Task 1 Learn Some Grammar before Writing
Activity 1 Challenge Yourself
Group 1: Compare the orders of subject and verb.
In addition to the technical function, there are architects who use refractory bricks to build and coat surfaces. （there be 结构是一种特殊的倒装结构）
You deserve a break after all of the hard work you've done. （句子的自然语序是主语+谓语+宾语）
Group 2: Compare the sentence structures and tell the difference in their meaning.
It was at age 17 that Sharapova rose to stardom when she won Wimbledon in 2004. （It +be+被强调部分+that 构成强调句）
Sharapova rose to stardom at age 17 when she won Wimbledon in 2004.
Group 3: Compare the verbs of each sentence and tell the difference in their meaning.
And if you did get the promotion, then go out and celebrate! （助动词do表示对谓语的强调）And if you got the promotion, then go out and celebrate!
Activity 2 Practice Your Learning
倒装与强调
倒装语序可能使句子的内在含义产生细微的、甚至明显的改变。只有注意观察引起倒装的原因，才能更准确地理解句子的含义。倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调。
一、否定副词位于句首时的倒装
在正式文体中，never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere等含有否定意义的副词若位于句首，则其后要用部分倒装:
Never shall I forgive him.= I shall never forgive him.
Seldom does he go out for dinner.= He seldom goes out for dinner.
Hardly does she have time to listen to music.= She hardly has time to listen to music.
Little does he realize how important this meeting is.= He little realizes how important this meeting is.
注意：
1. 对于not... until句型，当not until... 位于句首时，后面的主句要用倒装语序。
Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room.= He didn’t leave the room until the rain stopped.
2. 某些起副词作用的介词短语，由于含有否定词，若位于句首，后要用部分倒装
On no accounts must this switch be touched.
In no circumstances will I lend money to him.
但是，in no time(立即，马上)位于句首时，后无需用倒装语序。
In no time he worked out the problem.
二、“only+状语”位于首时，其后用部分倒装语序
Only then did he realize that he was wrong.
Only in this way are you able to do it well.
Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened.
三、“so+adj. / adv. ”位于句首时，其后用部分倒装
So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home.
So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed.
So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape.
四、“so+助动词+主语”倒装
当要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者，通常就要用“so+助动词+主语”这种倒装结构:
You are young and so am I.
She likes music and so do I.
If he can do it, so can I.
注意：
1. 若前面提出某一否定的情况，要表示后者也属于同样的否定情况，则应将其中的so改为neither或nor。
You aren’t young and neither am I.
She hasn’t read it and nor have I.
2. 该结构与表示强调或同意的“so+主语+特殊动词”结构的区别:
“It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.” （“昨天很冷。”“的确很冷。”）
“Father, you promised.” “Well, so I did.”（“爸爸，你答应过的。”“嗯，是答应过。”）
五、not only... but also引出的倒装
当not only... but also位于句首引出句子时，not only后的句子通常用部分倒装形式:
Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet.
Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily.
六、虚拟条件句的省略与倒装
当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had, were, should等时，如将if省略，则要将had, were, should等移到主语前，构成倒装句:
Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.
Should you require anything give me a ring.
Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless.
注意：
省略if后提前的had不一定是助动词:
Had I money, I would buy it.= If I had money, I would buy it.
七、It is (was)... that (who, whom)... 表示强调
强调句型：It is (was) +被强调的成分+that (who, whom) +其他成分
They will have a meeting tomorrow.
→ It is they who (that) will have a meeting tomorrow.（强调主语：就是他们明天要开会。）
→ It is a meeting that they will have tomorrow. [强调宾语，他们明天是要开个会（而不是干别的）。]
→ It is tomorrow that they will have a meeting.（强调时间状语，就在明天他们要开会。）
注意：
1. 强调句中通常强调主语、宾语（包括介词宾语）、状语、短语和从句。 it 本身没有词义。
2. 强调句中的连接词一般只用who，whom（代人），that （可代物，也可代人），即使在强调时间状语从句和地点状语从句时也如此。
3. who，whom，that 不可以省略，且其后动词的人称和数要与它前面被强调的名词或代词一致。（即人称和数要与原句中的一致）
4. 强调句中的时态只有两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时，过去完成时和过去进行时时，用It was... 其余的时态用It is...。
5. 强调it 和先行词it 的判别可用恢复原句来判别，即是把It is(was)…that 取消，如果剩下的仍能组成一个完整的句子，这就是强调句型，否则就不是。
It is there that accidents often happen.
There accidents often happen. （那儿经常发生事故。）去掉It is... that... 是一个完整的句子，由此可判断该例是强调句，它强调地点状语there。
It is clear that not all boys like football.
Clear not all boys like football.
去掉It is... that... 不是一个完整的句子，因此这不是强调句，而是由it 作先行词引导的一个主语从句。
八、not... until... 句型的强调句
句型：It is (was) not until +被强调部分+that+其他成分
He didn’t go to bed until (till) ten o’clock.
It was not until ten o’clock that he went to bed. （强调句）
Regular radio broadcasts didn’t begin till (until) 1920. （在1920 年以前收音机没开始使用。）
It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcasts began. （强调句，直到1920 年，收音机才开始普遍使用。）
注意:
1. 如果不是强调句型，till，until可通用，但是在强调句中只用until，不用till。
直到这位大明星把她的墨镜摘下来，我才认出她来。
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.（强调句）
2. 因为句型中It(was) is not... 已经是否定句了，that 后面的从句要 用肯定句，不能再用否定句了。
3. 此句型还可用倒装句来表示：
原句： Li Ming didn’t watch TV till(until) he finished his homework.
强调句：It was not until Li Ming finished his homework that he watched TV.
倒装句：Not until he finished his homework did Li Ming watch TV.
=Only when he finished his homework did Li Ming watch TV.
☛ Choose the best answers.
（C）1. In _____and the students stood up.
A. the teacher comes B. the teacher coming
C. came the teacher D. did the teacher come
答案解析：动作方向的副词置于句首，谓语是表示运动的动词，一般使用全部倒装。（结构4）
（B）2. Not for a moment _______what he did.
A. I believed B.did I believe C. I would believe D. I believe
答案解析：有否定意义的短语开头的句子，部分倒装。（结构1）
（B）3. Little_________that the police will arrest him.
A. do he know B. does he know C. he knows D. he know
答案解析：否定副词或有否定意义的短语开头的句子，部分倒装。（结构1）
（A）4. The girl likes singing and dancing. _______.
A.So she does B.So is she
C.So am I D.So she can
答案解析：so, neither, nor 在句首表示“也”或“也不”，句子要部分倒装。（结构4）这里表示同意前面的陈述，意为：她的确如此。所以不倒装。
（A）5. So loudly_________that every person in the next room could hear him.
A. did he speak B. he spoke C. did speak he D. he speaks
答案解析：so...that/such...that 句型中，so, such位于句首时，句子要部分倒装。（结构6）
（D）6. ____ a nice man ____ that we all believe him.
A.So; did he seem B. So; he seemed
C.Such; he seemed D.Such; did he seem
答案解析：so...that/such...that 句型中，so, such位于句首时，句子要部分倒装。（结构6）
（D）7. ________ time, they would certainly come and help us.
A. If had they B. Had C. Having they D. Had they
答案解析：省略了if的虚拟条件从句中，had, were, should提前构成部分倒装。（结构7）
（C）8. Only ________this advice，can you get there in time.
A. you take B. you took C. by taking D. to take
答案解析：当only置于句首修饰状语时，句子要部分倒装。（结构3）
（A）9. Not Until _______ the work _______ to bed.
A. did he finish; he went B. he finished; he went
C. he finished; did he go D. he finished; had he gone
答案解析：某些以否定词开头的句型，前半部分倒装，后半部分用正常语序。（结构2）
（B）10. ________is no need to read late into the night. ________does no good for you .
A. There; There B. There; It C. It; it D. It; There
答案解析：there be 句型。（结构1）
（A）11. Seldom_______late_______the meeting room.
A.does he come，to B.comes he, for
C.does he come, for D.comes he, to
答案解析：be late for... 做某事迟到。否定副词或有否定意义的短语开头的句子，部分倒装。（结构1）
（C）12. No sooner_______begun to speak than I realized that something was wrong .
A.he has B.he had C.had he D.did he
答案解析：No sooner... than... 结构前半部分倒装。（结构2）
（C）13. I won’t go, _____.
A. any of my classmates will go nor B. nor will not any of my classmates
C. nor will any of my classmates D. nor do any of my classmates
答案解析：so, neither, nor 在句首表示“也”或“也不”，句子要部分倒装。（结构4）
（A）14._____，he knows a lot of English.
A. Child as he is B.As he is a child C.A child as he is D.Child though he was
答案解析：由 as/though引导的让步状语从句，从句形成倒装。（结构5）注意：表语为单数名词时，不定冠词“a”应被省去。
（B）15. Hardly the railway station when the train started.
A. do I reach B. had I reached C. I reached D. I had reached
答案解析：hardly... when... 结构前半部分倒装。（结构2）
（B）16. You say he works hard, ______, and _____.
A. so he does; so you do B. so he does; so do you
C. so does he; so do you D. so does he; so you do
答案解析：so, neither, nor 在句首表示“也”或“也不”，句子要部分倒装。（结构4）此句意为：他的确如此，你也是这样。
（D）17. It was on October 1st new China was founded.
A.which B. when C. as D. that
答案解析：强调句型，“It is/was+被强调部分+that/who/whom+其他部分”强调时间。
（B）18. It was not until she got home _______ Jennifer realized she had lost her keys.
A.when B. that C. where D. before
答案解析：强调句型 “It is/was not until +被强调部分+that +其他”。
（B）19. Was it because he was ill _____ he asked for leave?
A. and B. that C. that's D. so
答案解析：强调句型 “Is/Was it +被强调部分+that/who/whom+从句” 。
（B）20. An awful accident _______, however, occur the other day.
A. does B. did C. has to D. had to
答案解析：对谓语的强调，用助动词do/does/did +动词原形。
Activity 3 Check Your learning
☛ Choose the best answers.
（A）1. —Is everyone here?
—Not yet. Look, there_______ the rest of our guests!
A. come B. comes C. is coming D. are coming
答案解析：“地点副词+不及物动词”句型，the rest of our guests为句子主语。
（D）2. On the river bank______where he once lived .
A. stand a house B. a house stand C. does a house stand D. stands a house
答案解析：句首为表示地点的介词短语时，常常引起全部倒装。（结构5）
（A）3. Not until that day _______ the importance of good manners in a job interview.
A．did I realize B.I did realize
C. I have realized D. have I realized
答案解析：有否定意义的短语开头的句子，部分倒装；C, D选项时态不对。
（B）4. Only when we hurried to the airport______ the flight was cancelled.
A. we found B. did we find
C. have we found D. we have found
答案解析：当only置于句首修饰状语时，句子要部分倒装。（结构3）
（B）5. It was a year ago ______ I first met him here.
A. which B. that C. in which D. when
答案解析：强调句型“It is/was+被强调部分+that/who/whom+其他部分”。