高职大学英语写作教学的方法
（一）选题构思方法
构思贯穿于文章写作的始末，是写作的基础。选题构思常用的手段有自由写作式、五官启发式和思绪成串式等，下文分别进行介绍。
1.自由写作式
自由写作式构思方式是指在拿到题目以后，在大脑中开始进行思考，任凭思绪扩展，然后将头脑中的各类观点记录下来。记录完毕之后，再返回阅读所记录的内容，从中挑选有用的信息，将无用的信息删除。通过这种方式，思路不会受到任何限制，最终也就完全打开了。
2.五官启发式
五官启发式主要是从看到的、听到的、闻到的、尝到的、触摸到的几个方面去思考，搜索与题目相关的一些材料，当然不一定要面面俱到。这种构思方式常常用在描写文中。例如：
视觉：He has a round smiling face.He walks slowly for he enjoys talking while walking.He likes to swing his pen in his hand when he has nothing to do with his hands in class.He often makes faces when he’s happy.He does his homework quickly and often helps others and me with math problems.He likes to play ping pong with me.
听觉：He whistles a tune when he is alone.He can talk on and on about computer games.Whenever he understands something，he is always saying，“Oh，I know，I know.”
嗅觉：I could smell his feet and sweat in summer.This shows he enjoys sports very much in a way.
触觉：when we play ping pong，I can feel his toughness and strength.And he is quite good at it.
3.思绪成串式
思绪成串式是指将主题写在纸中间的一个圆圈里，想到与主题相关的关键词就写下来，画个圈。这样，很多与主题相关的想法自然而然地就被引了出来，思路在此过程中也逐步打开了。这种方式是开拓思路的一种有效方法。
（二）文章开篇方法
一篇文章通常包括三个部分，即开头、中间和结尾。一篇文章的开头部分是最先被读者看到的，因此开头写得精彩，就会给人留下深刻的印象，在考试中就容易取得高分。文章开篇的方法有许多种，下文将介绍几种常见的方法。
1.开门见山
开门见山指在文章的开始就提出看法，突出文章的主题。这种方法又称事实陈述法或现象陈述法。例如：
As food is to the body,so is learning to the mind.Our bodies grow and muscles develop with the intake of adequate nutritious food.Likewise,we should keep learning day by day to maintain our keen mental power and expand our intellectual capacity.Constant learning supplies us with inexhaustible fuel for driving us to sharpen our power of reasoning,analysis,and judgment.Learning incessantly is the surest way to keep pace with the times in the information age,and reliable warrant of success in times of uncertainty.
本文以As…is to…，so is…to…的经典句型引出主题，行文流畅，首尾呼应。
2.下定义
下定义这种方法是为了帮助读者理解，给出必要的解释说明。在科普文章中，下定义法是必不可少的一种写作手法。例如：
Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automation operation of productive machinery.It reduces the human factors,mental and physical,in production,and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers.The development of automation in American industry has been called the “Second Industrial Revolution”.
上面这段文字介绍了automation和Second Industrial Revolution两个概念，分别由refers to和been called引出。
3.描写导入
描写导入就是通过描写背景逐步导入正文。描写的内容主要有人物描写、物体描写、场景描写等。下面就是一篇以人物面部描写导入的例子。
My aunt has a face full of character.The hair on top of her head is silver gray and falls gently over her wrinkled forehead.Her eyebrows are also gray.Under these are her marvelous eyes.They are blue and shine as brightly as they did on the day she was born.Her cheeks are wrinkled，but they are also rosy.Her nose is a bit crooked.Under her nose is her mouth，which always seems to have sweet smile on it.Her chin is also wrinkled and has a prominent scar in the middle.All in all，her face is one which has always brought me great comfort.
4.以故事引入
以故事引入就是文章开头以故事引入，这种方法能有效地激发读者的阅读兴趣。例如：
Most of us may have such experiences: when you go to some place far away from the city where you live and think you know nobody there,you are surprised to find that you run into one of your old classmates on the street,perhaps both of you would cry out: “What a small world!”
5.提问式导入
这种开篇方式也是为了吸引读者的注意力，以提问的方式统领全篇。例如：
“Is money all powerful?” If someone asks me such a question,my answer is always the same: No.Money is by no means all powerful.
（三）段落展开方法
1.按时间展开
这种方法就是按事件发生的顺序来写，常用于记叙一件事情。例如：
A friend in need is a friend in deed.
After lunch,while the other girls were sunbathing,Pat and I returned to the water.Soon cramps spread from my stomach to my legs.Immobilized by pain and fear,I yelled for help.My friend thought I was joking: so she ignored me.However,Sister Theresa came to my rescue when she noticed my plight.She pulled me out of the water and administered resuscitation.When regaining consciousness,I realized how close I had come to death.My experience with near death reminds me everyday how close we all are to death in our daily lives.
在上述文章中，作者用了after lunch；while；soon；when等时间连接语记叙了一件午饭后的事情。
2.按空间展开
这种段落展开方式常用于描述一个地方或景物，按照一定的空间方位顺序来描写。例如：
One of the most interesting places to visit in Singapore is the bird park.It’s located in the industrial area of Singapore,called Jurong.The bird park is about twelve kilometers from the center of the city,and it’s easy to get by bus or taxi.
It’s one of the largest bird parks in the world.The birds are kept in large cages,and there are hundreds of beautiful birds from many different parts of the world,including penguins,parrots,eagles,and ostriches.There’s a large lake in the park,with a restaurant beside it.There’s also a very large cage.You can walk into it to get a closer look at the birds.
3.按过程展开
按过程展开就是按照事情发展的经过、顺序进行逐项说明。一般是按照事物发生的先后顺序来进行的。例如：
To build a campfire,you should follow several steps.First collect a good supply of wood,both small branches and larger logs.Second,twist newspaper into small knots.Third,make a pile on the ground of several paper knots.Fourth,cover this pile with a few small branches.Fifth,place larger logs over the branches from the different directions.Finally,strike a match and ignite the paper at the bottom of the campfire,lighting it in several places.If you do so,you will be rewarded with a roaring blaze.
（四）文章衔接方法
好文章不仅内容完整，结构也要连贯，结构的紧凑连贯是决定文章好坏的一个重要因素。结构上的紧凑连贯要求文章的各个部分应该围绕主题句有机地结合起来，段落结构应该条理清晰，层次分明，衔接自然。结构的连贯性有利于读者跟上文章的思路，了解文章的大意。
运用一些衔接手段，可以使文章更加连贯。这些衔接手段包括以下几种：
（1）保持名词和代词中人称和数量的一致；保持动词时态的一致。
（2）使用过渡词语。使用过渡词语能很好地承上启下，把句子有机地连接起来，使文章段落内部环环相扣，从而推动段落中心意思顺利地向前发展。
（2）使用平行结构。使用平行结构的句子可以使段落大意得到充分的发挥。
（3）使用代词。使用代词来代替上文提到过的人或事，从而使句子互相照应，互相衔接。
（4）重复关键词语。重复关键词语可以使句子之间紧密衔接，从而使段落一浪高一浪地向前发展。
（五）文章结尾方法
1.总结式
总结式结尾就是在文章结尾处对全文进行总结，以揭示主题。例如：
A cartoon combines art and humor.When it is skillfully done,a simple line drawing and a few words can make people laugh.Their troubles seem less important,and they enjoy life more fully.
2.建议式
建议式的结尾是针对文中讨论的现象或问题，提出解决问题的途径、方法或呼吁人们采取相应的行动。例如：
College athletics plays such a vital role that it deserves close attention and persistent effort.It is suggested that physical training should be regarded as a required course wedged into college curricula,however crowded it maybe,and that a fair share of college budget should be,devoted to athletic programs.We sincerely hope that this suggestion will be a commitment that all colleges and universities will take up.
Stereotypes such as the helpless homemaker,harried executive and dotty grandparents are insulting enough to begin with.Placed in magazine ads or television commercials,they become even more insulting.Now these unfortunate characters are not just being laughed at；they are being turned into hucksters to sell products to an unsuspecting public.Consumers should boycott companies whose advertisement continues to use such stereotypes.
3.重申主题式
重申主题式这种结尾方式主要是强调文章的中心思想。例如：
Let’s say it again,it all begins with the instrument,your voice.If its sound and quality is flawed and needs improvement,that’s where you start,that’s what everyone hears whether in casual conversation or in making a major speech to a large audience.Pure vowel sounds,articulation,proper breathing,expressive speaking patterns,a pleasing vocal range,naturalness,all these will make you get twice the result with half the effort.
4.展望式
展望式这种方法主要表达对将来的展望和期待，有助于增强文章的感染力。例如：
I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century.As China will open further to the outside world the language is sure to be spread world widely.
（六）文章修改方法
完成了初稿也只是完成了写作的一部分，并不代表写作的结束。写完初稿后，还要仔细阅读并进行修改，把多余的删除，补上缺少的，改正错的。一般来讲，文章的修改通常从以下三个方面入手。
1.主题方面
对于主题方面的问题，最重要的就是要看表现的主题是否完整统一，然后看文章内容是否与标题相符，文章是否合乎逻辑，主题句是否清楚，语气是否一致，时态是否恰当等。发现相关的问题时，应及时修改。
2.段落方面
段落方面的检查主要是看段落材料是否充分，段落组织是否合理，段落之间是否连贯，过渡词的使用是否恰当。
3.语法方面
学生作文中最常见的问题就是语法问题，因而在这一方面要尤为重视。为了避免出现语法方面的问题，学生在完成一篇作文后要通读一遍，在阅读过程中要重点检查有无病句，句子表达是否合乎语法，拼写是否正确，标点符号运用是否正确，等等。