano.He the piano after school very often.
A. is heard play B. is heard to play C. hears playing D. hears play
答案解析：主语he他，这里是动作hear听到的承受者，表示被听到弹钢琴，用被动语态.由very often经常，可知是一般现在时态的被动语态。
（D）10. They can go home as soon as the homework _________.
A. finishes B. finished C. was finished D. is finished
答案解析：分析句子结构可知该句为含有as soon as 引导的时间状语从句的复合句，根据主句是含有情态动词的一般现在时，可确定时间状语从句的时态为一般现在时，结合选项可知从句的谓语动词为finish，根据从句的主语the homework 是谓语动词finish的承受者二者形成被动关系故确定为被动语态，故从句的谓语动词为一般现在时的被动语态。
（D）11. I don’t think a 14-year-old boy _________ go to the Internet bar.
A. allows to B. is allowing C. is allowed D. is allowed to
答案解析：boy男孩.是动作allow允许的承受者，表示被允许，被动语态.一般现在时态boy男孩.是动作allow允许，的承受者，表示被允许，被动语态.一般现在时态。
（B）12. If you see the cartoon film，you will _________ laugh.
A. be made B. be made to C. make to D. make
答案解析：主句中主语you是动作的承受者，和动词make构成被动的关系，应该用被动语态.句中是一般将来时。
（C）13. Computers _______widely in our daily life.
A. use B. was used C. are used D. used
答案解析：主语computers是动词use的承受者，故用一般现在时的被动语态。
（B）14. The words that we should pay attention to ___________ on the blackboard.
A. being written B. are written C. is writing D. be written
答案解析：根据语境"我们应该注意的单词写在了黑板上."表述的是现在的客观事实，所以用一般现在时，主语The words that we should pay attention to (其中that we should pay attention to作定语从句，修饰先行词words，意思是"我们应该注意的")是动作write的承受者，表示"单词被写"所以用被动语态。
（B）15. The whole city is fog.
A. cover with B. covered with C. cover D. covered
答案解析：根据空格前为系动词is，及关键词fog"雾"结合选项可联想到固定短语be covered with 意为"被…覆盖着"，故填入covered with
（B）16. We are glad to hear that the terrorists ________ by the brave policemen several days ago.
A. are caught B. were caught C. have been caught D. are going to be caught
答案解析：根据句中"several days ago"可知此处应用过去时;主语"terrorists"与动词catch是被动关系，所以此处是过去时的被动语态。
（B）17. -Do you know Mother’s Day?
-Certainly，it is popular and it ________ formally in the US in 1914.
A.celebrated B. was celebrated C. is celebrated D. was celebrating
答案解析：主语it是动词celebrate的承受者，故用被动语态，结合in 1914可知表达的是过去的事情，故用一般过去时的被动语态。
（A）18. There was an important meeting last night.Mr.Smith _______ to it.
A. was invited B. invited C. is invited D. invites
答案解析：last night可以得出这个会议在昨晚召开，应用过去时，Smith先生是动作invite的
承受着，被邀请，故用过去时的被动语态。
（A）19. A year _____ into four seasons and it has twelve months.
A. is divided B. divides C. is dividing D.divide
答案解析：表达的是客观事实用一般现在时，主语it，是动词divide的承受者，故用一般现在时的被动语态。
（C）20. The 31st Olympic Games __________ in Rio on August 5th，2016.
A. are held B. will hold C. will be held D. are going to hold
答案解析：结合语境第31届奥林匹克运动会在2016年8月5日，可知，这里用一般将来时态，结构是will或be going to，后跟动词原形.主语是The 31st Olympic Games是动词hold的承受者，因此用一般将来时态的被动语态。
Activity 3 Check your learning
☛ Choose the best answers.
（B）1.He arrived in Beijing, where he _______ by his friend .
A.was met by B.was met C.was meeting D.met by
答案解析：arrived可以他已经到北京，用过去时，where引导的是定语从句,meet sb这里意为“迎接某人”,“he”是被迎接的对象,所以要用被动。
（C）2.The Word Trade Center‘s North Tower _______ in 1972.
A.completed B. was completing C.was completed D. complete
答案解析：complete为完成，表示在1971年建成，发生在过去，主语The Word Trade Center‘s North Tower是动作的承受者。故用过去时的被动语态。
（A）3. This kind of plane _______ in China last year.
A. was made B.made C.was making D.were made
答案解析：last year表示动作发生在过去，主语plane是动作make的承受着者。故用过去时的被动语态。
（A）4. My brother and I _______ to her birthday party.
A. have been invited B. had invited C.had been invited D.invited
答案解析：invite表邀请，而主语我和哥哥是被邀请者，故用被动语态，其中只有AC有被动含义，而C选项是在过去完成被动语态，句中没有表过去的时间点。
（B）5. Great changes _______ in our city.
A. took place B. have taken place C. were taken place D. have been taken place
答案解析：根据语境可知change已经开始，持续到现在的状态．应该用现在完成时态，在这里take place的主语changes就是动作发出者本身，没有被动的说法。