Task 1 Learn Some Grammar Before Writing
Activity 1 Challenge Yourself
☛ Read the following sentences, please compare their form and the syntactic function of the underlined words.
1. Americans living at a fast pace often just “grab a quick bite.”（现在分词做后置定语，与被修饰的名词Americans形成主动关系）
2. From there I could choose between a variety of class styles and lengths, ranging from high intensity interval training courses to separated courses focused on particular muscle groups.（ranging现在分词做后置定语，与被修饰的名词短语a variety of class styles and lengths形成主动关系；focused on过去分词短语做后置定语，与被修饰的名词短语separated courses形成被动关系）
3. But as the video shows, most of the children taking part seem enthusiastic and appear to enjoy their soaking, despite the cold. (现在分词短语做后置定语，与被修饰的名词children形成主动关系）
4. While a girl called Alina adds: “It’s exciting.”（过去分词做后置定语，与被修饰的名词girl形成被动关系）
Activity 2 Practice Your Learning
非谓语动词 2 (Non-finite Verbs 2)分词（Participles）
1. 分词的分类和形式
在句子中充当除谓语以外的各种成分的动词形式叫作非谓语动词。除了前面单元介绍的不定式（the infinitive）和动名词（the gerund）之外，非谓语动词还有一种形式是分词（the participles）。分词可分为现在分词（present participle）和过去分词（past participle）。现在分词是在动词原形后面加-ing构成，和动名词同形，如：doing，singing，playing等等。过去分词一般是在动词原形后面加-ed构成，部分不规则动词有其特殊的变化，如：painted，wanted，gone等等。分词的否定形式是在分词前面加上not，如：not knowing。
2. 分词的用法
分词没有人称和数的变化，它们在句子中主要起形容词和副词的作用，可以作定语、表语、状语和补语成分。现在分词一般有主动的意义，表示正在进行的动作；而过去分词则有被动的意义，表示动作已经完成。
（1）作定语
1）Falling water can be used to generate electricity.
现在分词falling作定语放在被修饰的名词water之前，且与被修饰的名词water之间是主谓关系。
The girl standing under the tree is his girl-friend.
现在分词短语standing under the tree作定语须后置，修饰前面的名词girl，且与被修饰的名词girl之间是主动关系。
2）There is a lighted candle on the table.
过去分词lighted作定语放在被修饰的名词candle之前，且与被修饰的名词candle之间是动宾关系。
Recently, the books written by Mo Yan are very popular.
过去分词短语written by Mo Yan作定语须后置，修饰前面的名词books，且与被修饰的名词books之间是动宾关系。
注意：现在分词作定语表示正在进行的主动的动作，过去分词作定语表示已经完成或被动的动作。试比较下面几组短语：
a developing country （发展中国家）
a developed country （发达国家）
boiling water （正在沸腾的水）
boiled water （开水）
falling leaves （正在飘落的树叶）
fallen leaves （落叶）
（2）作表语
1）The news was encouraging.
现在分词encouraging作表语，表示正在进行的状态，和主语news是主动关系。
2）The glasses are broken.
过去分词broken作表语，表示已经完成的状态，和主语glasses是被动关系。
（3）作状语
1）While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.（现在分词reading the book作时间状语）
2）Seen from the moon, the earth like a big water ball.（过去分词seen from the moon作时间状语）
3）Not knowing his address, I can’t write to him.（过去分词not knowing his address作原因状语）
4）Encouraged by his teacher, the little boy decided to have a try.（过去分词encouraged by his teacher作原因状语）
5）His father died, leaving him a lot of money.（现在分词 leaving him a lot of money作结果状语）
6）The girl met an accident when crossing the road, wounded in the head.（过去分词 wounded in the head作结果状语）
7）Listening to English every day, you’ll learn it well step by step.（现在分词listening to English every day作条件状语）
8）Given a few minutes, I’ll finish it.（过去分词given a few minutes作条件状语）
9）Working so hard, he failed again.（现在分词Working so hard作让步状语）
10）Encouraged by his parents, he still has no confidence in overcoming the difficulties.（过去分词Encouraged by his parents作让步状语）
11）The children ran out of the classroom, laughing and talking.（现在分词laughing and talking作方式状语）
12）The patient got off the bed, supported by the nurse.（过去分词supported by the nurse作方式状语）
13）The six blind men stood there,begging for a meal.（现在分词begging for a meal作伴随状语）
14）He came in, followed by his wife.（过去分词followed by his wife作伴随状语）
注意：分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般都是句子的主语，但有时分词短语的逻辑主语并不是句子的主语，这时可以在分词短语的前面加上名词或代词作逻辑主语,构成分词独立主格结构，这种结构主要用于书面语中。
Class being over, the students went home.（Class是being over的逻辑主语）
All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.（All things是considered的逻辑主语）
独立结构还有一种形式：“with+名词（或代词的宾格）+分词/不定式/介词短语/形容词/副词”，作状语或表示伴随情况或原因。
e.g. With traveling expenses rising a lot, Mrs. White had to change all her plans for the tour.
He went back home with some flowers given to his wife.
（4）作补语
1）I notice a man running out of the bank when I got off the bus.
现在分词running out of the bank作宾补，与宾语man是主动关系。
2）When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined?
过去分词examined作宾补，与宾语tooth是被动关系。
注意：现在分词与宾语在逻辑上形成主谓关系，过去分词与宾语在逻辑上形成动宾关系。
☛ Choose the best answers.
( B )1. The house at the corner of the street was built in 1955.
A. is standing B. standing C. stood D. was standing
答案解析：现在分词standing作定语，与 the house之间是主谓关系，表示the house的状态。
( A )2. He looked after reading the letter.
A. worried B. worrying C. worries D. worry
答案解析：过去分词worried作表语，说明主语he的心理感受。
( C )3. Are you going to fix the car yourself, or are you going to have it ?
A. be fixed B. be fixing C. fixed D. fixing
答案解析：过去分词fixed作宾补，在逻辑上与宾语it形成被动关系。
( B )4. He turned on the light, nothing.
A. saw B. seeing C. was seeing D. seen
答案解析：现在分词seeing作结果状语，与逻辑主语he之间是主动关系。
( A )5. attention to anything his colleagues say, he frequently doesn’t know what’s happening in the company.
A. Not paying B. Doesn’t pay C. Not paid D. Not pay
答案解析：现在分词not paying作原因状语，与逻辑主语he之间是主动关系；分词的否定形式直接在分词前加not。
( A )6. This book is very for children.
A. interesting B. interested C. interests D. interest
答案解析：现在分词interesting作表语，表示主语this book的性质特征。
( C )7. He stood there with his arms .
A. were folding B. were folded C. folded D. folding
答案解析：过去分词folded作宾补，与宾语his arm之间是被动关系。
( A )8. the guidance, they started to climb.
A. Following B. Followed C. Being followed D. Be following
答案解析：现在分词following作伴随状语，与其逻辑主语they之间是主动关系。
( C )9. Give me some water to drink.
A. boil B. boiling C. boiled D. boils
答案解析：过去分词boiled作定语，表示已经完成的动作。
( D )10. with the developed country, some African countries are left far behind in terms of people’s living standard.
A. Being compared B. Be compared C. Comparing D. Compared
答案解析：过去分词compared做比较状语，与其逻辑主语some African countries之间是被动关系。
( A )11. I’m sorry to have kept you for so long.
A. waiting B. waited C. are waiting D. be waiting
答案解析：现在分词waiting作宾语补足语，与宾语you之间是主动关系。
( C )12. The robbers are using a car.
A. steal B. stealing C. stolen D. being stolen
答案解析：过去分词stolen作定语，与被修饰的名词car之间形成动宾关系。
( D )13. their homework, they went out to play.
A. Finishing B. Finished C. Being finished D. Having finished
答案解析：Having finished是现在分词的完成式，在此做原因状语，完成式表示在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生，即完成作业发生在出去玩之前。
( A )14. They stood there for an hour the game.
A. watching B. watches C. watched D. been watching
答案解析：现在分词watching作伴随状语，与其逻辑主语they之间是主动关系。
( A )15. The proposal at the meeting now is of great important to our department.
A. being discussed B. to be discussing
C. having discussed D. discussing
答案解析：being discussed是过去分词的现在进行时，在此作定语，表示正在被讨论。
( D )16. Thousands of products from crude oil are now in daily use.
A. to make B. making C. be made D. made
答案解析：过去分词短语made from crude oil作定语，须后置，与被修饰的名词products之间是被动关系。
( A )17. He talked to me with his legs .
A. shaking B. shook C. be shaking D. shake
答案解析：现在分词shaking做宾语补足语，与宾语his legs之间是主动关系。
( C )18. I was to find his article on such an topic so .
A. surprised; excited; bored B. surprising; exciting; boring
C. surprised; exciting; boring D. surprising; excited; bored
答案解析：surprised过去分词作表语说明主语心理上的感受；exciting现在分词作定语,所修饰的词topic是其逻辑主语；boring现在分词作表语表示主语的性质特征。
( A )19. The girl glasses is one of his students.
A. wearing B. to wear C. wears D. worn
答案解析：现在分词短语wearing glasses作定语，须后置，与被修饰的名词girl之间形成主谓关系。
( C )20. The meeting, by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero.
A. attending B. be attended C. attended D. being attended
答案解析：过去分词短语attended作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号，与被修饰的名词之间形成动宾关系。
Activity 3 Check Your Learning
☛ Choose the best answers.
( B )1. He heard his name .
A. calling B. called C. call D. be called
答案解析：过去分词called作宾补，与宾语name之间是被动关系。
( B )2. He cut himself while .
A. shave B. shaving C. shaved D. was shaving
答案解析：现在分词shaving作时间状语，与其逻辑主语he之间是主动关系。
( C )3. at home, John didn’t feel afraid at all.
A. Leave B. Leaving C. Left D. Be left
答案解析：过去分词left作让步状语，与其逻辑主语john之间是被动关系。
( B )4. I’ve never seen the young man next to the doctor.
A. is sitting B. sitting C. sat D. sit
答案解析：现在分词sitting作定语，与被修饰的名词短语the young man是主动关系。
( D )5. I was to hear the news.
A. delighting, delighting B. delighted, delighted
C. delighting, delighted D. delighted, delighting
答案解析：delighted过去分词作表语，说明主语的心理感受，表示“感到高兴的”；delighting现在分词作定语，修饰名词news，表示“令人高兴的”。