Task 1 Learn Some Grammar Before Writing
Activity 1 Challenge Yourself
Group 1
· It is stressful to think that the glaciers will disappear some day and the Arctic animals may
become extinct. (it是形式主语，动词不定式短语是真正的主语）
· I hope we can do something to help with that. (动词不定式作目的状语)
Group 2
· At Four Seasons, being a good corporate citizen is more than a policy or a program.
（动名词作主语）
· We know many organizations have similar values and are committed to being caring global citizens. （动名词作宾语）
· Understanding how music activates our pleasure system in the brain could explain why listening to music might help us feel better when we are feeling blue.（动名词understanding
引导的短语作主语；listening to music在why引导的从句中作主语）
Activity 2 Practice Your Learning
动词不定式与动名词的区别
一、不定式和动名词作主语的区别：
动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．
你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting．
爬山很有趣。(经验)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．
在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)
To finish the task will take a long time.
要完成这项任务将要花费很长时间。（具体）
不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
二、不定式、动名词作表语的区别：
1. 不定式作表语：不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither．
一次做两件事等于未做。
如果主语是不定式，表语也必须是不定式。
To see is to believe.
百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living．
工作就是为了生活。
如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．
他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.
我的建议是立刻开始干。
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．
最重要的是和他们就工厂的未来进行谈判。
2. 动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。
Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。
His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。
三、不定式和动名词作宾语的区别：
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：
1. 不定式做宾语和宾语补足语
下面的动词要求不定式做宾语:
afford负担得起 agree同意 appear似乎，显得 arrange安排 ask问 attempt企图 beg请求begin开始 choose选择 claim要求 decide决定 demand要求 desire愿望 determine决定expect期望 fail不能 forget忘记 happen碰巧 hate憎恨，厌恶hesitate犹豫 hope希望 intend想要 learn学习 long渴望 love爱 manage设法 mean意欲，打算 need需要 neglect忽视offer提供 omit忽略，漏 other扰乱；烦恼 plan计划 prefer喜欢，宁愿 prepare准备 pretend假装 promise承诺，允许 refuse拒绝 regret抱歉，遗憾 seek找，寻觅 start开始 try试图volunteer志愿 want想要 wish希望
e.g. He managed to pass the maths exam this time.
这次他设法通过了数学考试。
下面的动词可用不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式:
advise劝告 allow允许 ask要求，邀请 beg请求 cause引起 command命令 direct指导 drive驱赶 enable使能够 encourage鼓励 entitle有资格 forbid禁止 force强迫 get请，得到 hate憎恶 help帮助 inspire鼓舞 instruct指示 intend想要，企图 invite吸引，邀请 lead引起，使得 leave使，让 like喜欢 mean意欲，打算 need需要 oblige不得不 order命令 permit允许 prefer喜欢，宁愿 prompt促使 pronounce断定 recommend劝告，推荐 remind提醒request请求 require要求 teach教 tell告诉 tempt劝诱 train训练 urge激励，力说 want想要 warn告诫 wish希望
e.g. Teachers often encourage us to learn English well.
老师经常鼓励我们要学好英语。
2. 有些动词只能用动名词作宾语:admit 承认 appreciate 欣赏 avoid避免 bear忍受 can’t help不禁 can’t stand受不了 confess坦白 consider 考虑 delay延迟 deny否认 dislike不喜欢，讨厌 endure忍受 enjoy享有，喜爱 escape逃跑，逃避 excuse借口 favor 造成，偏爱 finish完成，结束不得 forgive原谅hate讨厌 imagine设想 involve卷入，包含 keep保持 mention说到，讲到 mind 介意 miss错过 permit 允许 postpone延迟，延期practise 实行，实践 prevent阻止 resist抵抗，阻止risk冒险 suggest建议 tolerate忍受
e.g. They decided to delay holding the sports meeting because of the hard rain.
由于大雨他们决定推迟召开运动会。
3. 有些动词比如allow, advise,permit, encourage等后面直接跟动词只能是动名词，如果后面跟宾补则只能是不定式。
e.g. Our school allows using calculators in the maths exam.
我们学校允许在数学考试中使用计算器。
Our school allows students to use calculators in the maths exam.
我们学校允许学生在数学考试中使用计算器。
4. 有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）
forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）
2）stop to do停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事
stop doing停止正在或经常做的事
3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）
remember doing记得做过某事(已做)
4）regret to do对要做的事遗憾
regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔
5）try to do努力、企图做某事
try doing试验、试一试某种办法
6）mean to do打算，有意要
mean doing意味着
7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）
go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）
8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）
proposing doing建议（做某事）
9）like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念 （注）如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。
e.g. I should like to see him tomorrow．我想明天去看他。
10）need, want, require,deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
e.g. The room needs cleaning / to be cleaned. 这房间需要打扫一下。
☛ Choose the best answers.
（B）1. He arrived at the office early ______ a good example to the others.
A. set B. to set C. to be set D. having set
答案解析：“to set a good example to the others”作目的状语。
（C）2.We looked everywhere for the keys, but they are nowhere _____.
A. to find B. to have found C. to be found D. being found
答案解析：动词不定式做后置定语，又因为they 和find逻辑上为被动关系，所以用了to be found。
（C）3. Please remember ______ the plants while I’m away.
A. watering B. to be watering C. to water D. being watering
答案解析：动词不定式作宾语；remember doing sth 记住曾经做过的事，remember to do sth 记住要做的事。
（D）4. In fact, she was the first woman ______to such a post.
A. to elect B. to be electing
C. to have elected D. to have been elected
答案解析：不定式作定语；the first/last修饰的名词后接不定式定语，如果表被动可接过去分词或不定式被动态，此时与该动作是否发生无关。
（B）5. ______ wine, first you must press the grapes.
A. Making B. To make C. To be making D. Make
答案解析：to make wine 为目的状语。
（B）6. —You should have thanked her before you left.
—I meant_________, but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.
A. to do B.to C.doing D.doing so
答案解析：meant to do sth：本打算做某事，结果却没做；这里是不定式的省略。
（C）7. With a lot of difficult problems_________, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B.settling C.to settle D.being settled
答案解析：考查with的复合结构。根据句意，可知新任总统现在日子不好过，说明有许多困难尚未解决。故用不定式表将来。
（B）8. Passengers are permitted ______ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.
A. carrying B. to carry C. carry D. carried
答案解析：考查动词搭配：permit sb to do sth允许某人做……，被动是：sb be permitted to do。
（A）9. Many buildings in the city need______, but the one ________ first is the library.
A. repairing, to be repaired B. repairing, to repaired
C. to repair, to be repaired D. to repair, to be repaired
答案解析：need repairing (主动表被动); to be repaired (即将被维修的，不定式表动作未发生)。
（B）10. I stopped to listen,and my son seemed______himself shut in the living room.
A. be enjoying B. to be enjoying C. to enjoy D. enjoy
答案解析：seem to +动词 是固定搭配，seem to be doing表示的是一种正在进行中的动作; 动词shut放在名词后修饰名词的话，只能是过去分词或是现在分词，shut过去分词是shut，这句中，孩子是被关在起居室的，所以用shut的过去分词。
（C）11. —Why was Fred so upset?
—He isn’t used____criticized.
A. be B.to be C.to being D.been
答案解析：be used to sth/doing sth（对某事物）已适应,已习惯
（A）12. Anything worth _______ is worthy of _______ well.
A. doing；being done B. doing；doing
C. to be done；to be done D. to be done；being done
答案解析：分析句子结构可知，句子的主干部分应为Anything is worthy of _______ well；worth_______为名词anything的后置定语；(be) worth doing “某事值得被做”。
（D）13. After____him better, I regretted__ __him unfairly.
A.getting to know; to judge B.getting to know; to have judged
C.getting to have know; judging D. getting to know; having judged
答案解析：after介词后跟动名词, regret to do 对要做的事遗憾(未做)；regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔 (已做)
（A）14. My family considers ______ a computer, which is considered ______ a great help in our work and study.
A. buying, to be B. to buy, to be C. to buy, being D. buying, being
答案解析：考查非谓语动词，本题涉及动名词作宾语和不定式作主语补足语，以及固定短语consider doing sth和be considered to do。consider doing sth固定短语“考虑做某事”；be considered to do固定短语，“被认为……”
（B）15. I have no objection to ______the evening with them.
A. spend B. spending C. have spend D. having spend
答案解析：have no objection to doing “赞成”，固定搭配，其中to是介词。
（C）16. I hear they’ve promoted Tom, but he didn’t mention ______when we talked on the phone.
A. promoting B. to be promoted C. being promoted D. to promote
答案解析：固定搭配mention doing sth，意思是“提到/提及做过某事”; he和promote之间为被动关系，所以必须用被动结构。
（A）17. I don’t mind ______ by bus,but I hate ______ in queues.
A. traveling, standing B. traveling, to stand
C. to travel, standing D. to travel, to stand
答案解析：mind doing sth介意做某事；hate doing sth 表示经常性的、习惯性的、讨厌做某事。
（C）18. This city deserves ______.
A. to visit B. visit C. visiting D, to be visited
答案解析：动词need, deserve, require, want, be worth后的动名词虽然是被动意义，但不用被动语态。
（A）19. He managed to escape ______ from the disease.
A. suffering B. to suffer C. to be suffered D. being suffered
答案解析：动名词跟在及物动词后做宾语。
（B）20. The trees want ______.
A. to be watered B. watering C. to water D. to being watered
答案解析：动词need, deserve, require, want, be worth后的动名词虽然是被动意义，但不用被动语态。
Activity 3 Check Your Learning
☛ Pay attention to the underlined expressions in the following sentences. Think about their roles in the sentence, and then make the best choice for each sentence from the blanket.
（B）1. I’m looking forward to your coming next time.
答案解析：在介词后面可以用动名词作宾语。
（C）2. His part-time job is promoting new products for the company.
答案解析：动名词词组作表语。
（D）3. Listening aid does him a great favour .
答案解析：动名词作定语修饰aid。
（F）4. I am happy to hear the news.
答案解析：动词不定式词组作原因状语。
（D）5. He found a good house to live in.
答案解析：动词不定式短语作后置定语修饰house。