Task 2 Read More for Useful Information
Passage 2
Language points
1. Researchers studying the question found the right combination of uncertainty and surprise is what gives listeners the most pleasure.
Translation: 研究人员发现,恰到好处地融合不确定和惊奇因素是让倾听者感到愉悦的原因。Explanation: studying the question现在分词短语做后置定语修饰researchers; the right combination of uncertainty and surprise is what gives listeners the most pleasure做谓语动词found的宾语。
combination n. [C] 结合体;联合体;混合体
e.g. A combination of talent, hard work and good looks have taken her to the top.
天赋、勤奋和美貌的组合使她成了佼佼者。
A combination of internal and external factors caused the company to close down.
结合导致了公司的倒闭。
2. The study published in the journal Current Biology involved an analysis of 80,000 chords in 745 pop songs from the US Billboard "Hot 100" chart between 1958 and 1991.
Translation: 发表在《当代生物学》期刊上的这项研究分析了1958年到1991年间美国公告牌百强单曲榜上的745首流行歌曲中的8万组和弦。
Explanation: published in the journal Current Biology 过去分词做the study 的后置定语,表被动。
3. ... used a machine-learning model to quantify the level of uncertainty and surprise of these chords,then asked 39 adult volunteers to rate how pleasurable they found each series of chords.
Translation: 用一种机器学习模型量化了这些和弦中的不确定和惊奇的程度,并请39名成年志愿者给每组和弦带来的愉悦程度打分。
Explanation: each series of每个系列的≠ a series of 一系列的;一连串的
e.g. Each series of textbooks has its merits and demerits.
然而,每套教材均有其优点和缺点。
The deal ended after a series of disputes.
经过一连串的争吵,该交易泡汤了。
quantify vt.&vi.量化
e.g. Can you quantify the value added?
你能量化附加值吗?
The risks to health are impossible to quantify.
健康的风险是无法用数量表示的。
4. Each song was stripped of its melody and lyrics so that only chord progressions were left and the results couldn’t be misled by other associations to the songs listeners might have had.
Translation:每首歌都去掉了旋律和歌词,只留下和弦进行,这样结果便不会因为听众可能对歌曲的其他联想而偏离。
Explanation:listeners might have had做定语从句修饰other associations to the songs(对歌曲的其他联想)。
may, might后接完成式的用法
①表示对过去某事的推测,认为某一件事情在过去可能发生了。如果使用might,语气就比较婉转或更加不肯定。
e.g. Mary might have learned some Chinese before.
玛丽以前可能学过中文。
②可以表示过去本来可以做到而实际没有做到的事情,有“劝告”或“责备”的语气。
e.g. You didn’t do the work well that day. You might have done it better.
那天你没把工作做好。你本来可以做得更好的。
strip v.剥去;除去
e.g. He was stripped of his license.
他的营业执照被取消了。
He was stripped of all his money in the stock market.
他在股市上被剥夺了所有的钱。
association n. (与某记忆、观念、情感的) 关联
e.g. They make simple associations, not complicated ones.
他们只进行简单的联想,不会进行复杂的想象。
Associations are relationships between two types.
关联指两种类型之间的关系。
5. participant n. 参与者,参加者
e.g. He has been an active participant in the discussion. 他一直积极参与这次讨论。
Another participant imagined a plane ride.
另一名参与者想象了一次坐飞机的经历。
6. fascinating adj. 迷人的;吸引人的
e.g. The exhibition tells the fascinating story of the steam age.
展览讲述了蒸汽时代引人入胜的故事。
The book was so fascinating that I was totally absorbed in it.
这本书太精彩了,我完全被它吸引住了。
7. Understanding how music activates our pleasure system in the brain could explain why listening to music might help us feel better when we are feeling blue.
Translation: 理解音乐如何激活我们大脑中的快乐系统可以解释为什么听音乐可以在我们情绪低落时让我们感觉好起来。
Explanation: understanding how music activates our pleasure seytem in the brain 作句子的主语,listening to music作why引导的宾语从句中的主语。
activate vt.刺激;使活动;使活泼
e.g. How do I activate a network interface? 如何激活网络接口?
Start the IIS server to activate the service. 启动IIS服务器,以激活服务。
(feel)blue adj.忧郁的;悲伤的 (blue蓝色,属于低沉的冷色调,所以常常用来比喻低落忧郁的情绪。)
e.g. He’d been feeling blue all week. 他整个星期都郁郁不乐。
I woke up feeling blue. 一早醒来我就心情不好。
8. prediction n. [C, U] 预言;预测;预告
e.g. Skilled readers make use of context and prediction.
阅读能力强的人会利用上下文及推测来理解文意。
It’s difficult to make accurate predictions about the effects on the environment.
很难准确预测对环境产生的影响。
9. The idea is that hopefully as a scientist analyzing these patterns of pleasure in humans, we can somehow work out where music can go next.
Translation: 我们的想法是,作为一个科学家,通过分析人类的愉悦模式,就有希望以某种方式算出音乐的下一个发展方向。
Explanation: 本句是由that引导的表语从句。从句中hopefully修饰we can somehow work out where music can go next.
10. As part of the same experiment, the researchers also used brain imaging to locate the areas of the brain reflected in musical pleasure.
Translation: 作为实验的一部分,研究人员还用脑成像技术锁定了产生音乐愉悦感的大脑区域。
Explanation: 过去分词短语reflected in musical pleasure做后置定语修饰the areas of the brain。
11. respectively adv.分别地;各自地,独自地
e.g. Their sons were three and six respectively. 他们的儿子们分别是3岁和6岁。
The length,width,and height of the box are 8 cm, 6 cm, and 4 cm, respectively.
这个盒子的长、宽、高分别是8厘米、6厘米、4厘米。
参考译文
为什么某些流行歌曲会让你感觉这么愉快?
你可曾好奇过为什么某些流行歌曲会让你感觉这么愉快?研究人员发现,恰到好处地融合不确定和惊奇因素能给倾听者带来最大程度的愉悦感。
发表在《当代生物学》期刊上的这项研究分析了1958年到1991年间美国公告牌百强单曲榜上的745首流行歌曲中的8万组和弦。来自德国、挪威、丹麦和英国科研机构的研究人员用一种机器学习模型量化了这些和弦中的不确定和惊奇的程度,并请39名成年志愿者给每组和弦带来的愉悦程度打分。每首歌都去掉了旋律和歌词,只留下和弦进行,这样结果便不会因为听众对歌曲的其他联想而偏离。
研究人员发现了两件事。第一,参与者在比较确定接下来要出现的和弦却听到意外的和弦时会感到愉悦。然而,同样数量的参与者表示,当他们不确定接下来要出现的和弦,却听到了比较熟悉的和弦时也会感到愉悦。
“令人着迷的是,人类仅凭声音的组合顺序就可以从一首乐曲中得到愉悦感。”该研究的首席研究员、来自德国马克斯普朗克人类认知与脑科学研究所的文森特·张在一份声明中说,“让我们感觉愉快的歌曲通常是那些在预期接下来会听到的和弦和意外听到的和弦之间保持巧妙平衡的歌曲。理解音乐如何激活我们大脑中的快乐系统可以解释为什么听音乐可以在我们情绪低落时让我们感觉好起来。”
张研究员告诉CNN说,音乐带来的愉悦感和预期有关。先前的研究调查了惊奇对愉悦感的效果,但他和同事的研究还关注了听众预期的不确定性。
研究结果可能有助于作曲家编曲或预测音乐潮流。参与该项目的伦敦玛丽女王大学的研究员皮特·哈瑞森告诉CNN说:“我们想法是,作为一个科学家,通过分析人类的愉悦模式,就有希望以某种方式算出音乐的下一个发展方向。”
作为该实验的一部分,研究人员还用脑成像技术锁定了产生音乐愉悦感的大脑区域。他们发现,这些相关大脑区域是杏仁核、海马体和听觉皮层,它们分别负责处理情绪、学习和记忆、以及声音。
张研究员补充道,大脑的另一个处理奖励期望的部位——伏核——也许是“将我们的注意力引向音乐”的组织,“这样我们就会试着去弄清楚接下来会发生什么”。
☛ Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the passage you’ve read.
(T) 1. Each song was stripped of its melody and lyrics so that the researcher could quantify the level of uncertainty and surprise of these chords correctly.
(T) 2. Humans can get pleasure from a piece of music just by how sounds are ordered over time.
(F) 3. Pleasure in music is unconnected to expectations.
(T) 4. The findings may help composers write music or predict musical trends.
(F) 5. The hippocampus and the auditory cortex process learning and memory, and emotions,respectively.
After-reading Activity 2 Build a Word Bank
☛ The following words are all about education. Read and match their meanings.
1. B 2. C 3. E 4.A 5. D 6. J 7. G 8. H 9. I 10. F
☛ Translate the following sentences in Chinese.
1. The study published in the journal Current Biology involved an analysis of 80,000 chords in 745 pop songs.
发表在《当代生物学》期刊上的这项研究分析了745首流行歌曲中的8万组和弦。
2. It is fascinating humans can gain pleasure from a piece of music just by how sounds are ordered over time.
令人着迷的是,人类仅凭声音的组合顺序就可以从一首乐曲中获得愉悦感。
3. Each song was stripped of its melody and lyrics.
每首歌都去掉了旋律和歌词。
4. The researchers used a machine-learning model to quantify the level of uncertainty and surprise of these chords.
研究人员用一种机器学习模型量化了这些和弦中的不确定和惊奇的程度。
5. Have you ever wondered why certain pop songs make you feel so good?
你可曾好奇过为什么某些流行歌曲会让你感觉这么愉快?