Task 1 Learn Some Grammar before Writing
Activity 1 Challenge yourself
1. I’m sure anyone who has had a bad experience on frozen roads would have benefited from knowing about the dangerous conditions in advance so they could have adjusted their speed or, if possible, even avoided that route altogether. (虚拟语气，表达非真实情况，would have benefited意为“过去本来会受益，而事实上没有”。could have adjusted意为“过去本来能够调整, 而事实上没有”。)
2. The driver benefited from knowing about the dangerous conditions in advance and he adjusted his speed.（陈述语气，表达真实情况，benefited意为“受益了”，adjusted意为“调整了”。）
Activity 2 Practice Your Learning
虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood）
语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对发生的动作或所处的状态的态度和看法。英语中有三种语气：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。陈述语气表示说话人认为他所说的是事实；祈使语气表示说话人的请求和命令；虚拟语气（subjunctive mood）是一种特殊的谓语动词形式，用来表示一种假设、愿望、建议、请求、命令、猜测、可能、空想等非真实情况。
How I wish I were a bird！
I suggest you should go to have a walk.
一、虚拟语气在含蓄条件句中的用法
在一些句子中，表示假设的条件可以用介词短语或其他方式引出，这样的句子被称为含蓄条件句。在含蓄条件句中，如果表示对现在或将来情况的假设，谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”；如果表示对过去情况的假设，谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+ have+过去分词”。含蓄条件句有三种常见表达方式：
1. but for, without, under引入条件
But for electricity (=If it were not for electricity), there would be no modern industry.
Without your help (=If I had not had your help), I could not have succeeded.
2.分词短语充当条件
Given a certain opportunity, he could have shown more talent.
3.but, but that, or, otherwise等表示不具备条件
He could put on a little weight, but he doesn’t eat enough.
He was having a meeting; otherwise he would have come over to help me.
I could not have finished my homework but that he helped me.
二、虚拟语气在“if only”句型中的用法
在if only（要是……就好了） 引起的感叹句中用虚拟语气，谓语动词的形式分为三种情况：表达现在还没有实现的愿望，谓语动词用过去式（be动词用were）；表达过去没有实现的愿望，谓语动词用“had+过去分词”；表达将来没有可能实现的愿望，谓语动词用“would/could/might+动词原形”。
If only I were younger！
If only I had finished my homework yesterday！
☛ Choose the best answers.
(B) 1. If I _____ you, I _____ more attention to English idioms .
A. was; shall pay B. were; would pay
C. would be; would pay D. am; will pay
答案解析：与现在事实相反的if 型虚拟语气，从句用一般过去时，be动词一般使用were;主句用would+动词原形。
(C) 2. The law requires that everyone _____ his car checked at least once a year.
A. has B. had
C. have D. will have
答案解析：require表要求，后面宾语从句使用虚拟语气，谓语动词使用(should)+动词原形。
(D) 3. You look so tired tonight. It is time you _____.
A. go to sleep B. were to sleep
C. go to bed D. went to bed
答案解析：在“It is (high) time + that 从句”结构中，用“did 型”虚拟语气，意为“到了做某事的时间了”。意思是早该干而已经有些晚了。
(D) 4. He has just arrived, but he talks as if he _____ all about that.
A. know B. knows
C. known D. knew
答案解析：在as if引导的方式状语从句中使用虚拟语气，表达现在的情况，用一般过去时。
(B) 5. I left very early last night, but I wish I _____ so early.
A. didn’t leave B. hadn’t left
C. haven’t left D. couldn’t leave
答案解析：wish后面的宾语从句应使用虚拟语气，表达过去的情况，从句谓语动词使用had+过去分词。
(D) 6. If he ______to the teacher attentively yesterday, he ______the answer to the problem now.
A. had listened, would have known B. listened, would know
C. listened, would have known D. had listened, would know
答案解析：if型虚拟语气，主句和从句动作发生的时间不一致，这时主句和从句谓语动词应按各自动作发生的实际时间来表达。从句与过去事实相反，用过去完成时；主句与现在事实相反，用would+动词原形。
(D) 7. Had I known her name, __________.
A. I will invite her to lunch B. she will come here
C. she would come here D. I would have invited her to lunch
答案解析：与过去事实相反的if 型虚拟语气，从句用过去完成时，主句用would+have+过去分词。从句省略了if, 使用倒装结构。
(A) 8. It is important that I _____ with Mr. Black immediately.
A. speak B. spoke
C. will speak D. to speak
答案解析：在“It +is/was +important+that引导的主语从句”结构中，从句用“should+动词原形”或省略should。
(C) 9._______today, he would get there on Friday.
A. Was he leaving B. If he leaves
C. Were he to leave D. If he is leaving
答案解析：与将来事实相反的if 型虚拟语气，从句用一般过去时或“were to +动词原形”或“should +动词原形”；主句用would+动词原形。从句省略了if, 使用倒装结构。
(C) 10. His doctor suggested that he _____ a short trip abroad.
A. will take B. would take C. take D. took
答案解析：suggest表建议，后面宾语从句使用虚拟语气，谓语动词使用(should)+动词原形。
(C) 11. If he came back tomorrow, he________ to work.
A. will go B. goes
C. would go D. went
答案解析：与将来事实相反的if 型虚拟语气，从句用一般过去时或“were to +动词原形”或“should +动词原形”；主句用would+动词原形。
(B) 12. It was proposed that the matter ________ at the next meeting.
A. discuss B. be discussed
C. will be discussed D. was discussed
答案解析：propose表建议，后面主语从句使用虚拟语气，谓语动词使用(should)+动词原形，又因为是被动语态。
(D) 13. Bob wishes he _______ the football game instead of the film yesterday.
A. saw B. sees
C. has seen D. had seen
答案解析：wish后面的宾语从句应使用虚拟语气，表达过去的情况，从句谓语动词使用had+过去分词。
(A) 14. ___________ I you, I would think about this problem once again.
A. Were B. Am
C. Have been D. Be
答案解析：与现在事实相反的if 型虚拟语气，从句用一般过去时，be动词一般使用were; 主句用would+动词原形。从句省略了if, 应使用倒装结构。
(C) 15. - I stayed at a hotel while I was in London.
- Oh, did you? You ______ with Mike.
A. must stay B. stayed
C. could have stayed D. had stayed
答案解析：表达非真实情况，虚拟语气，意为当时在伦敦期间本来能够和迈克住在一起，事实上没有。
(A) 16. It is necessary that you _______ the meeting.
A. should attend B. be attending
C. have attended D. would have attended
答案解析：在“It +is/was +necessary+that引导的主语从句”结构中，从句用“should+动词原形”或省略should。
(D) 17. I would be very happy if I ___________ an elder sister like you.
A. have B. would have
C. will have D. had
答案解析：与现在事实相反的if 型虚拟语气，从句用一般过去时，主句用would+动词原形。
(A) 18. If I had picked up the wallet, I ______________ it to its owner.
A. would have returned B. had returned
C. returned D. return
答案解析:与过去事实相反的if 虚拟语气，从句用过去完成时，主句用would+have+过去分词。
(C) 19. It is high time that we __________ hard.
A. study B. will study
C. studied D. had studied
答案解析：在“It is (high) time + that 从句”结构中，用“did 型”虚拟语气，意为“到了做某事的时间了”。意思是早该干而已经有些晚了。
(B) 20. If you _________ that day, the fire wouldn’t have broken out.
A. didn’t smoke B. hadn’t smoked
C. won’t smoke D. aren’t smoking
答案解析：与过去事实相反的if 型虚拟语气，从句用过去完成时，主句用would+have+过去分词。
Activity 3 Check Your Learning
☛ Choose the best answers.
(A) 1. If I had a map, I _________ it to you.
A. would lend B. lent
C. will lend D. would have lent
答案解析：与现在事实相反的if 型虚拟语气，从句用一般过去时，be动词一般使用were; 主句用would+动词原形。
(C) 2. The young man did not have enough money; otherwise he_____a more expensive watch.
A. bought B. buys C. would have bought D. would buy
答案解析：虚拟语气在含蓄条件句中的用法，是对过去情况的虚拟，谓语用would+have+过去分词。
(C) 3. If I ________ you, I wouldn’t miss the job interview tomorrow morning.
A. am B. have been C. were D. will be
答案解析：与将来事实相反的if 型虚拟语气，从句用一般过去时, be动词一般使用were; 主句用would+动词原形。
(B) 4. It is suggested that the president of the Union _____ a speech on behalf of all the workers.
A. made B. make
C. will make D. should have made
答案解析：suggest表建议，后面主语从句使用虚拟语气，谓语动词使用(should)+动词原形。
(A) 5. It’s high time that we______something to stop pollution.
A. did B. do
C. are doing D. are going to do
答案解析：在“It is (high) time + that 从句”结构中，用“did 型”虚拟语气，意为“到了做某事的时间了”。意思是早该干而已经有些晚了。