Task 1 Learn Some Grammar before Writing
Activity 1 Challenge Yourself
1. So far, AHA claims there has been a 60 percent reduction in drone delivery costs compared with land-based and sea options.（现在完成时表示动作到现在为止已经完成）
2. Ashish has placed greater emphasis on raising children’s awareness of blood donation.（现在完成时表示动作到现在为止已经完成）
3. The price of the supplier had increased by 10% the last month, we also increased the price. (过去
完成时表示动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前完成或结束)
Activity 2 Practice Your Learning
关于完成进行时的补充内容
1. 现在完成进行时
基本构成：have/has+been+ doing（现在分词）
1）否定句：主语+have /has+ not +been+ doing+其他
2）疑问句：Have/ Has +主语+been+ doing+其他?
3）特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+have/ has +主语+been+ doing+其他?
基本用法：
1）表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或重复地出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。如：We have been working on this project for over a month now.
It has been raining every day this month.
2）表示到目前为止的一段时间内重复发生的活动。如：
We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
He has been going to Guangzhou for half a year.
注意事项：
1）现在完成时强调动作的完成，而现在完成进行时强调动作的延续。因此，表示动作的完成，只能用现在完成时，而不能用现在完成进行时。如：
He has changed his idea.
It seems oil has been leaking from this pipe for some time. We’ll have to take the machine apart to put it right.
2）现在完成时经常表单个事件，现在完成进行时可表重复事件。如：
Jack has gone to the library.
Jack has been going to the library for a year.
2. 过去完成进行时
基本构成：had+been+ doing（现在分词）
1) 否定句：主语+had+ not +been+ doing+其他
2) 疑问句：Had +主语+been+ doing+其他?
3) 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+had +主语+been+ doing+其他?
基本用法：
1) 表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去这个时间，这一动作可能还在进行，也可能已经停止。如：
I had been looking for it for days before I found it.
He told me that he had been waiting for me for two hours.
2) 过去完成进行时表示一个动作已经结束，但其结果仍影响到过去某一时刻。如：
It had been snowing for several days. The ground was all covered with snow.
It had been raining and the street was still wet.
3) 过去完成进行时还可以用在said, supposed，thought 等引起的间接引语中，代替现在完成进行时。如：
He said that he had been speaking to John.
He thought that she had been watching him when he had passed.
3. 将来完成进行时
基本构成：shall/will+have+been+ doing（现在分词）
1）否定句：主语+shall/will+ not +have+been+ doing+其他
2）疑问句：Shall/Will +主语+have+been+ doing+其他?
3）特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+shall/will +主语+have +been+ doing+其他?
基本用法：
1) 表示将来某事、某时之前已发生的动作，一直延续到将来某一时间，常与表示将来某一时间状语连用。如：
By the time the sun sets, they will have been working on the farm for six hours.
We shall have been learning 12 units by the end of this term.
2) 也可表示推测，含有“我预料、大概”的意思。这种用法的will应看作情态动词。如：
It is early spring. Birds will have been flying back.
4. 过去将来完成进行时
基本构成：should/would+have+been+ doing（现在分词）
1）否定句：主语+should/would+ not +have+been+ doing+其他
2）疑问句：Should/Would +主语+have+been+ doing+其他?
3）特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+should/would+主语+have +been+ doing+其他?
基本用法：
表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去将来某一时间，是否继续下去要视上下文而定。如：
She told me that she would have been teaching English for 30 years at the end of this year.
I knew by that time he would have been working there for 20 years.
☛ Choose the best answers.
(B)1. They each other since 2019.
A. knew B. have known C. knowing D. had known
答案解析：此句的意思是他们自2019年就认识了对方。since+过去的时间点表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，此句要用现在完成时。
(D) 2. By the end of last year, nearly a million cars in that auto factory.
A. has produced B. was produced C. produced D. had been produced
答案解析：此句的意思是到去年年底，那家工厂已经生产了接近100万辆的汽车了。by+过去时间表示到过去某个时间点为止，此句要用过去完成时。
(B) 3. Jim told me he the army two years before.
A. join B. had joined C. has joined D. will have joined
答案解析：此句的意思是他告诉我他两年前就入伍了。入伍这个动作发生在told之前，此句要用过去完成时。
(A) 4. My brother yet.
A. hasn’t returned B. is returning C. return D.has returned
答案解析：此句的意思是我的弟弟还没有回来。副词yet单独用于否定句中，一般表示已经发生或完成了的动作或存在的状态，此句要用现在完成时的否定形式。
(C) 5. I to help you, but I was too busy at that moment.
A. mean B. have meant C.had meant D. meaning
答案解析：此句的意思是很抱歉，露西，我本打算帮你的，但那时我太忙了。后半句的时态是过去时，“mean”本打算是此前的行为,此句要用过去完成时。
(C) 6. It is the best film that I .
A. was seeing B. had seen C.have seen D. saw
答案解析：此句的意思是这是我看过的最好的一部电影。在 “This is the+形容词最高级+名词+that...” 句式中，that后的从句用现在完成时。
(A) 7. I hope her health greatly by the time we come back next year.
A.will have improved B. have improved C.would have improved D. had improved
答案解析：此句的意思是我希望我们明年回来的时候她的身体状况得到了改善。by+将来时间表示动作到将来某一时间点为止，此句要用将来完成时。
(B) 8. You Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
A. reached B. will have reached C. had reached D. has reached
答案解析：此句的意思是明天这个时候你就到达上海了。by+将来时间表示动作到将来某一时间点为止，此句要用将来完成时。
(D) 9. My father the novel twice.
A.is reading B.had read C. have read D.has read
答案解析：此句的意思是我的爸爸已经读过这本小说两遍了。表示这个动作已经完成了，此句要用现在完成时。而My father是第三人称，谓语动词要用单数。
(B) 10. This was the first time she abroad.
A. will have been B.had been C.has been D.would have been
答案解析：此句的意思是这是她第一次出国。This/It was +the +序数词+time+that...句式中，that后的从句用过去完成时。
(D) 11. The company hopes that more than 100 employees _____ their training by the end of next year.
A. complete B. was completed C. completing D. will have completed
答案解析：此句的意思是公司希望到明年年底100多名员工能完成培训。by+将来时间表示到将来某一时间之前，此句要用将来完成时。
(A) 12. We over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
A. had learned B. have learned C. would learn D. will have learned
答案解析：此句的意思是直到上学期末我们已经学完了2000多个英语单词。by+过去时间表示到过去某一时间之前，此句要用过去完成时。
(A) 13. ________ reading the book yet?
A. Have you finished B. Were you finishing
C. Had you finished D. Are you finishing
答案解析：此句的意思是你读完这本书了吗？副词yet单独用于疑问句中，一般表示已经发生或完成了的动作或存在的状态，句中谓语常用现在完成时。
(C) 14. When we arrived, the dinner ________.
A. already began B. has already begun C. had already begun D. was just begun
答案解析：此句的意思是当我们到达时，晚餐已经开始了。表示动作在我们到达时已经完成，
arrived是用一般过去时。句中谓语要用过去完成时。
(B) 15. I ________ this coat for very long. It still looks quite new.
A. wasn’t having B. haven’t had C. hadn’t D. haven’t been having
答案解析：此句的意思是这件外套我很久没穿了，它看起来仍然很新。for+一段时间连用表示从过去开始到现在，此句要用现在完成时。
(D) 16. I ________ her since she was a little girl.
A. knew B. know C. had known D. have known
答案解析：此句的意思是她还是个小女孩的时候我就认识了她。since+过去的时间点表示从过去开始到现在，此句要用现在完成时。
(B) 17. The concern will begin at half past eight. They half an hour when you arrive.
A. played B. will have played C. will play D. are playing
答案解析：此句的意思是音乐会将在八点半开始。你到达时，他们将已经演奏半个小时了。根据题干中的will begin得知是将来时间点，演奏的动作在你到达前完成，此句要用将来完成时。
(D)18. In our company, great changes since the new manager came.
A. took place B. take place C. will have taken place D. have taken place
答案解析：此句的意思是自从新经理来了后我们公司发生了很大的改变。since+过去的时间点表示从过去开始到现在，此句要用现在完成时。
(D)19. By the time you get to the office, I ______ all the documents for the meeting.
A.was preparing B. prepared C. had prepared D. will have prepared
答案解析：此句的意思是在你到达办公室时我已经准备好了开会的文件。by+将来时间表示到将来某一时间之前，此句要用将来完成时。
(B)20. The students busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she in the office.
A.had written; left B. were writing; had left
C.had written; had left D. were writing; has left
答案解析：此句的意思是布朗小姐去拿她之前落在办公室的书的时候学生们正在写作业。由went可以看出动作是发生在过去的时间，正在做某事要用进行时；她之前落在办公室的书说明动作在过去的时间已经完成了要用过去完成时。
Activity 3 Check Your learning
☛ Choose the best answers.
(A) 1. He in that hospital for eight years.
A. has worked B. worked C. is working D. works
答案解析：此句的意思是他在那家医院工作了八年。for+一段时间连用表示从过去开始到现在，因此应该使用现在完成时。
(C) 2. By the end of this year, I enough money for a holiday.
A. have saved B. save C.will have saved D. will be saved
答案解析：此句的意思是到今年底我就存够去度假的钱了。by+将来时间表示到将来某一时间之前，因此应该使用将来完成时。
(D) 3. The new bridge by the end of last month.
A. designed B. will design C.has designed D. had been designed
答案解析：此句的意思是到上个月底这座新桥就已经设计出来了。by+过去时间表示到过去某一时间之前，因此应该使用过去完成时。
(C) 4. Until then, his family from him for six months.
A. will hear B. hear C.hadn’t heard D. heard
答案解析：此句的意思是直到那时，他的家人已经有六个月没有收到他的来信。then 是过去的时间，没有收到来信这个动作是在then之前，因此应该使用过去完成时。
(A) 5. you ever to London?
A. Have, been B. Has, be C.Have, being D. Has, been
答案解析：此句的意思是你去过伦敦吗？have/ has been to 表示曾经去过某地(已经回来了)说明这个动作到现在为止已经完成了，因此应该使用现在完成时。