Task 1 Learn Some Grammar Before Writing
Activity 1 Challenge Yourself
1. Jack made the Devil swear that he wouldn’t come after his soul in any way. (that引导的是宾语从
句，作swear 的宾语。意为“以后不会以任何方式来索取他的灵魂”。)
2. What I need is time.（what 引导的是主语从句，在句子作主语，意为“我需要的是”。）
3. That’s why I work so hard. (why引导的是表语从句，作系动词is 的表语。意为“我如此努力工作的原因”。)
Activity 2 Practice Your Learning
名词性从句（Noun Clause）
名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的句子。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可以分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等。
一、连接词
了解并正确使用连接词是掌握名词性从句的关键。连接词即引导名词性从句的关联词，包
括连词、连接代词和连接副词。
1. 连词：仅起连接作用，不做句子成分。
It is said that there will be a party tonight.
Why he failed was that he made a vital mistake.
I doubt if/whether you can pass the test.
2. 连接代词：引导从句并作从句的句子成分。
Who will do the job hasn’t been decided.(主语)
Would you tell me who/whom you’ll vote for?（宾语）
Please tell me whose the bike is.(表语)
3. 连接副词：引导从句并作从句的状语。
when: 表示时间
where:表示地点
why:表示原因
how:表示方式
When we’ll have a meeting is not decided.
I don’t know where I can buy such a book.
The question is how we should carry out the plan.
二、主语从句（Subject Clause）
名词性从句用作主语叫主语从句。主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，通常由下列词引导：
1. 从属连词that, whether和if等。例如：
That he has told lies is quite clear.
Whether we will have the sports meeting has not been decided yet.
It’s uncertain if he’ll come this evening.
2. 连接代词 what, who, which ,whatever, whoever, whom 和whichever等。例如：
What we want is water.
Who will give us a talk is unknown at all.
Which comes in first will receive a prize.
3. 连接副词how, when ,where ,why，how many, how much 和how often等。例如：
When the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again.
Where he lives is not known to anyone.
How often Jack takes exercises every week is clear to me.
连接代词和连接副词都在句中既保留自己的疑问含义，又起连接作用；连接代词主要作主语、宾语、表语和定语等；连接副词在从句中作状语。that在句中无词义，不充当任何成分，只起连接作用。
注意点：
1. 主语从句大多数情况下视为第三人称单数，但也有例外。有what 引导的主语从句视情况而
定。
That price will go up is certain.
What caused the accident remains unknown.
What we need are good doctors.
2. 有时为了避免句子头重脚轻，我们常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放在句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。例如：
It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation.
It is impossible that we wait for him right now.
It is wonderful that you will become the lead singer of our rock and roll band.
用it作形式主语的结构：
①It +be +名词（短语）（a pity/ a shame/ a surprise/ no wonder等）+ that 从句
It is a pity that you have missed the wonderful lecture.
②It +be+形容词(necessary/natural/strange/important/certain等)+ that 从句
It is wonderful that all of you have passed the difficult exam.
③It +不及物动词+that从句
It seems that...
It happened that...
It appears that...
It occurred to me that...
④It +be +过去分词+that从句
It is reported/said/hoped/believed that...
It is suggested/required/requested/ordered/demanded that...
三、宾语从句
名词性从句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的连词有that, whether和if; 关系代词有what, who, whose, which和关系副词when, where, how, why等。例如：
Mary has told me that she will go to London next week.
I was wondering whether I should bring my friend to the gathering.
He knows who did the good deed.
The teacher didn’t tell us when we should meet again.
在order, suggest, request, insist, demand, desire等表示命令、建议、要求、坚持等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+动词原形”的结构。例如：
I suggest that the old tree (should) be cut down.
She insisted that she (should) go with us.
The judge ordered that the man (should)be released.
宾语从句主要可分为三类：动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。
1. 动词宾语从句：即位于动词后面的宾语从句。例如：
He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.
I hope you can join us in the game.
Can you figure out what the poet really means in the poem?
2. 介词宾语从句：即位于介词后面的宾语从句。例如：
She is always thinking of how she can do more for others.
We agree with what you said just now.
The book is about how you can learn English well in a short time.
3. 形容词宾语从句：即位于形容词后面的宾语从句。例如：
He was pleased that at last he past the important examination.
I’m sorry that your husband lost his job.
She’s very glad that you’ve come to see her.
4. 此外，宾语从句后如有宾补，要用it作形式宾语。例如：
I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the party.
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.
I found it difficult that I must finish the task before this week.
5. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气：
①当主句的谓语动词为“suggest,propose, advise, insist，order,demand,require, request, desire”等表示“建议”、“命令”、“请求”和“要求”的动词时，其后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气“should+动词原形”（在美式英语中should省略）。
I suggest that we (should)hold ameeting tonight.
We advise that steps(should) be taken at once.
They insisted that he (should)begin the work immediately.
②wish 接宾语从句有三种情况。若表示现在，动词用过去式；若表示过去，动词用过去完成式（had done）;若表示将来，用情态动词（would/could+do）。
I wish I were 30 years younger.
I wish you would get a good job.
He wished he hadn’t done it.
③在would rather(宁愿)引导的宾语从句中：该句型表示“宁愿、宁可”，语气较为委婉。当从句表示现在或将来的时间时，谓语动词要用一般过去时；表示过去时间时，要用过去完成时。
I’d rather you met her at the airport tomorrow morning. (将来）
I’d rather we had a rest now. (现在)
I’d rather you hadn’t told him the news that day. (过去)
注意点：
宾语从句中that不可省略的情况：
1. 宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词。
He thinks that learning English is very hard.
2. 宾语从句的主语是this或that的时候。
She said that would lead her win.
3. 有两个或两个以上的宾语从句，第二个that不能省略。
I believe(that)you have done your best and that things will get better.
4. it作形式宾语，此时that引导的宾语从句中that不可省略。
四、表语从句
名词性从句用作表语的从句叫表语从句。其结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”。引导表语从句除了可用that, what, when, why, whether和how等引导之外，还可由连词because, as if或as though 等引导，that常可省略。例如：
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.
The trouble is that I have lost his address.
What I want to know is which road we should take.
She looks as if she were ten years younger.
If I’m a bit sleepy, it’s because I was up all night.
注意点：
1. that 引导表语从句，无词义，只起连接作用，不可省略。
The fact is that we have lost the game.
2. whether可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
What we want to know is whether he will come to speak to us tomorrow.
3.That is why...译为“那就是......的原因”。
That is why I was late for school.
4. 表语从句中的虚拟语气
① 英语中，表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词advice, desire, decision, idea, order, plan,
requirement, sugguestion等充当句子的主语而后面接表语从句时，表语从句须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：（should）+动词原形。
His sugguestion is that we (should) do our work more carefully.
Their plan is that they (should)build a new factory in their hometown.
②as if/as though 引导的表语从句，有可能使用陈述语气，也有可能使用虚拟语气。关键是看
其从句所表达的动作是否是真实的。如果明显不符合实际情况，才会用虚拟语气。如果是真实情况，则用陈述语气即可。
Look at the clouds. It seems as if it is going to rain.(事实)
The two strangers talked as if they had been friends for years. (不符合事实)
It seemed as if the night would never end.(不符合事实)
五、同位语从句
名词性从句用作同位成分的从句叫同位语从句。同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，它不充当句中任何成分，只是起连词作用，没有实际的意义，但that不能省略。用于同位语从句的名词是一些抽象名词，例如advice, fact, idea ,promise, hope,news和 order等。例如：
She finally made the decision that she would join the club.
The news that I past the examination is exciting.
He had no idea that how many books he could borrow at a time.
由于先行词的意义不同，也可用whether, who, when, where, what, why 和how等引导。
例如：
I have no idea when he will be back.
The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.
His parents didn’t know why he resigned his job.
注意点：
特别需要注意同位语与定语从句的区别。
1. 定语（从句）是对其先行词的修饰，属于形容词的范畴。而同位语（从句）是对其前面的抽象名词进行解释说明，属于名词范畴。
2.引导词that在同位语从句中只起连接作用，不做任何成分。That 在定语从句中属于关系代词，充分句子成分。
The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语。)
The news that Tom would go abroad next year is told by him.(that引导的从句是同位语从句，that在从句中不作任何成分。)
☛ Choose the best answers.
(B)1. caused the accident has not been found out yet.
A. Who B. What C. Whatever D. What
答案解析：此句是主语从句，what 是连接代词，引导主语从句，在该从句中what作主语，“是什么导致这个事故发生……”。
(C)2. That is we were late last time.
A. why B. when C. what D. that
答案解析：此句是why引导的表语从句，其结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”。
(A)3. The school library is we can read many books and magazines.
A. where B. what C. which D. when
答案解析：此句是where引导的表语从句，where在表语从句中作地点状语。
(B)4. I insist she could do her work alone.
A. when B. that C. what D. which
答案解析：此句是insist引导的宾语从句，在order, suggest, request, insist, demand, desire等表示命令、建议、要求、坚持等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“should+动词原形”的结构, should可以省略。
(D)5. Last Sunday he made a promise he was free he would take me to Qingdao.
A. if B. whether C. what D. that
答案解析：此句是同位语从句，that引导的是同位语从句，与抽象名词promise是同位成分，它不充当句中任何成分，只是起连词作用，没有实际的意义，但that不能省略。
(C)6. I asked he was getting on.
A.why B. what C. how D. when
答案解析：此句是宾语从句，关系副词 how引导宾语从句，作asked的宾语。
(A)7.It seems it is going to rain.
A. as if B. whether C. what D. that
答案解析：此句是as if引导的表语从句，表语从句可由连词because, as if或as though 等引导，that常可省略。
(D)8. will win the game is still unknown.
A. What B. Whatever C. When D. Who
答案解析：此句是who引导的主语从句，连接代词 who在从句中作主语。
(C)9.We wonder or not she will come to the party.
A. if B. what C.whether D. that
答案解析：此句是whether引导的宾语从句，作wonder的宾语。
(B)10. the movie is to be put on is not clear.
A.why B. when C. how D. what
答案解析：此句是连接副词when引导的主语从句，连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义又起连接作用，when在从句中作时间状语。
(B)11. Bill told them to be in Britain again.
A. how happy was he B. how happy he was
C. how was he happy D. how he was happy
答案解析：此句是关系副词how引导的宾语从句，此句又是how引导的感叹句，其结构是“How+形容词+主语+谓语！”。
(B)12. Raw material is we are badly in need of.
A. which B. what C. where D. when
答案解析：此句是what引导的表语从句，what在表语从句中作are in need of 的宾语。
(C)13.His father worried about he would lose his job.
A. where B. what C. whether D. when
答案解析：此句是 whether 引导的宾语从句，作worried about的宾语，“……担心他是否会失去这份工作。”
(D)14.It’s a great pity they didn’t get married.
A. when B. what C. which D. that
答案解析：此句是it引导的主语从句，为了避免句子头重脚轻，我们常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放在句首，而把主语从句置于句末。如果这句改成This is a great pity that...,这就是同位语从句。
(B)15.You will never guess .
A. who am I waiting for B. what has happened C. how can she help D. where did I go
答案解析：此句是what引导的宾语从句，作动词guess的宾语。 what在从句中作主语，用的是陈述语序。
(D)16. has caused great confusion is he made it without anyone else’s help.
A. Who ;that B. It; how C. It; that D. What; how
答案解析：此句是w hat引导的主语从句,w hat在从句中作主语；以及how引导的表语从句。
(C)17. amazed the NBA world is Kobe Bryant scored 81 points in one game.
A. That; what B. What; what C. What; that D. That; that
答案解析：此句是what引导的主语从句,w hat在从句中作主语；以及that引导的表语从句。
(C) 18. doesn’t matter you come or not.
A. That; whether B. It; if C. It; whether D. That; if
答案解析：此句是it引导的主语从句，为了避免句子头重脚轻，我们常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放在句首；而从属连词whether引导的是主语从句。
(D)19. It is he is too foolish.
A. who B. that C. when D. because
答案解析：此句是连词because引导的表语从句，“那是因为他太蠢了。”
(A) 20. she couldn’t understand was fewer and fewer students showed interest in their lessons.
A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that
答案解析：此句是w hat引导的主语从句,w hat在从句中作understand的宾语；以及why引导的表语从句。
Activity 3 Check Your Learning
☛ Choose the best answers.
(B)1. makes his shop different is that it offers more personal services.
A. Who B. What C. Whatever D. Whoever
答案解析：此句是主语从句，what 是连接代词，引导主语从句，在该从句中what作主语，“使他的店铺不同的是……”。
(B) 2.I still remember the story, believe it or not, we got lost on a rainy night.
A. which B. that C. what D. when
答案解析：此句是同位语从句，that引导的是同位语从句，与抽象名词story是同位成分，它不充当句中任何成分，只是起连词作用，没有实际的意义，但that不能省略。
(D)3. is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous
economy.
A. What B. That C. This D. It
答案解析：此句是主语从句，有时为了避免句子头重脚轻，我们常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放在句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。
(C)4. The reason is I miss the bus.
A. when B. that C. why D. what
答案解析：此句是why引导的表语从句，其结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”。
(B)5. It seems the book is very useful.
A. which B. that C. why D. who
答案解析：此句是表语从句，seems是系动词，that可以省略。