Task 1 Learn Some Grammar before Writing
Activity 1 Challenge Yourself
☛ Read the following sentences, and then compare their forms, tenses, meanings and the role of the underline words.
1. Removing the tab also reportedly cuts down production time greatly as the machines don’t have to start and stop to accommodate the extra strips of material.
(as表示“因为”“由于”，引导原因状语从句，其语气不如because强，通常为附加说明的理由，且是已知晓的原因，主句与从句没有逻辑上的因果关系。)
2. This change makes the car stiffer and more responsive when you’re driving.
(when表示“当……时”“在……时”，引导时间状语从句。)
Activity 2 Practice Your Learning
状语从句的时态特点
一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。
I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.
As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home.
下面介绍状语从句中的一些引导词以及用法辨析。
1．时间状语从句
常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately ,directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when 表示“一 ……就……”除as soon as外，还有三类：
名词型——the moment, the minute, the second, the instant；
副词型——immediately, directly, instantly；
句式型——no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when…
（1）I came immediately you called. 你一给我打电话，我就马上来。
（2）I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. 我一到家，就开始下雨。
【注意】
如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构。
（1）Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
（2）No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.在时间状语从句中，不能用一般将来时、过去将来时态或将来完成时，而要用相应的一般现在时态、一般过去时或现在完成时来代替。
When, while, as （一边……一边……）, after, before, as soon as, since, till /until, by the time（到……为止, 所在句子的主句应用完成时）
（1）Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.
（2）He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.
（3）He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.
when, while和as的区别
when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”, when＝and then; at that moment。
（1）When she came in, I stopped eating.
（2）When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.
（3）We were about to leave when he came in.While引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。
（1）While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.
（2）I like playing football while you like playing basketball.
As表示“一边……一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后”。
（1）We always sing as we walk.
（2）As we was going out, it began to snow.
till或until引导的时间状语从句
till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。
如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。
（1）I didn’t go to bed until (till) my father came back.
（2）It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.
（3）I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。
（4）I didn’t work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。
由since引导的时间状语从句
since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is ＋时间＋since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。
（1）I have been in Beijing since you left.
（2）Where have you been since I last saw you?
（3）It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。
（4）It is five months since our boss was in Beijing. 我们老板离开北京有五个月了。
2．地点状语从句
常用引导词：where
特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere
（1）Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
（2）Wherever you go, you should work hard.
句型1：Where＋地点从句，（there）＋主句。
（1）Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.
（2）They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed.
（3）You should have put the book where you found it.
（4）Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.
句型2：Anywhere/ wherever＋地点从句，＋主句。
Wherever the sea is, you will find seamen.
3．原因状语从句
常用引导词：because, since, as, for
特殊引导词：seeing that (由于, 鉴于), now that (既然), in that, considering that (考虑到), given that (考虑到).
（1）My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.
（2）Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.
（3）Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.
（4）Seeing that you’re already at the door, I suppose I must invite you inside.
（5）Considering he’s only sixteen year old, he is not fit for the job.
（6）Given that she is interested in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her.
because, since, as, for辨析
1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。
（1）I didn’t go, because I was afraid.
（2）Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。
（1）He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
（2）He must be ill, for he is absent today.
3) as和for的区别：
通常情况下，as引导的从句在主句前，for引导的从句在主句后。
（1）As the weather is cold, I stay at home.（同义句）
（2）I stay at home, for the weather is cold.
4．目的状语从句
常用引导词：so that, in order that
特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that
（1）The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
（2）The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.
5．结果状语从句
常用引导词：so… that, such… that
特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that
（such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。)
（1）He got up so early that he caught the first bus.
（2）It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.
（3）To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.
6．条件状语从句
常用引导词：if, unless
特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that
（1）We’ll start our project if the president agrees.
（2）You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
（3）Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
条件状语从句和时间状语从句一样，从句的谓语动词不能用一般将来时态、过去将来时态或将来完成时，而要用相应的一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时来替代。
（1）Tell me in case you get into difficulty.
（2）Supposing he does not come, shall we go without him?
7．让步状语从句
常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though
特殊引导词： as (用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while (一般用在句首)，no matter…, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever
（1）Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.
（2）The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
（3）No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。
（1）Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
注意：
a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。
b.句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
= Though he tries hard, he never seems…
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
(错) No matter what you say is of no use now.
(对)Whatever you say is of no use now.
(错)Prisoners have to eat no matter what they’re given.
(对)Prisoners have to eat whatever they’re given.
8．比较状语从句
常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)
特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as…， so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no …more than; not A so much as B
（1）She is as bad-tempered as her mother.
（2）The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
（3）Food is to men what oil is to machine.
no more than只不过(嫌少的意思)
not more than不如……(前者不如后者)
（1）I have no more than two pens.
（2）It’s no more than a mile to the shops.
（3）Jack is not more diligent than John.
one of the + 名词(复数)……之一(用于最高级)
（1）Han Mei is one of the best students in our school.
9．方式状语从句
常用引导词：as, (just) as…so…, as if/though(正如……，就像)
特殊引导词：the way
（1）When in Rome, do as the Roman do.
（2）She behaved as if she were the boss.
（3）Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.
as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作“仿佛……似的”，“好像……似的”。
（1）They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
（2）He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
状语从句的省略
状语从句同时具备下列两个条件:
① 主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；
②从句主要动词是be的某种形式。从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。
（1）When (the museum is) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year .
（2）He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is) possible.
另外，比较状语从句经常省略。
（3）I’m taller than he (is tall ).
（4）The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is).
状语从句的"省略"现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中:
①由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句;
②由although, though, even if / though等引导的让步状语从句;
③由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引导的时间状语从句;
④由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句;
⑤由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。
下面针对这五种情形作归纳。
(1) 当状语从句的主语是it,且谓语动词是be时,it和be要完全简化掉。
If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.
You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you
(2) 当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。常用于以下几种情形:
a.连词+形容词
As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.
Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.
Work hard when (you are) young, or you’ll regret.
b.连词+名词
While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.
Although (he was) a farmer, now he is a famous director.
c.连词+现在分词
As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.
Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.
d.连词+过去分词
He won’t go there with us unless (he is) invited.
The concert was a great success than (it was) expected.
e.连词+不定式
He stood up as if (he were) to say something.
He wouldn’t solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.
f. 连词+介词短语
She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.
He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA.
注意：当从句主语和主句主语不一致时,从句部分要么用完全形式,要么用独立主格结构来表达。
When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room.
☛ Choose the best answers.
(B)1. The decision about such a big project cannot be made each member of the board agrees.
A. if B. unless C. though D. as
答案解析：后半句为条件状语从句，unless表示“除非”，根据题目所给主句含义，只有unless符合前后逻辑关系。If引导条件状语从句，表示假设；though引导让步状语从句；as可以引导让步状语从句、时间状语从句、原因状语从句以及比较状语从句。
(B)2. People invest money in this company they believe it will make profits.
A. though B. because C. unless D. until
答案解析：空白处前后的内容应构成因果关系，though表转折，because表因果，unless表条件，until表条件。
(C)3. you choose to contact us, you can expect our efficient and helpful service.
A. No sooner than B. Ever since C. No matter how D. Even though
答案解析：no matter how引导让步状语从句，其他三个选项在语义上不符合逻辑。
(A)4. The service there was poor that we went to another restaurant down the street.
A. so B. such C. very D. too
答案解析：so…that…（“如此……以至……”）常用于引出结果状语从句。事实上，so…that…和such…that…都可引导结果状语从句，两者的区别在于，so后接形容词或副词，such后接名词。
(A)5. we receive your application, we’ll send you an e-mail to confirm it.
A. Once B. Whatever C. Whether D. However
答案解析：从本句逗号前后两句的内容可以推断两句的关系应该是：前句为后句的条件；前句发生在前，后句发生在后。只有once适合句义，并能表达两句之间的逻辑关系。
(C)6. I had a problem, I would talk with someone online to seek help.
A. As if B. Just as C. Every time D. So far
答案解析：as if：好像；just as：正如；every time：每当；so far：迄今为止。
(B)7. Few companies are interested in providing the software we need the market is small.
A. although B. since C. so that D. as if
答案解析：主句和从句存在着应果关系，空格处需要的是表示原因的联系词。Although引导让步状语从句，so that用于引出目的或结果状语从句，as if用于引出方式状语从句。
(B)8. The new employees had to go over the safety regulations several times they understood them.
A. since B. before C. unless D. when
答案解析：对句意分析可知，空格前内容应发生先于空格后的内容。
(B)9. The new drug will not be put on the market it has proved safe on humans.
A. if B. until C. since D. when
答案解析：分析句子可知，此处需要使用时间状语从句形式，not一词经常和until一起使用，意为“直到……才……”，该结构经常用来引导时间状语。
(D)10. Students are expected to pay the loan back they are earning enough.
A. so far as B. now that C. even if D. as soon as
答案解析：as soon as“一……就……”，表条件。so…as…结构用于否定结构中；now that意为“既然”，表条件；even if意为“即使，尽管”，表让步。
(B)11. I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, something occurred which attracted my attention.
A. unless B. when C. after D. while
答案解析：根据句意，表示某事正要或正在进行时，或一事突然发生，往往用连接词when，一般放在主句之后，常译为“这时，刚……就”。
(B)12. The fire was finally brought under control, but not extensive damage had been caused.
A. after B. before C. since D.as
答案解析：本句中but后的分句是个省略句，补充完整的分句应为but (the fire had) not (been brought under control) before extensive damage had been caused.
(D)13. We hadn’t met for twenty years, but I recognized her I saw her.
A. provided B. whatever C. even if D. the moment
答案解析：the moment引导时间状语从句，句意为“我们已经二十年没见了，但是见到她的那一刻我就认出了她。”
(B)14. I’ll accept any job I don’t have to get up early.
A. lest B. as long as C. in case D. though
答案解析：句意为只要不必早起，任何工作我都可以接受。as long as的意思是“只要”。
(C)15. I was advised to arrange for insurance I needed medical treatment.
A.nevertheless B. although C.in case D. so that
答案解析：nevertheless和although都表示“虽然”，与题意不符。in case 意为“以防万一”，so that 表示结果。
(B)16. that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.
A. For B. Now C. Since D. Despite
答案解析：for 和since表示原因。so that引导的从句不能置于句首，且从语义上也不符。now that... 意为“既然……”。
(A)17. I’ve already told you that I’m going to buy it, .
A. However much it costs B. however does it costs much
C. how much does it cost D. no matter how it costs
答案解析：根据语法知识结构可知，所选句式应用正常语序，however和no matter how在从句中应修饰形容词或副词，故答案为A。
(A)18. Most animals have little connection with animals of a different kind, they hunt them for food.
A. if B. while C. unless D. as
答案解析：C，unless除非，如果不。大多数的动物和不同种类的动物之间没有联系，除非是为了捕食。
(C)19. Rod is determined to get a seat for the concert it means standing in a queue all night.
A. provided B. whatever C. even if D. as if
答案解析：even if相当于even though，在此引导让步状语从句，意为“即使，即便”。
(D)20. You must improve your method you may make progress in your studies.
A. so as to B. in order C. so D. in order that
答案解析：句意为“你必须提高你的方法，以便于在你的学习中取得进步。”首先，根据句意，应选以便于（为了）这个词组，so as to后只能接动词不定式，in order that后接从句，做目的状语。
Activity 3 Checking Your Learning
☛ Choose the best answers.
(C)1. I’ll let you know the job is done.
A. before B. because C. as soon as D. although
答案解析：as soon as “一……就……”强调两个动作几乎是连在一起的，当主句是一般将来时时，as soon as引导的时间状语从句应用一般现在时。
(A)2. Sing the song aloud everyone can hear you.
A. so that B. if C. when D. although
答案解析：根据句子意思，大声唱歌的目的是让每个人都听到，应选择能够引导目的状语从句的选项。
(B)3. my mother was very tired, she still cooked dinner for me.
A. As B. Although C. Even D. In spite of
答案解析：主句为妈妈仍然为我们做饭，从句为妈妈很累，之间应为转折关系，in spite of为介词短语，后面不能接句子。Although引导让步状语从句。
(C)4. Marry goes, she is welcome.
A. Whichever B. However C. Wherever D. Whatever
答案解析：这几个词都可以引导让步状语从句，根据句意，应为无论去哪里，相当于no matter where。
(D)5. the day went on, the weather got worse.
A.With B. since C. While D. As
答案解析：with是介词，只能接名词或代词，不能引导从句。Since引导时间状语从句是
“自从”，引导原因状语从句是“由于”。While引导时间状语从句是“当……时候”，引导并列分句是“然而”。As引导时间状语从句是“随着”，因此选择D。