主要参考文献

主要参考文献 (1)

1 安献丽，王文忠，郑希耕.（2009）.阻碍条件性恐惧记忆消退的原因分析［J］.心理科学进展，17（1）：126—131

2 单敬，田宝，冯孟哲.（2011）.眼动脱敏再加工与自我状态疗法在创伤障碍性疾病治疗中的整合［J］.中国康复理论与实践，17（3）：250—252

3 黄清玲，唐勇，王沛弟，闫伟，钟元，刘文，张宁.（2011）.创伤后应激障碍患者杏仁核为主的边缘系统静息态脑功能磁共振研究［J］.中国神经精神疾病杂志，37（12）：705—709

4 孔繁钟.（1997）.DSM⁃IV精神疾病的诊断与统计［M］.合记图书出版社

5 李秀丽，王力，孙鲁毅.（2012）.交通事故幸存者急性应激障碍的流行情况及预测因素分析［J］.中华行为医学与脑科学杂志，21（10）：940—942

6 刘俊丽，王正洪，李敏，饶志仁.（2009）.条件恐惧大鼠消退保持与边缘下区磷酸化CREB的变化［J］.第四军医大学学报，30（11）：1041—1044

7 美国精神医学学会.（2015）.精神疾病诊断与统计手册（张道龙译）［M］.北京大学出版社，北京大学医学出版社

8 宋端铱，顾克胜，邵永聪，刘杰，盛文斌，叶恩茂，……郭渝成.（2011）.汶川地震救援军人创伤后应激障碍两年随访及影响因素分析［J］.军事医学，35（8）：573—577

9 孙海霞，杨蕴萍.（2004）.眼动脱敏与再加工治疗现状［J］.中国临床心理学杂志，3，324—326

10 唐寒梅，陈小龙，卢飞腾，傅燕艳，胡旺，詹文韵，黄鹏.（2018）.欺凌行为与青少年非自杀性自伤关系的Meta分析［J］.中国循证医学杂志，18（7）：707—714

11 王焕林，崔庶.（1996）.中国军人心理创伤后应激障碍的流行学调查［J］.中华精神科杂志，29（2），69—72

12 王煜蕙，陈喜林，戚菲，项瑛，冯琦，杜长伟，赵春华.（2012）.事故后飞行人员心理应激多项因素的流行病学调查［J］.中国健康心理学杂志，20（12）：1788—1789

13 谢国蝶，韩阿珠，陈俐如，苏普玉.（2019）.童年期不良经历与青少年抑郁关系队列研究的Meta分析［J］.中国学校卫生，40（8）：1177—1181

14 叶运莉，刘娅，陈敏，张俊辉，杨超，袁萍.（2011）.地震灾区中学生PSS与PTSD趋势及相关分析［J］.中国公共卫生，27（7）：853—855

15 张萌，吴海琴，王虎清.（2013）.BDNF在神经系统疾病中的作用机制［J］.卒中与神经疾病，20（6），384—387

16 张权，陈崝，王玮文，邓慧华.（2016）.创伤后应激障碍患者的HPA轴功能变化的时间序列特征［J］.心理科学进展，24（4）：536—546

17 张伊，伏干，姜慧丽，安媛媛.（2019）.专业救援人员的正念对创伤后应激障碍的影响：侵入反刍和社会支持的作用［J］.中国临床心理学杂志，5（2）：311—315

18 Resick，P.A.（2022）.创伤后应激障碍的治疗：认知加工疗法实用手册（许梦然，程明译）［M］.中国轻工业出版社

19 Abel， T.， & Lattal， K. M. （2001）. Molecular mechanisms of memory acquisition， consolidation and retrieval［J］. Current Opinion in Neurobiology， 11（2）： 180-187

20 Abrari， K.， Rashidy⁃Pour， A.， Semnanian， S.， & Fathollahi， Y. （2009）. Post⁃training administration of corticosterone enhances consolidation of contextual fear memory and hippocampal long⁃term potentiation in rats［J］. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory， 91（3）： 260-265

21 Acheson， D.， Feifel， D.， de Wilde， S.， Mckinney， R.， Lohr， J.， & Risbrough， V. （2013）. The effect of intranasal oxytocin treatment on conditioned fear extinction and recall in a healthy human sample［J］. Psychopharmacology， 229（1）： 199-208

22 Acierno， R.， Knapp， R.， Tuerk， P.， Gilmore， A. K.， Lejuez， C.， Ruggiero， K.，...Foa， E. B. （2017）. A non⁃inferiority trial of Prolonged Exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder： In person versus home⁃based telehealth［J］. Behaviour Research and Therapy， 89： 57-65

23 Adamec， R. E.， Blundell， J.， & Burton， P. （2005）. Neural circuit changes mediating lasting brain and behavioral response to predator stress［J］. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews， 29（8）： 1225-1241

24 Adamec， R. E.， Head， D.， Blundell， J.， Burton， P.， & Berton， O. （2006）. Lasting anxiogenic effects of feline predator stress in mice： Sex differences in vulnerability to stress and predicting severity of anxiogenic response from the stress experience［J］. Physiology and Behavior， 88（1-2）， 12-29

25 Adams， S. W.， Bowler， R. M.， Russell， K.， Brackbill， R. M.， Li， J.， & Cone， J. E. （2019）. PTSD and comorbid depression： Social support and self⁃efficacy in World Trade Center tower survivors 14-15 years after 9/11［J］. Psychological Trauma： Theory， Research， Practice， and Policy， 11（2）： 156-164

26 Admon， R.， Leykin， D.， Lubin， G.， Engert， V.， Andrews， J.， Pruessner， J.， & Hendler， T. （2013）. Stress⁃induced reduction in hippocampal volume and connectivity with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex are related to maladaptive responses to stressful military service［J］. Human Brain Mapping， 34（11）： 2808-2816

27 Admon， R.， Lubin， G.， Rosenblatt， J. D.， Stern， O.， Kahn， I.， Assaf， M.， & Hendler， T. （2013）. Imbalanced neural responsivity to risk and reward indicates stress vulnerability in humans［J］. Cerebral Cortex， 23（1）： 28-35

28 Aerni， A.， Traber， R.， Hock， C.， Roozendaal， B.， Schelling， G.， Papassotiropoulos， A.， ...de Quervain， D. J. F. （2004）. Low⁃dose cortisol for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 161（8）： 1488-1490

29 Afzali， M. H.， Sunderland， M.， Teesson， M.， Carragher， N.， Mills， K.， & Slade， T. （2017）. A network approach to the comorbidity between posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder： The role of overlapping symptoms［J］. Journal of Affective Disorders， 208： 490-496

30 Ahearn， E. P.， Krohn， A.， Connor， K. M.， & Davidson， J. R. T. （2003）. Pharmacologic Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder： A Focus on Antipsychotic Use［J］. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry， 15（3-4）： 193-201

31 Ahrens， J.， & Rexford， L. （2002）. Cognitive Processing Therapy for Incarcerated Adolescents with PTSD［J］. Journal of Aggression， Maltreatment & Trauma， 6（1）： 201-216

32 Aksoy⁃Aksel， A.， Zampa， F.， & Schratt， G. （2014）. MicroRNAs and synaptic plasticity⁃a mutual relationship［J］. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B： Biological Sciences， 369（1652）： 20130515

33 Alberini， C. M. （2005）. Mechanisms of memory stabilization： are consolidation and reconsolidation similar or distinct processes［J］？ Trends in Neuroences， 28（1）： 51-56

34 Alberini， C. M. （2009）. Transcription Factors in Long⁃Term Memory and Synaptic Plasticity［J］. Physiological Reviews， 89（1）： 121-145

35 Albucher， R. C.， & Liberzon， I. （2002）. Psychopharmacological treatment in PTSD： a critical review［J］. Journal of Psychiatric Research， 36（6）： 355-367

36 Alexander， K. S.， Nalloor， R.， Bunting， K. M.， & Vazdarjanova， A. （2020）. Investigating Individual Pre⁃trauma Susceptibility to a PTSD⁃Like Phenotype in Animals［J］. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience， 13： 85

37 Amat， J.， Baratta， M. v.， Paul， E.， Bland， S. T.， Watkins， L. R.， & Maier， S. F. （2005）. Medial prefrontal cortex determines how stressor controllability affects behavior and dorsal raphe nucleus［J］. Nature Neuroscience， 8（3）： 365-371

38 Ambros， V. （2004）. The functions of animal microRNAs. Nature， 431： 350-355

39 Amiel Rosenkranz， J.， & Grace， A. A. （2002）. Cellular mechanisms of infralimbic and prelimbic prefrontal cortical inhibition and dopaminergic modulation of basolateral amygdala neurons in vivo［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 22（1）： 324-337

40 Andero， R.， Choi， D. C.， & Ressler， K. J. （2014）. BDNF⁃TrkB receptor regulation of distributed adult neural plasticity， Memory formation， and psychiatric disorders［J］. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science， 122： 169-192

41 Andreasen， N. C. （2010）. Posttraumatic stress disorder： A history and a critique［J］. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences， 1208（1）： 67-71

42 Andrews， G.， Cuijpers， P.， Craske， M. G.， McEvoy， P.， & Titov， N. （2010）. Computer therapy for the anxiety and depressive disorders is effective， acceptable and practical health care： A meta⁃analysis［J］. PLoS ONE， 5（10）： e13196

43 An， X.， Yang， P.， Chen， S.， Zhang， F.， & Yu， D. （2018）. An additional prior retrieval alters the effects of a retrieval⁃extinction procedure on recent and remote fear memory［J］. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience， 11： 259

44 An， X.， Zheng， X.， Jing， L.， & Bai， Y. （2013）. Corticosterone combined with intramedial prefrontal cortex infusion of SCH 23390 impairs the strong fear response in high⁃fear⁃reactivity rats［J］. Psych Journal， 2（1）： 1-10

45 Archbold， G. E. B.， Bouton， M. E.， & Nader， K. （2010）. Evidence for the persistence of contextual fear memories following immediate extinction［J］. European Journal of Neuroscience， 31（7）： 1303-1311

46 Arruda⁃Carvalho， M.， & Clem， R. L. （2014）. Pathway⁃Selective Adjustment of Prefrontal⁃Amygdala Transmission during Fear Encoding［J］. Journal of Neuroscience the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience， 34（47）： 15601-15609

47 Arseneault， L.， Bowes， L.， & Shakoor， S. （2010）. Bullying victimization in youths and mental health problems： Much ado about nothing［J］？ Psychological Medicine， 40（5）： 717-729

48 Ashwick， R.， Turgoose， D.， & Murphy， D. （2019）. Exploring the acceptability of delivering Cognitive Processing Therapy （CPT） to UK veterans with PTSD over Skype： a qualitative study［J］. European Journal of Psychotraumatology， 10（1）： 1573128

49 Auchter， A.， Cormack， L. K.， Niv， Y.， Gonzalez⁃Lima， F.， & Monfils， M. H. （2017）. Reconsolidation⁃extinction interactions in fear memory attenuation： The role of inter⁃trial interval variability［J］. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience， 11： 2

50 Awad， W.， Ferreira， G.， & Maroun， M. （2015）. Dissociation of the Role of Infralimbic Cortex in Learning and Consolidation of Extinction of Recent and Remote Aversion Memory［J］. Neuropsychopharmacology， 40（11）： 2566-2575

51 Bajor， L. A.， Ticlea， A. N.， & Osser， D. N. （2011）. The psychopharmacology algorithm project at the harvard south shore program： an update on posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Harvard Review of Psychiatry， 19（5）： 240-258

52 Baker， K. D.， McNally， G. P.， & Richardson， R. （2013）. Memory retrieval before or after extinction reduces recovery of fear in adolescent rats［J］. Learning and Memory， 20（9）： 467-473

53 Baldwin， D. S.， Anderson， I. M.， Nutt， D. J.， Allgulander， C.， Bandelow， B.， den Boer， J. A.， ...Wittchen， H.⁃U. （2014）. Evidence⁃based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders， post⁃traumatic stress disorder and obsessive⁃compulsive disorder： A revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology［J］. Journal of Psychopharmacology， 28（5）： 403-439

54 Bangasser， D. A.， & Shors， T. J. （2007）. The hippocampus is necessary for enhancements and impairments of learning following stress［J］. Nature Neuroscience， 10（11）， 1401-1403

55 Barad， M.， Gean， P. W.， & Lutz， B. （2006）. The Role of the Amygdala in the Extinction of Conditioned Fear［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 60（4）： 322-328

56 Baratta， M. v.， Christianson， J. P.， Gomez， D. M.， Zarza， C. M.， Amat， J.， Masini， C. v.， ...Maier， S. F. （2007）. Controllable versus uncontrollable stressors bi⁃directionally modulate conditioned but not innate fear［J］. Neuroscience， 146（4）： 1495-1503

57 Barker， T. v.， Reeb⁃Sutherland， B. C.， & Fox， N. A. （2014）. Individual differences in fear potentiated startle in behaviorally inhibited children［J］. Developmental Psychobiology， 56（1）： 133-141

58 Barry， D. N.， & Maguire， E. A. （2019）. Consolidating the Case for Transient Hippocampal Memory Traces［J］. Trends in Cognitive Sciences， 23（8）： 635-636

59 Bartel， D. P. （2009）. MicroRNAs： Target Recognition and Regulatory Functions［J］. Cell， 136（2）： 215-233

60 Ba， V. D. K.， Spinazzola， J.， Blaustein， M. E.， Hopper， J. W.， Hopper， E. K.， Korn， D. L.， & Simpson， W. B. （2007）. A randomized clinical trial of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing （EMDR）， fluoxetine， and pill placebo in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder： treatment effects and long⁃term maintenance［J］. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry， 68（1）： 37-46

61 Bazak， N.， Kozlovsky， N.， Kaplan， Z.， Matar， M.， Golan， H.， Zohar， J.， ...Cohen， H. （2009）. Pre⁃pubertal stress exposure affects adult behavioral response in association with changes in circulating corticosterone and brain⁃derived neurotrophic factor［J］. Psychoneuroendocrinology， 34（6）： 844-858

62 Bekinschtein， P.， Cammarota， M.， Igaz， L. M.， Bevilaqua， L. R. M.， Izquierdo， I.， & Medina， J. H. （2007）. Persistence of Long⁃Term Memory Storage Requires a Late Protein Synthesis⁃ and BDNF⁃ Dependent Phase in the Hippocampus［J］. Neuron， 53（2）： 261-277

63 Bentz， D.， Michael， T.， de Quervain， D. J. F.， & Wilhelm， F. H. （2010）. Enhancing exposure therapy for anxiety disorders with glucocorticoids： From basic mechanisms of emotional learning to clinical applications［J］. Journal of Anxiety Disorders， 24（2）： 223-230

64 Berardi， A.， Trezza， V.， Palmery， M.， Trabace， L.， Cuomo， V.， & Campolongo， P. （2014）. An updated animal model capturing both the cognitive and emotional features of post⁃traumatic stress disorder （PTSD）［J］. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience， 8： 142

65 Bernardy， N.， C.， Lund， B.， C.， Alexander， Friedman， & M.， J. （2012）. Prescribing trends in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry， 73（3）： 297-303

66 Bertolini， F.， Robertson， L.， Ostuzzi， G.， Meader， N.， Bisson， J.， I.， Churchill， R.， Barbui， C. （2019）. Early pharmacological interventions for preventing post‐traumatic stress disorder （PTSD）： a network meta‐analysis［J］. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews， 10： CD013443

67 Berton， O.， McClung， C. A.， DiLeone， R. J.， Krishnan， V.， Renthal， W.， Russo， S. J.， ...Nestler， E. J. （2006）. Essential role of BDNF in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in social defeat stress［J］. Science， 311： 864-868

68 Bethell， C. D.， Newacheck， P.， Hawes， E.， & Halfon， N. （2014）. Adverse childhood experiences： Assessing the impact on health and school engagement and the mitigating role of resilience［J］. Health Affairs， 33（12）： 2106-2115

69 Bisson， J. I.， Berliner， L.， Cloitre， M.， Forbes， D.， Jensen， T. K.， Lewis， C.， ...Shapiro， F. （2019）. The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies New Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder： Methodology and Development Process［J］. Journal of Traumatic Stress， 32（4）： 475-483

70 Bisson， J. I.， Ehlers， A.， Matthews， R.， Pilling， S.， Richards， D.， & Turner， S. （2007）. Psychological treatments for chronic post⁃traumatic stress disorder［J］. British Journal of Psychiatry， 190（2）： 97-104

71 Bisson， J. I.， Roberts， N. P.， Andrew， M.， Cooper， R.， & Lewis， C. （2013）. Psychological therapies for chronic post⁃traumatic stress disorder （PTSD） in adults［J］. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews， 12： CD003388

72 Blanchard， E. B.， Hickling， E. J.， Taylor， A. E.， Loos， W. R.， Forneris， C. A.， & Jaccard， J. （1996）. Who develops PTSD from motor vehicle accidents［J］？ Behaviour Research and Therapy， 34（1）： 1-10

73 Blum， S.， Hebert， A. E.， & Dash， P. K. （2006）. A role for the prefrontal cortex in recall of recent and remote memories［J］. NeuroReport， 17（3）： 341-344

74 Bossini， L.， Tavanti， M.， Lombardelli， A.， Calossi， S.， Polizzotto， N. R.， Galli， R.， ... Castrogiovanni， P. （2007）. Changes in hippocampal volume in patients with post⁃traumatic stress disorder after sertraline treatment［J］. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology， 27（2）： 233-235

75 Bouton， M.， E. （2004）. Context and Behavioral Processes in Extinction［J］. Learning and Memory， 11（5）： 485

76 Bouton， M. E.， Mineka， S.， & Barlow， D. H. （2001）. A modern learning theory perspective on the etiology of panic disorder［J］. Psychological Review， 108： 4-32

77 Bowler， R. M.， Harris， M.， Li， J.， Gocheva， V.， Stellman， S. D.， Wilson， K.，...Cone， J. E. （2012）. Longitudinal mental health impact among police responders to the 9/11 terrorist attack［J］. American Journal of Industrial Medicine， 55（4）： 297-312

78 Bowler， R. M.， Kornblith， E. S.， Li， J.， Adams， S. W.， Gocheva， V. v.， Schwarzer， R.， & Cone， J. E. （2016）. Police officers who responded to 9/11： Comorbidity of PTSD， depression， and anxiety 10-11 years later［J］. American Journal of Industrial Medicine， 59（6）： 425-436

79 Boyd， J. E.， Lanius， R. A.， & McKinnon， M. C. （2018）. Mindfulness⁃based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder： a review of the treatment literature and neurobiological evidence［J］. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience， 43（1）： 7-25

80 Bradley， R.， Greene， J.， Russ， E.， Dutra， L.， & Westen， D. （2005）. A Multidimensional Meta⁃Analysis of Psychotherapy for PTSD［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 162（2）： 214-227

81 Brady， K. T.， Pearlstein， T.， Asnis， G. M.， Baker， D.， Rothbaum， B.， Sikes， C. R.， & Farfel， G. M. （2000）. Efficacy and Safety of Sertraline Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder［J］. JAMA， 283（14）： 1837

82 Brady， K. T.， & Clary， C. M. （2003）. Affective and anxiety comorbidity in post⁃traumatic stress disorder treatment trials of sertraline［J］. Comprehensive Psychiatry， 44（5）： 360-369

83 Bramham， C. R.， & Messaoudi， E. （2005）. BDNF as a trigger for transsynaptic consolidation in the adult brain［M］. In book： Synaptic Plasticity and Transsynaptic Signaling （pp. 159-184）. Springer

84 Brand， S. R.， Schechter， J. C.， Hammen， C. L.， le Brocque， R.， & Brennan， P. A. （2011）. Do adolescent offspring of women with PTSD experience higher levels of chronic and episodic stress［J］？ Journal of Traumatic Stress， 24（4）： 399-404

85 Bredy， T. W.， Lin， Q.， Wei， W.， Baker⁃Andresen， D.， & Mattick， J. S. （2011）. MicroRNA regulation of neural plasticity and memory［J］. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory， 96（1）： 89-94

86 Breslau， N. （2003）. Epidemiologic studies of trauma， posttraumatic stress disorder， and other psychiatric disorders［J］. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry， 47（10）： 923-929

87 Breslau， N.， Chilcoat， H. D.， Kessler， R. C.， & Davis， G. C. （1999）. Previous exposure to trauma and PTSD effects of subsequent trauma： Results from the detroit area survey of trauma［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 156（6）： 902-907

88 Breslau， N.， & Kessler， R. C. （2001）. The stressor criterion in DSM⁃IV posttraumatic stress disorder： An empirical investigation［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 50（9）： 699-704

89 Breslau， N.， Kessler， R. C.， Chilcoat， H. D.， Schultz， L. R.， Davis， G. C.， & Andreski， P. （1998）. Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Community［J］. Archives of General Psychiatry， 55（7）： 626-632

90 Breslau， N.， Koenen， K. C.， Luo， Z.， Agnew⁃Blais， J.， Swanson， S.， Houts， R. M.， ...Moffitt， T. E. （2014）. Childhood maltreatment， juvenile disorders and adult post⁃traumatic stress disorder： A prospective investigation［J］. Psychological Medicine， 44（9）： 1937-1945

91 Brewin， C. R. （2011）. The nature and significance of memory disturbance in posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology， 7： 203-227

92 Brewin， C. R.， Gregory， J. D.， Lipton， M.， & Burgess， N. （2010）. Intrusive Images in Psychological Disorders： Characteristics， Neural Mechanisms， and Treatment Implications［J］. Psychological Review， 117（1）： 210-232

93 Brinks， V.， van der Mark， M.， de Kloet， R.， & Oitzl， M. （2007）. Emotion and cognition in high and low stress sensitive mouse strains： A combined neuroendocrine and behavioral study in BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice［J］. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience， 1： 8

94 Brown， T. A.， Campbell， L. A.， Lehman， C. L.， Grisham， J. R.， & Mancill， R. B. （2001）. Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM⁃IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample［J］. Journal of Abnormal Psychology， 110（4）： 585-599

95 Brueckner， A. H.， Lass⁃Hennemann， J.， Wilhelm， F. H.， Ferreira de Sá， D. S.， & Michael， T. （2019）. Cortisol administration after extinction in a fear⁃conditioning paradigm with traumatic film clips prevents return of fear［J］. Translational Psychiatry， 9（1）： 128

96 Brunet， A.， Poundja， J.， Tremblay， J.， Bui， É.， Thomas， É.， Orr， S. P.，...Pitman， R. K. （2011）. Trauma reactivation under the influence of propranolol decreases posttraumatic stress symptoms and disorder： 3 open⁃label trials［J］. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology， 31（4）： 547-550

97 Brunson， K. L.， Eghbal⁃Ahmadi， M.， Bender， R.， Chen， Y.， & Baram， T. Z. （2001）. Long⁃term， progressive hippocampal cell loss and dysfunction induced by early⁃life administration of corticotropin⁃releasing hormone reproduce the effects of early⁃life stress［J］. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America， 98（15）： 8856-8861

98 Brunstein Klomek， A.， Marrocco， F.， Kleinman， M.， Schonfeld， I. S.， & Gould， M. S. （2007）. Bullying， depression， and suicidality in adolescents［J］. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry， 46（1）： 40-49

99 Bryant， R. A.， Felmingham， K.， Kemp， A.， Das， P.， Hughes， G.， Peduto， A.， & Williams， L. （2008）. Amygdala and ventral anterior cingulate activation predicts treatment response to cognitive behaviour therapy for post⁃traumatic stress disorder［J］. Psychological Medicine， 38（4）： 555-561

100 Buchanan， T. W.， & Tranel， D. （2008）. Stress and emotional memory retrieval： Effects of sex and cortisol response［J］. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory， 89（2）： 134-141

101 Buchanan， T. W.， Tranel， D.， & Adolphs， R. （2006）. Impaired memory retrieval correlates with individual differences in cortisol response but not autonomic response［J］. Learning and Memory， 13（3）： 382-387

102 Buhmann， C. B.， Nordentoft， M.， Ekstroem， M.， Carlsson， J.， & Mortensen， E. L. （2016）. The effect of flexible cognitive⁃behavioural therapy and medical treatment， including antidepressants on post⁃traumatic stress disorder and depression in traumatised refugees： pragmatic randomised controlled clinical trial［J］. British Journal of Psychiatry， 208（3）： 252-259

103 Bukalo， O.， Pinard， C. R.， Silverstein， S.， Brehm， C.， Hartley， N. D.， Whittle， N.， ...Singewald， N. （2015）. Prefrontal inputs to the amygdala instruct fear extinction memory formation［J］. Science Advances， 1（6）： e43498

104 Burgos⁃Robles， A.， Kimchi， E. Y.， Izadmehr， E. M.， Porzenheim， M. J.， Ramos⁃Guasp， W. A.， Nieh， E. H.，...Presbrey， K. N. （2017）. Amygdala inputs to prefrontal cortex guide behavior amid conflicting cues of reward and punishment［J］. Nature Neuroscience， 20（6）： 824-835

105 Burgos⁃Robles， A.， Vidal⁃Gonzalez， I.， & Quirk， G. J. （2009）. Sustained Conditioned Responses in Prelimbic Prefrontal Neurons Are Correlated with Fear Expression and Extinction Failure［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 29（26）： 8474-8482

106 Busso， D. S.， McLaughlin， K. A.， Brueck， S.， Peverill， M.， Gold， A. L.， & Sheridan， M. A. （2017）. Child Abuse， Neural Structure， and Adolescent Psychopathology： A Longitudinal Study［J］. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry， 56（4）： 321-328

107 Bustos， S. G.， Maldonado， H.， & Molina， V. A. （2006）. Midazolam disrupts fear memory reconsolidation［J］. Neuroscience， 139（3）： 831-842

108 Buwalda， B.， Kole， M. H. P.， Veenema， A. H.， Huininga， M.， de Boer， S. F.， Korte， S. M.， & Koolhaas， J. M. （2005）. Long⁃term effects of social stress on brain and behavior： A focus on hippocampal functioning［J］. In Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews， 29（1）： 83-97

109 Cahill， L. （1997）. The neurobiology of emotionally influenced memory. Implications for understanding traumatic memory［J］. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences， 821： 238-246

110 Cao， C.， Wang， L.， Fang， R.， Liu， P.， Bi， Y.， Luo， S.， ...Olff， M. （2022）. Anxiety， depression， and PTSD symptoms among high school students in china in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown［J］. Journal of Affective Disorders， 296： 126-129

111 Caramanica， K.， Brackbill， R. M.， Liao， T.， & Stellman， S. D. （2014）. Comorbidity of 9/11⁃Related PTSD and Depression in the World Trade Center Health Registry 10-11 Years Postdisaster［J］. Journal of Traumatic Stress， 27（6）： 680-688

112 Cary， C. E.， & McMillen， J. C. （2012）. The data behind the dissemination： A systematic review of trauma⁃focused cognitive behavioral therapy for use with children and youth［J］. Children and Youth Services Review， 34（4）： 748-757

113 Casagrande， M. A.， Haubrich， J.， Pedraza， L. K.， Popik， B.， Quillfeldt， J. A.， & de Oliveira Alvares， L. （2018）. Synaptic consolidation as a temporally variable process： Uncovering the parameters modulating its time⁃course［J］. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory， 150： 42-47

114 Castro⁃Gomes， V.， Bergstrom， H. C.， McGuire， J. L.， Parker， C. C.， Coyner， J.， Landeira⁃Fernandez， J.， ...Johnson， L. R. （2016）. A dendritic organization of lateral amygdala neurons in fear susceptible and resistant mice［J］. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory， 127： 64-71

115 Cavigelli， S. A.， Stine， M. M.， Kovacsics， C.， Jefferson， A.， Diep， M. N.， & Barrett， C. E. （2007）. Behavioral inhibition and glucocorticoid dynamics in a rodent model［J］. Physiology and Behavior， 92（5）： 897-905

116 Chang， C. H.， & Maren， S. （2009）. Early extinction after fear conditioning yields a context⁃independent and short⁃term suppression of conditional freezing in rats［J］. Learning and Memory， 16（1）： 62-68

117 Charney， D. S. （2004）. Psychobiological Mechanism of Resilience and Vulnerability： Implications for Successful Adaptation to Extreme Stress［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 161（2）： 195-216

118 Charney， D. S.， Deutch， A. Y.， Krystal， J. H.， Southwick， S. M.， & Davis， M. （1993）. Psychobiologic Mechanisms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder［J］. Archives of General Psychiatry， 50（4）： 295-305

119 Chemtob， C. M.， & Carlson， J. G. （2004）. Psychological effects of domestic violence on children and their mothers［J］. International Journal of Stress Management， 11（3）： 209-226

120 Chemtob， C. M.， Tolin， D.， van der Kolk， B.， & Pitman， R. （2000）. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing［M］. In Effective Treatments for PTSD： Practice Guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies （pp. 333-335）. Guilford Press

121 Chen， J.， Kitanishi， T.， Ikeda， T.， Matsuki， N.， & Yamada， M. K. （2007）. Contextual learning induces an increase in the number of hippocampal CA1 neurons expressing high levels of BDNF［J］. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory， 88（4）： 409-415

122 Chocyk， A.， Bobula， B.， Dudys， D.， Przyborowska， A.， Majcher⁃Malanka， I.， Hess， G.， & Wedzony， K. （2013）. Early⁃life stress affects the structural and functional plasticity of the medial prefrontal cortex in adolescent rats［J］. European Journal of Neuroscience， 38（1）： 2089-2107

123 Choi Dennis，C， Maguschak Kimberly， A.， Keqiang， Y.， Sung⁃Wuk， J.， Myers Karyn， M.， & Ressler Kerry， J. （2010）. Prelimbic cortical BDNF is required for memory of learned fear but not extinction or innate fear［J］. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences， 107（6）： 2675-2680

124 Cho， J. H.， Deisseroth， K.， & Bolshakov， V. （2013）. Synaptic Encoding of Fear Extinction in mPFC⁃amygdala Circuits［J］. Neuron， 80（6）： 1491

125 Chou， D.， Huang， C. C.， & Hsu， K. sen. （2014）. Brain⁃derived neurotrophic factor in the amygdala mediates susceptibility to fear conditioning［J］. Experimental Neurology， 255： 19-29

126 Christie， H.， Hamilton⁃Giachritsis， C.， Alves⁃Costa， F.， Tomlinson， M.， & Halligan， S. L. （2019）. The impact of parental posttraumatic stress disorder on parenting： a systematic review［J］. European Journal of Psychotraumatology， 10： 1550345

127 Clem， R. L.， & Huganir， R. L. （2010）. Calcium⁃permeable AMPA receptor dynamics mediate fear memory erasure［J］. Science， 330， 1108-1112

128 Cluver， L.， Lachman， J. M.， Sherr， L.， Wessels， I.， Krug， E.， Rakotomalala， S.， ...McDonald， K. （2019）. Parenting in a time of COVID-19［J］. The Lancet， 20： 30736

129 Cohen， H.， Matar， M. A.， Buskila， D.， Kaplan， Z.， & Zohar， J. （2008）. Early Post⁃Stressor Intervention with High⁃Dose Corticosterone Attenuates Posttraumatic Stress Response in an Animal Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 64（8）： 708-717

130 Cohen， H.， & Zohar， J. （2004）. An animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder： The use of cut⁃off behavioral criteria［J］. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences， 1032： 167-178

131 Cohen， H.， Zohar， J.， Gidron， Y.， Matar， M. A.， Belkind， D.， Loewenthal， U.， ...Kaplan， Z. （2006）. Blunted HPA Axis Response to Stress Influences Susceptibility to Posttraumatic Stress Response in Rats［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 59（12）： 1208-1218

132 Cohen， S.， Vainer， E.， Matar， M. A.， Kozlovsky， N.， Kaplan， Z.， Zohar， J.， ...Cohen， H. （2015）. Diurnal Fluctuations in HPA and Neuropeptide Y⁃ergic Systems Underlie Differences in Vulnerability to Traumatic Stress Responses at Different Zeitgeber Times［J］. Neuropsychopharmacology， 40（3）： 774-790

133 Cora， H.， Daniel， B.， Andrea， G.， Andreas， L.， & Ingrid， E. （2014）. Ex vivo dissection of optogenetically activated mPFC and hippocampal inputs to neurons in the basolateral amygdala： implications for fear and emotional memory［J］. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience， 8： 64

134 Corcoran， K. A.， & Quirk， G. J. （2007）. Activity in Prelimbic Cortex Is Necessary for the Expression of Learned， But Not Innate， Fears［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 27（4）： 840-844

135 Cordero， M. I.， Kruyt， N. D.， Merino， J. J.， & Sandi， C. （2002）. Glucocorticoid involvement in memory formation in a rat model for traumatic memory［J］. Stress， 5（1）： 73-79

136 Costanzi， M.， Cannas， S.， Saraulli， D.， Rossi⁃Arnaud， C.， & Cestari， V. （2011）. Extinction after retrieval： Effects on the associative and nonassociative components of remote contextual fear memory［J］. Learning and Memory， 18： 508-518

137 Cougle， J. R.， Resnick， H.， & Kilpatrick， D. G. （2009）. PTSD， depression， and their comorbidity in relation to suicidality： Cross⁃sectional and prospective analyses of a national probability sample of women［J］. Depression and Anxiety， 26（12）： 1151-1157

138 Courtois， C. A.， Sonis， J. H.， Brown， L. S.， & Kurtzman， H. （2019）. Summary of the clinical practice guideline for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder （PTSD） in adults［J］. American Psychologist， 74（5）： 596-607

139 Covington， H. E.， Lobo， M. K.， Maze， I.， Vialou， V.， Hyman， J. M.， Zaman， S.， ...Nestler， E. J. （2010）. Antidepressant effect of optogenetic stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 30（48）： 16082-16090

140 Craig， W.， Harel⁃Fisch， Y.， Fogel⁃Grinvald， H.， Dostaler， S.， Hetland， J.， Simons⁃Morton， B.， ...Nansel， T. （2009）. A cross⁃national profile of bullying and victimization among adolescents in 40 countries［J］. International Journal of Public Health， 54（Suppl. 2）： 216-224

141 Creamer， M.， O'Donnell， M. L.， & Pattison， P. （2004）. The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in severely injured trauma survivors［J］. Behaviour Research and Therapy， 42（3）： 315-328

142 Crespo， M.， & Mar Gómez， M. （2016）. Diagnostic concordance of DSM⁃IV and DSM-5 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder （PTSD） in a clinical sample［J］. Psicothema， 28（2）： 161-166

143 Crocq， M.⁃A.， & Crocq， L. （2000）. From shell shock and war neurosis to posttraumatic stress disorder： a history of psychotraumatology［J］. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience， 2（1）： 47-55

144 Crompton， D. R.， Mcfarlane， A.， Group， G. D.， & Contributors. （2007）. Australian Guidelines for the Treatment of Adults With Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder［J］. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry， 41： 637-648

145 Cusack， K.， Jonas， D. E.， Forneris， C. A.， Wines， C.， Sonis， J.， Middleton， J. C.， ...Gaynes， B. N. （2016）. Psychological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder： A systematic review and meta⁃analysis［J］. Clinical Psychology Review， 43： 128-141

146 Daniel， C.， M.， O'Doherty， Kate， M， Chitty， Sonia， Saddiqui， Maxwell， & R. （2015）. A systematic review and meta⁃analysis of magnetic resonance imaging measurement of structural volumes in posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Psychiatry Research： Neuroimaging， 232： 1-33

147 Daniel， J， Lee， Carla， W， Schnitzlein， Jonathan， P， Wolf， & Meena. （2016）. Psychotherapy versus phamacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder： systemic review and analyses to determine first⁃line treatments［J］. Depression and Anxiety， 33（9）： 792-806

148 D-api， M. R.， Flander， G. B.， & Prijatelj， K. （2020）. Children behind closed doors due to covid-19 isolation： Abuse， neglect and domestic violence［J］. Archives of Psychiatry Research， 56： 181-192

149 da Silva， T. R.， Raymundi， A. M.， Bertoglio， L. J.， Andreatini， R.， & Stern， C. A. （2020）. Role of prelimbic cortex PKC and PKMζ in fear memory reconsolidation and persistence following reactivation［J］. Scientific Reports， 10（1）： 4076

150 Davidson， J.， Baldwin， D.， Stein， D. J.， Kuper， E.， Benattia， I.， Ahmed， S.，...Musgnung， J. （2006）. Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder With Venlafaxine Extended Release［J］. Archives of General Psychiatry， 63（10）： 1158

151 Davidson， J. （2015）. Vintage treatments for PTSD： A reconsideration of tricyclic drugs［J］. Journal of Psychopharmacology， 29（3）： 264-269

152 Davidson， J.， Rothbaum， B. O.， Tucker， P.， Asnis， G.， Benattia， I.， & Musgnung， J. J. （2006）. Venlafaxine extended release in posttraumatic stress disorder： a sertraline⁃ and placebo⁃controlled study［J］. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology， 26（3）： 259-267

153 Davidson， J.， Rothbaum， B. O.， van der Kolk， B. A.， Sikes， C. R.， & Farfel， G. M. （2001）. Multicenter， Double⁃blind Comparison of Sertraline and Placebo in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder［J］. Archives of General Psychiatry， 58（5）： 485-492

154 Davidson， P. R.， & Parker， K. C. H. （2001）. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing （EMDR）： A meta⁃analysis［J］. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology， 69（2）： 305-316

155 Davis， M.， & Myers， K. M. （2002）. The role of glutamate and Gamma⁃Aminobutyric acid in fear extinction： clinical implications for exposure therapy［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 52（10）： 998-1007

156 Davis， M.， Rainnie， D.， & Cassell， M. （1994）. Neurotransmission in the rat amygdala related to fear and anxiety［J］. Trends in Neurosciences， 17（5）： 208-214

157 Davis， M.， Ressler， K.， Rothbaum， B. O.， & Richardson， R. （2006）. Effects of D⁃Cycloserine on Extinction： Translation From Preclinical to Clinical Work［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 60（4）： 369-375

158 de Arellano， M. A. R.， Lyman， D. R.， Jobe⁃Shields， L.， George， P.， Dougherty， R. H.， Daniels， A. S.，...Delphin⁃Rittmon， M. E. （2014）. Trauma⁃Focused Cognitive⁃Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents： Assessing the Evidence［J］. Psychiatric Services， 65（5）： 591-602

159 de Bellis， M. D.， Hooper， S. R.， Spratt， E. G.， & Woolley， D. P. （2009）. Neuropsychological findings in childhood neglect and their relationships to pediatric PTSD［J］. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society， 15（6）： 868-878

160 Debiec， J.， & Ledoux， J. E. （2004）. Disruption of reconsolidation but not consolidation of auditory fear conditioning by noradrenergic blockade in the amygdala［J］. Neuroscience， 129（2）： 267-272

161 de Boer， M.， Op den Velde， W.， Falger， P. J. R.， Hovens， J. E.， de Groen， J. H. M.， & van Duijn， H. （1992）. Fluvoxamine Treatment for Chronic PTSD： A Pilot Study［J］. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics， 57（4）： 158-163

162 de Kleine， R. A.， Hendriks， G.⁃J.， Kusters， W. J. C.， Broekman， T. G.， & van Minnen， A. （2012）. A Randomized Placebo⁃Controlled Trial of d⁃Cycloserine to Enhance Exposure Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 71（11）： 962-968

163 de Kloet， E. R.， Karst， H.， & Joëls， M. （2008）. Corticosteroid hormones in the central stress response： Quick⁃and⁃slow［J］. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology， 29（2）： 268-272

164 de Kloet， E. R.， Oitzl， M. S.， & Joëls， M. （1999）. Stress and cognition： Are corticosteroids good or bad guys［J］？ Trends in Neurosciences， 22（10）： 422-426

165 Delahanty， D. L.， & Nugent， N. R. （2006）. Predicting PTSD prospectively based on prior trauma history and immediate biological responses［J］. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences， 1071： 27-40

166 Delahanty， D. L.， Nugent， N. R.， Christopher， N. C.， & Walsh， M. （2005）. Initial urinary epinephrine and cortisol levels predict acute PTSD symptoms in child trauma victims［J］. Psychoneuroendocrinology， 30（2）： 121-128

167 Delahanty， D. L.， Raimonde， A. J.， & Spoonster， E. （2000）. Initial posttraumatic urinary cortisol levels predict subsequent PTSD symptoms in motor vehicle accident victims［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 48（9）： 940-947

168 Delahanty， D. L.， Raimonde， A. J.， Spoonster， E.， & Cullado， M. （2003）. Injury severity， prior trauma history， urinary cortisol levels， and acute PTSD in motor vehicle accident victims［J］. Journal of Anxiety Disorders， 17（2）： 149-164

169 Demetrio， Sierra⁃Mercado， Nancy， Padilla⁃Coreano， Gregory， J， & Quirk. （2010）. Dissociable Roles of Prelimbic and Infralimbic Cortices， Ventral Hippocampus and Basolateral Amygdala in the Expression and Extinction of Conditioned Fear［J］. Neuropsychopharmacology， 36： 529-538

170 Denardo， L.， Liu， C.， Allen， W.， Adams， E.， Friedmann， D.， Dadgar⁃Kiani， E.， ...Luo， L. （2019）. Temporal Evolution of Cortical Ensembles Promoting Remote Memory Retrieval［J］. Nature Neuroscience， 22： 460-469

171 Deng， J. H.， Yan， W.， Han， Y.， Chen， C.， Meng， S. Q.， Sun， C. Y.，...Lu， L. （2017）. Predictable Chronic Mild Stress during Adolescence Promotes Fear Memory Extinction in Adulthood［J］. Scientific Reports， 7（1）： 7857

172 Denny， C. A.， Kheirbek， M. A.， Alba， E. L.， Tanaka， K. F.， Brachman， R. A.， Laughman， K. B.， ...Hen， R. （2014）. Hippocampal memory traces are differentially modulated by experience， time， and adult neurogenesis［J］. Neuron， 83（1）： 189-201

173 de Oliveira Alvares， L.， Genro， B. P.， Diehl， F.， & Quillfeldt， J. A. （2008）. Differential role of the hippocampal endocannabinoid system in the memory consolidation and retrieval mechanisms［J］. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory， 90（1）： 1-9

174 de Quervain， D. J. F.， Aerni， A.， Schelling， G.， & Roozendaal， B. （2009）. Glucocorticoids and the regulation of memory in health and disease［J］. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology， 30（3）： 358-370

175 de Quervain， D. J. F.， & Margraf， J. （2008）. Glucocorticoids for the treatment of post⁃traumatic stress disorder and phobias： A novel therapeutic approach［J］. European Journal of Pharmacology， 583（2-3）： 365-371

176 de Roos， C.， Greenwald， R.， den Hollander⁃Gijsman， M.， Noorthoorn， E.， van Buuren， S.， & de Jongh， A. （2011）. A randomised comparison of cognitive behavioural therapy （CBT） and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing （EMDR） in disaster⁃exposed children［J］. European Journal of Psychotraumatology， 2（1）： 5694

177 Diamantopoulou， A.， Oitzl， M. S.， & Grauer， E. （2012）. Fear memory for cue and context： Opposite and time⁃dependent effects of a physiological dose of corticosterone in male BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice［J］. Brain Research， 1466： 112-118

178 Dias， B. G.， Goodman， J. V.， Ahluwalia， R.， Easton， A. E.， Andero， R.， & Ressler， K. J. （2014）. Amygdala⁃Dependent Fear Memory Consolidation via miR-34a and Notch Signaling［J］. Neuron， 83（4）： 906-918

179 Diehle， J.， Opmeer， B. C.， Boer， F.， Mannarino， A. P.， & Lindauer， R. J. L. （2015）. Trauma⁃focused cognitive behavioral therapy or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing： what works in children with posttraumatic stress symptoms？ A randomized controlled trial［J］. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry， 24（2）： 227-236

180 Difede， J.， Cukor， J.， Wyka， K.， Olden， M.， Hoffman， H.， Lee， F. S.， & Altemus， M. （2014）. D⁃Cycloserine Augmentation of Exposure Therapy for Post⁃Traumatic Stress Disorder： A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial［J］. Neuropsychopharmacology， 39（5）： 1052-1058

181 DiGangi， J. A.， Gomez， D.， Mendoza， L.， Jason， L. A.， Keys， C. B.， & Koenen， K. C. （2013）. Pretrauma risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder： A systematic review of the literature［J］. Clinical Psychology Review， 33（6）： 728-744

182 Dincheva， I.， Pattwell， S. S.， Tessarollo， L.， Bath， K. G.， & Lee， F. S. （2014）. BDNF modulates contextual fear learning during adolescence［J］. Developmental Neuroscience， 36（3-4）： 269-276

183 Ditlevsen， D. N.， & Elklit， A. （2012）. Gender， trauma type， and PTSD prevalence： a re⁃analysis of 18 nordic convenience samples［J］. Annals of General Psychiatry， 11： 26

184 Dolcos， F.， Labar， K. S.， & Cabeza， R. （2004）. Interaction between the amygdala and the medial temporal lobe memory system predicts better memory for emotional events［J］. Neuron， 42（5）： 855-863

185 Douglas， R. J.， & Martin， K. （2007）. Mapping the Matrix： The Ways of Neocortex［J］. Neuron， 56（2）： 226-238

186 Dudai， Y. （2004）. The neurobiology of consolidations， or， how stable is the engram［J］？ Annual Review of Psychology， 55： 51-86

187 Dudai， Y. （2006）. Reconsolidation： the advantage of being refocused［J］. Current Opinion in Neurobiology， 16（2）： 174-178

188 Dudai， Y.， & Eisenberg， M. （2004）. Rites of passage of the engram： Reconsolidation and the lingering consolidation hypothesis［J］. Neuron， 44： 93-100

189 Duman， R. S.， & Aghajanian， G. K. （2012）. Synaptic Dysfunction in Depression： Potential Therapeutic Targets［J］. Science， 338（6103）： 68-72

190 Duman， R. S.， & Girgenti， M. J. （2019）. Molecular and cellular studies of PTSD： Postmortem transcriptome analysis and novel therapeutic targets［J］. Journal of Neuroscience Research， 97（3）： 292-299

191 Dunsmoor， J. E.， Niv， Y.， Daw， N.， & Phelps， E. A. （2015）. Rethinking Extinction［J］. Neuron， 88（1）： 47-63

192 Duvarci， S.， & Nader， K. （2004）. Characterization of fear memory reconsolidation［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 24（42）： 9269-9275

193 Duvarci， S.， Nader， K.， & LeDoux， J. E. （2005）. Activation of extracellular signal⁃regulated kinase⁃mitogen⁃activated protein kinase cascade in the amygdala is required for memory reconsolidation of auditory fear conditioning［J］. European Journal of Neuroscience， 21（1）： 283-289

194 Dyregrov， A. （1989）. Caring for helpers in disaster situations： Psychological debriefing［J］. Disaster Management， 2（1）： 25-30

195 Echterling， L. G.， Field， T. A.， & Stewart， A. L. （2015）. Evolution of PTSD diagnosis in the DSM［M］. In Future Directions in Post⁃Traumatic Stress Disorder： Prevention， Diagnosis， and Treatment （pp. 189-212）. Springer

196 Eckstein， M.， Becker， B.， Scheele， D.， Scholz， C.， Preckel， K.， Schlaepfer， T. E.， ...Hurlemann， R. （2015）. Oxytocin Facilitates the Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Humans［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 78（3）： 194-202

197 Eftekhari， A.， Ruzek， J. I.， Crowley， J. J.， Rosen， C. S.， Greenbaum， M. A.， & Karlin， B. E. （2013）. Effectiveness of National Implementation of Prolonged Exposure Therapy in Veterans Affairs Care［J］. JAMA Psychiatry， 70（9）： 949-955

198 Egeland， B.， & Sroufe， A. （2010）. Developmental sequelae of maltreatment in infancy［J］. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development， 1981（11）： 77-92

199 Ehlers， A.， & Clark， D. M. （2000）. A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Behaviour Research and Therapy， 15（3）： 249-275

200 Ehlers， A.， Hackmann， A.， Grey， N.， Wild， J.， Liness， S.， Albert， I.， ...Clark， D. M. （2014）. A Randomized Controlled Trial of 7⁃Day Intensive and Standard Weekly Cognitive Therapy for PTSD and Emotion⁃Focused Supportive Therapy［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 171（3）： 294-304

201 Eichenbaum， H. （2017）. Memory： Organization and Control［J］. Annual Review of Psychology， 68： 19-45

202 Eisenberg， M.， & Dudai， Y. （2015）. Reconsolidation of fresh， remote， and extinguished fear memory in medaka： old fears don't die［J］. European Journal of Neuroscience， 20（12）： 3397-3403

203 Eisenhardt， D.， & Menzel， R. （2007）. Extinction learning， reconsolidation and the internal reinforcement hypothesis［J］. Neurobiology of Learning & Memory， 87（2）： 167-173

204 Enman， N. M.， Arthur， K.， Ward， S. J.， Perrine， S. A.， & Unterwald， E. M. （2015）. Anhedonia， Reduced Cocaine Reward， and Dopamine Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 78（12）： 871-879

205 Erickson， M. F.， Egeland， B.， & Pianta， R. （1989）. The effects of maltreatment on the development of young children［M］. In Child Maltreatment （pp. 647-684）. Cambridge University Press

206 Eskandarian， S.， Vafaei， A. A.， Vaezi， G. H.， Taherian， F.， & Rashidy⁃Pour， A. （2013）. Effects of Systemic Administration of Oxytocin on Contextual Fear Extinction in a Rat Model of Post⁃Traumatic Stress Disorder［J］. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience， 4： 315-322

207 Etkin， A.， Egner， T.， & Kalisch， R. （2011）. Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex［J］. Trends in Cognitiveences， 15（2）： 85-93

208 Etkin， A.， & Wager， T. D. （2007）. Functional neuroimaging of anxiety： A meta⁃ana lysis of emotional processing in PTSD， social anxiety disorder， and specific phobia［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 164（10）： 1476-1488

209 Etten， M. L. van， & Taylor， S. （1998）. Comparative efficacy of treatments for post⁃traumatic stress disorder： a meta⁃analysis［J］. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy， 5（3）： 126-144

210 Fadok， J. P.， Dickerson， T. M. K.， & Palmiter， R. D. （2009）. Dopamine is necessary for cue⁃dependent fear conditioning［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 29（36）： 11089-11097

211 Fanselow， M. S. （2000）. Contextual fear， gestalt memories， and the hippocampus［J］. Behavioural Brain Research， 110（1-2）： 73-81

212 Feldner， M. T.， Monson， C. M.， & Friedman， M. J. （2007）. A critical analysis of approaches to targeted PTSD prevention： Current status and theoretically derived future directions［J］. Behavior Modification， 31（1）： 80-116

213 Felitti， V. J.， Anda， R. F.， Nordenberg， D.， Williamson， D. F.， Spitz， A. M.， Edwards， V.， Koss， M. P.， & Marks， J. S. （1998）. Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults： The Adverse Childhood Experiences （ACE）Study［J］. American Journal of Preventive Medicine， 14（4）： 245-258

214 Felix⁃Ortiz， A. C.， Burgos⁃Robles， A.， Bhagat， N. D.， Leppla， C. A.， & Tye， K. M. （2016）. Bidirectional modulation of anxiety⁃related and social behaviors by amygdala projections to the medial prefrontal cortex［J］. Neuroscience， 321： 197-209

215 Felmingham， K. L.， Dobson⁃Stone， C.， Schofield， P. R.， Quirk， G. J.， & Bryant， R. A. （2013）. The brain⁃derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism predicts response to exposure therapy in posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 73（11）： 1059-1063

216 Felmingham， K. L.， Falconer， E. M.， Williams， L.， Kemp， A. H.， Allen， A.， Peduto， A.， & Bryant， R. A. （2014）. Reduced amygdala and ventral striatal activity to happy faces in PTSD is associated with emotional numbing［J］. PLoS ONE， 9（9）： e103653

217 Flanagan， J. C.， Hand， A.， Jarnecke， A. M.， Moran⁃Santa Maria， M. M.， Brady， K. T.， & Joseph， J. E. （2018）. Effects of oxytocin on working memory and executive control system connectivity in posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology， 26（4）： 391-402

218 Flanagan， J. C.， Sippel， L. M.， Wahlquist， A.， Moran⁃Santa Maria， M. M.， & Back， S. E. （2018）. Augmenting Prolonged Exposure therapy for PTSD with intranasal oxytocin： A randomized， placebo⁃controlled pilot trial［J］. Journal of Psychiatric Research， 98： 64-69

219 Flory， J. D.， & Yehuda， R. （2017）. Glucocorticoid Receptor： Genetics and Epigenetics in Veterans With PTSD［M］. In Stress： Neuroendocrinology and Neurobiology （pp. 303-307）. Academic Press

220 Foa， E. B. （2007）. Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD： Emotional Processing of Traumatic Experiences Therapist Guide［M］. Oxford University Press

221 Foa， E. B.， Dancu， C. v， Hembree， E. A.， Jaycox， L. H.， Meadows， E. A.， & Street， G. P. （1999）. A comparison of exposure therapy， stress inoculation training， and their combination for reducing posttraumatic stress disorder in female assault victims［J］. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology， 67（2）： 194-200

222 Foa， E. B.， Franklin， M. E.， & Moser， J. （2002）. Context in the clinic： How well do cognitive⁃behavioral therapies and medications work in combination［J］？ Biological Psychiatry， 52（10）： 987-997

223 Foa， E. B.， Hembree， E. A.， Cahill， S. P.， Rauch， S. A. M.， Riggs， D. S.， Feeny， N. C.， & Yadin， E. （2005）. Randomized trial of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder with and without cognitive restructuring： Outcome at academic and community clinics［J］. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology， 73（5）： 953-964

224 Foa， E. B.， Hembree， E.， & Rothbaum， B. （2007）. Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD： Therapist Guide ［M］. Oxford University Press

225 Foa， E. B.， McLean， C. P.， Capaldi， S.， & Rosenfield， D. （2013）. Prolonged Exposure vs Supportive Counseling for Sexual Abuse⁃Related PTSD in Adolescent Girls［J］. JAMA， 310（24）： 2650-2657

226 Foa， E. B.， McLean， C. P.， Zang， Y.， Rosenfield， D.， Yadin， E.， Yarvis， J. S.， ...Peterson， A. L. （2018）. Effect of Prolonged Exposure Therapy Delivered Over 2 Weeks vs 8 Weeks vs Present⁃Centered Therapy on PTSD Symptom Severity in Military Personnel［J］. JAMA， 319（4）： 354-364

227 Foa， E. B.， & Rauch， S. （2004）. Cognitive changes during prolonged exposure versus prolonged exposure plus cognitive restructuring in female assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology， 72（5）： 879-884

228 Foa， E. B.， Rothbaum， B. O.， & Furr， J. M. （2003）. Augmenting Exposure Therapy With Other CBT Procedures［J］. Psychiatric Annals， 33（1）： 47-53

229 Foa， E. B.， Zinbarg， R.， & Rothbaum， B. O. （1992）. Uncontrollability and Unpredictability in Post⁃Traumatic Stress Disorder： An Animal Model［J］. Psychological Bulletin， 112（2）： 218-238

230 Francisco， Sotres⁃Bayon， Demetrio， Sierra⁃Mercado， Enmanuelle， Pardilla⁃Delgado， Gregory， J.， & Quirk. （2012）. Gating of Fear in Prelimbic Cortex by Hippocampal and Amygdala Input［J］. Neuron， 76： 804-812

231 Frankland， P. W.， & Bontempi， B. （2005）. The organization of recent and remote memories［J］. Nature Reviews Neuroscience， 6（2）： 119-130

232 Frankland， P. W.， Ding， H. K.， Takahashi， E.， Suzuki， A.， Kida， S.， & Silva， A. J. （2006）. Stability of recent and remote contextual fear memory［J］. Learning and Memory， 13（4）： 451-457

233 Friedman， M. J. （2002）. Future pharmacotherapy for post⁃traumatic stress disorder： Prevention and treatment［J］. Psychiatric Clinics of North America， 25（2）： 427-441

234 Fukushima， H.， Zhang， Y.， & Kida， S. （2021）. Active transition of fear memory phase from reconsolidation to extinction through erk⁃mediated prevention of reconsolidation［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 41（6）： 1288-1300

235 Fu， Q.， Koenen， K. C.， Miller， M. W.， Heath， A. C.， Bucholz， K. K.， Lyons， M. J.， ...Tsuang， M. T. （2007）. Differential Etiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Conduct Disorder and Major Depression in Male Veterans［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 62（10）： 1088-1094

236 Gale， G. D.， Anagnostaras， S. G.， Godsil， B. P.， Mitchell， S.， Nozawa， T.， Sage， J. R.， ... Fanselow， M. S. （2004）. Role of the Basolateral Amygdala in the Storage of Fear Memories across the Adult Lifetime of Rats［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 24（15）： 3810-3815

237 Galovski， T. E.， Blain， L. M.， Mott， J. M.， Elwood， L.， & Houle， T. （2012）. Manualized therapy for PTSD： Flexing the structure of cognitive processing therapy［J］. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology， 80（6）： 968-981

238 Garfinkel， S. N.， Abelson， J. L.， King， A. P.， Sripada， R. K.， Wang， X.， Gaines， L. M.， & Liberzon， I. （2014）. Impaired contextual modulation of memories in PTSD： an fMRI and psychophysiological study of extinction retention and fear renewal［J］. The Journal of Neuroscience， 34（40）： 13435-13443

239 Gavranidou， M.， & Rosner， R. （2003）. The weaker sex？ Gender and post⁃traumatic stress disorder［J］. Depression and Anxiety， 17（3）： 130-139

240 Georgieva， I.， Lepping， P.， Bozev， V.， Lickiewicz， J.， Pekara， J.， Wikman， S.， ...Lantta， T. （2021）. Prevalence， new incidence， course， and risk factors of ptsd， depression， anxiety， and panic disorder during the covid-19 pandemic in 11 countries［J］. Healthcare （Switzerland）， 9（6）： 664

241 Geracioti， J.， Baker， D. G.， Ekhator， N. N.， West， S. A.， Hill， K. K.， Bruce， A. B.，...Kasckow， J. W. （2001）. CSF norepinephrine concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 158（8）： 1227-1230

242 Gerlicher， A. M. V.， Tüscher， O.， & Kalisch， R. （2018）. Dopamine⁃dependent prefrontal reactivations explain long⁃term benefit of fear extinction［J］. Nature Communications， 9（1）： 4294

243 Gersons， B. P. R.， & Carlier， I. V. E. （1992）. Post⁃traumatic stress disorder： The history of a recent concept［J］. British Journal of Psychiatry， 161（6）： 742-748

244 Ghosh， S.， & Chattarji， S. （2015）. Neuronal encoding of the switch from specific to generalized fear［J］. Nature Neuroscience， 18： 112-120

245 Giannotti， G.， Heinsbroek， J. A.， Yue， A. J.， Deisseroth， K.， & Peters， J. （2019）. Prefrontal cortex neuronal ensembles encoding fear drive fear expression during long⁃term memory retrieval［J］. Scientific Reports， 9（1）： 10709

246 Gilbert， R.， Widom， C. S.， Browne， K.， Fergusson， D.， Webb， E.， & Janson， S. （2009）. Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high⁃income countries［J］. The Lancet， 373： 68-81

247 Gilbertson， M. W.， Shenton， M. E.， Ciszewski， A.， Kasai， K.， Lasko， N. B.， Orr， S. P.， & Pitman， R. K. （2002）. Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma［J］. Nature Neuroscience， 5（11）： 1242-1247

248 Gilbertson， M. W.， Williston， S. K.， Paulus， L. A.， Lasko， N. B.， Gurvits， T. v.， Shenton， M. E.， ...Orr， S. P. （2007）. Configural Cue Performance in Identical Twins Discordant for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder： Theoretical Implications for the Role of Hippocampal Function［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 62（5）： 513-520

249 Gilmartin， M. R.， Balderston， N. L.， & Helmstetter， F. J. （2014）. Prefrontal cortical regulation of fear learning［J］. Trends in Neurosciences， 37（8）： 455-464

250 Ginzburg， K.， Ein⁃Dor， T.， & Solomon， Z. （2010）. Comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder， anxiety and depression： A 20⁃year longitudinal study of war veterans［J］. Journal of Affective Disorders， 123（1-3）： 249-257

251 Goenjian， A. K.， Walling， D.， Steinberg， A. M.， Roussos， A.， Goenjian， H. A.， & Pynoos， R. S. （2009）. Depression and PTSD symptoms among bereaved adolescents 61/2 years after the 1988 spitak earthquake［J］. Journal of Affective Disorders， 112（1-3）： 81-84

252 Gold， A. L.， Sheridan， M. A.， Peverill， M.， Busso， D. S.， Lambert， H. K.， Alves， S.， ...McLaughlin， K. A. （2016）. Childhood abuse and reduced cortical thickness in brain regions involved in emotional processing［J］. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines， 57（10）： 1154-1164

253 Goldbeck， L.， Muche， R.， Sachser， C.， Tutus， D.， & Rosner， R. （2016）. Effectiveness of Trauma⁃Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents： A Randomized Controlled Trial in Eight German Mental Health Clinics［J］. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics， 85（3）： 159-170

254 Goldberg， J.， True， W. R.， Eisen， S. A.， & Henderson， W. G. （1990）. A Twin Study of the Effects of the Vietnam War on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder［J］. JAMA： The Journal of the American Medical Association， 263（9）： 1227-1232

255 Golier， J. A.， Caramanica， K.， Demaria， R.， & Yehuda， R. （2012）. A pilot study of mifepristone in combat⁃related PTSD［J］. Depression Research and Treatment， 2012： 393251

256 Goode， T. D.， Holloway⁃Erickson， C. M.， & Maren， S. （2017）. Extinction after fear memory reactivation fails to eliminate renewal in rats［J］. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory， 142： 41-47

257 Goodman， S. H.， & Gotlib， I. H. （1999）. Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers： A developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission［J］. Psychological Review， 106（3）： 458-490

258 Goodson， J. T.， Lefkowitz， C. M.， Helstrom， A. W.， & Gawrysiak， M. J. （2013）. Outcomes of Prolonged Exposure therapy for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Journal of Traumatic Stress， 26（4）： 419-425

259 Gorman， J. M.， & Docherty， J. P. （2010）. A Hypothesized Role for Dendritic Remodeling in the Etiology of Mood and Anxiety Disorders［J］. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci， 22（3）： 256-264

260 Goshen， I.， Brodsky， M.， Prakash， R.， Wallace， J.， Gradinaru， V.， Ramakrishnan， C.， & Deisseroth， K. （2011）. Dynamics of retrieval strategies for remote memories［J］. Cell， 147（3）： 678-689

261 Goswami， S.， Rodríguez⁃Sierra， O.， Cascardi， M.， & Paré， D. （2013）. Animal models of post⁃traumatic stress disorder： Face validity［J］. Frontiers in Neuroscience， 7： 1-14

262 Gottfried， J. A.， & Dolan， R. J. （2004）. Human orbitofrontal cortex mediates extinction learning while accessing conditioned representations of value［J］. Nature Neuroscience， 7（10）： 1144-1152

263 Gourley， S. L.， Kedves， A. T.， Olausson， P.， & Taylor， J. R. （2009）. A history of corticosterone exposure regulates fear extinction and cortical NR2B， GluR2/3， and BDNF［J］. Neuropsychopharmacology， 34（3）： 707-716

264 Gräff， J.， Joseph， N. F.， Horn， M. E.， Samiei， A.， Meng， J.， Seo， J.， ...Tsai， L. H. （2014）. Epigenetic priming of memory updating during reconsolidation to attenuate remote fear memories［J］. Cell， 156（1-2）： 261-276

265 Gray， M. J.， & Litz， B. T. （2005）. Behavioral interventions for recent trauma： Empirically informed practice guidelines［J］. Behavior Modification， 29（1）： 189-215

266 Griffith， A. K. （2022）. Parental Burnout and Child Maltreatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic［J］. Journal of Family Violence， 37（5）： 725-731

267 Griggs， E. M.， Young， E. J.， Rumbaugh， G.， & Miller， C. A. （2013）. MicroRNA-182 regulates amygdala⁃dependent memory formation［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 33（4）： 1734-1740

268 Grillon， C.， Baas， J. P.， Lissek， S.， Smith， K.， & Milstein， J. （2004）. Anxious responses to predictable and unpredictable aversive events［J］. Behavioral Neuroscience， 118（5）： 916-924

269 Guessoum， S. B.， Lachal， J.， Radjack， R.， Carretier， E.， Minassian， S.， Benoit， L.， & Moro， M. R. （2020）. Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown［J］. Psychiatry Research， 291（4）： 113264

270 Guijarro， J. Z.， Tiba， P. A.， Ferreira， T. L.， Kawakami， S. E.， Oliveira， M. G. M.， & Suchecki， D. （2007）. Effects of brief and long maternal separations on the HPA axis activity and the performance of rats on context and tone fear conditioning［J］. Behavioural Brain Research， 184（2）： 101-108

271 Guzowski， J. F.， Lyford， G. L.， Stevenson， G. D.， Houston， F. P.， McGaugh， J. L.， Worley， P. F.， & Barnes， C. A. （2000）. Inhibition of activity⁃dependent arc protein expression in the rat hippocampus impairs the maintenance of long⁃term potentiation and the consolidation of long⁃term memory［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 20（11）： 3993-4001

272 Ha， B. E.， Bok， K. Y.， Jinhwa， J.， Taek， K. H.， Inhee， M. J.， & Whan， J. M. （2001）. Fast Spiking and Regular Spiking Neural Correlates of Fear Conditioning in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex of the Rat［J］. Cerebral Cortex， 11（5）： 441-451

273 Hageman， I.， Andersen， H. S.， & Jørgensen， M. B. （2001）. Post⁃traumatic stress disorder： a review of psychobiology and pharmacotherapy［J］. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica， 104（6）： 411-422

274 Hall， B. J.， Bolton， P. A.， Annan， J.， Kaysen， D.， Robinette， K.， Cetinoglu， T.， ...Bass， J. K. （2014）. The Effect of Cognitive Therapy on Structural Social Capital： Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial Among Sexual Violence Survivors in the Democratic Republic of the Congo［J］. American Journal of Public Health， 104（9）： 1680-1686

275 Hall， J.， Thomas， K. L.， & Everitt， B. J. （2000）. Rapid and selective induction of BDNF expression in the hippocampus during contextual learning［J］. Nature Neuroscience， 3（6）： 533-535

276 Hamner， M. B.， Robert， S.， & Frueh， B. C. （2004）. Treatment⁃resistant posttraumatic stress disorder： strategies for intervention［J］. CNS Spectrums， 9（10）： 740-752

277 Harlow， H. F. （1958）. The nature of love［J］. American Psychologist， 13（12）： 673-685

278 Harlow， H. F.， Dodsworth， R. O.， & Harlow， M. K. （1965）. Total social isolation in monkeys［J］. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America， 54（1）： 90-97

279 Harlow， H. F.， Harlow， M. K.， Dodsworth， R. O.， & Arling， G. L. （1966）. Maternal behavior of rhesus monkeys deprived of mothering and peer associations in infancy［J］. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society， 110（1）： 58-66

280 Harlow， H. F.， Harlow， M. K.， & Suomi， S. J. （1971）. From thought to therapy： lessons from a primate laboratory［J］. American Scientist， 59（5）： 538-554

281 Harlow， H. F.， & Suomi， S. J. （1971）. Social recovery by isolation⁃reared monkeys［J］. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America， 68（7）： 1534-1538

282 Hawker， D. S. J.， & Boulton， M. J. （2000）. Twenty years' research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment： A meta⁃analytic review of cross⁃sectional studies［J］. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines， 41（4）： 441-455

283 Hayes， J. P.， Hayes， S. M.， & Mikedis， A. M. （2012）. Quantitative meta⁃analysis of neural activity in posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders， 2（1）： 9

284 Heide， F.， Mooren， T. M.， Schoot， R.， Jongh， A. D.， & Kleber， R. J. （2016）. Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy v. stabilisation as usual for refugees： randomised controlled trial［J］. British Journal of Psychiatry the Journal of Mental Science， 209（4）： 311-318

285 Heldt， S. A.， Zimmermann， K.， Parker， K.， Gaval， M.， & Ressler， K. J. （2014）. BDNF deletion or TrkB impairment in amygdala inhibits both appetitive and aversive learning［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 34（7）： 2444-2450

286 Hembree， E. A.， & Foa， E. B. （2000）. Posttraumatic stress disorder： psychological factors and psychosocial interventions［J］. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry， 61： 33-39

287 Hembree， E. A.， Foa， E. B.， Dorfan， N. M.， Street， G. P.， Kowalski， J.， & Tu， X. （2003）. Do patients drop out prematurely from exposure therapy for PTSD［J］？ Journal of Traumatic Stress， 16（6）： 555-562

288 Hendriks， L.， Kleine， R. A. de， Broekman， T. G.， Hendriks， G.⁃J.， & Minnen， A. van. （2018）. Intensive prolonged exposure therapy for chronic PTSD patients following multiple trauma and multiple treatment attempts［J］. European Journal of Psychotraumatology， 9（1）： 1425574

289 Hensel⁃Dittmann， D.， Schauer， M.， Ruf， M.， Catani， C.， Odenwald， M.， Elbert， T.， & Neuner， F. （2011）. Treatment of Traumatized Victims of War and Torture： A Randomized Controlled Comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy and Stress Inoculation Training［J］. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics， 80（6）： 345-352

290 Herman， J. P.， Mcklveen， J. M.， Solomon， M. B.， Carvalho⁃Netto， E.， & Myers， B. （2012）. Neural regulation of the stress response： Glucocorticoid feedback mechanisms［J］. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research， 45（4）： 292-298

291 Hermey， G.， Plath， N.， Hübner， C. A.， Kuhl， D.， Schaller， H. C.， & Hermans⁃Borgmeyer， I. （2004）. The three sorCS genes are differentially expressed and regulated by synaptic activity［J］. Journal of Neurochemistry， 88（6）： 1470-1476

292 Herry， C.， Trifilieff， P.， Micheau， J.， Lüthi， A.， & Mons， N. （2006）. Extinction of auditory fear conditioning requires MAPK/ERK activation in the basolateral amygdala［J］. European Journal of Neuroscience， 24（1）： 261-269

293 Hertzberg， M. A.， Feldman， M. E.， Beckham， J. C.， Kudler， H. S.， & Davidson， J. R. T. （2000）. Lack of efficacy for fluoxetine in PTSD： a placebo controlled trial in combat veterans［J］. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry， 12（2）： 101-105

294 Hetrick， S. E.， Purcell， R.， Garner， B.， & Parslow， R. （2010）. Combined pharmacotherapy and psychological therapies for post traumatic stress disorder （PTSD）［J］. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews， 7： 2

295 Hien， D. A.， Levin， F. R.， Ruglass， L. M.， López⁃Castro， T.， Papini， S.， Hu， M.⁃C.， Cohen， L. R.， & Herron， A. （2015）. Combining seeking safety with sertraline for PTSD and alcohol use disorders： A randomized controlled trial［J］. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology， 83（2）： 359-369

296 Hinton， D. E.， Rasmussen， A.， Nou， L.， Pollack， M. H.， & Good， M. J. （2009）. Anger， PTSD， and the nuclear family： A study of Cambodian refugees［J］. Social Science and Medicine， 69（9）： 1387-1394

297 Hoge， E. A.， Austin， E. D.， & Pollack， M. H. （2007）. Resilience： Research evidence and conceptual considerations for posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Depression and Anxiety， 24（2）： 139-152

298 Hoge， E. A.， Worthington， J. J.， Nagurney， J. T.， Chang， Y.， Kay， E. B.， Feterowski， C. M.， K...Lasko， N. B. （2012）. Effect of acute posttrauma propranolol on PTSD outcome and physiological responses during script⁃driven imagery［J］. CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics， 18（1）： 21-27

299 Holbrook， T. L.， Galarneau， M. R.， Dye， J. L.， Quinn， K.， & Dougherty， A. L. （2010）. Morphine use after combat injury in Iraq and post⁃traumatic stress disorder［J］. New England Journal of Medicine， 362（2）： 110-117

300 Honoré， E.， Khlaifia， A.， Bosson， A.， & Lacaille， J. C. （2021）. Hippocampal Somatostatin Interneurons， Long⁃Term Synaptic Plasticity and Memory［J］. Frontiers in Neural Circuits， 15： 687558

301 Hopper， J. W.， Pitman， R. K.， Su， Z.， Heyman， G. M.， Lasko， N. B.， Macklin， M. L.， ...Elman， I. （2008）. Probing reward function in posttraumatic stress disorder： Expectancy and satisfaction with monetary gains and losses［J］. Journal of Psychiatric Research， 42（10）： 802-807

302 Horowitz， M. J. （1986）. Stress⁃response syndromes： A review of posttraumatic and adjustment disorders［J］. Hospital and Community Psychiatry， 37（3）： 241-249

303 Hoskins， M. D.， Bridges， J.， Sinnerton， R.， Nakamura， A.， Underwood， J. F. G.， Slater， A.， ...Bisson， J. I. （2021）. Pharmacological therapy for post⁃traumatic stress disorder： a systematic review and meta⁃analysis of monotherapy， augmentation and head⁃to⁃head approaches［J］. European Journal of Psychotraumatology， 12（1）： 1802920

304 Hoskins， M. D.， Sinnerton， R.， Nakamura， A.， Underwood， J. F. G.， Slater， A.， Lewis， C.， ...Clarke， L. （2021）. Pharmacological⁃assisted Psychotherapy for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder： a systematic review and meta⁃analysis［J］. European Journal of Psychotraumatology， 12（1）： 1853379

305 Hovens， J. G. F. M.， Giltay， E. J.， Wiersma， J. E.， Spinhoven， P.， Penninx， B. W. J. H.， & Zitman， F. G. （2012）. Impact of childhood life events and trauma on the course of depressive and anxiety disorders［J］. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica， 126（3）： 198-207

306 Howlett， J. R.， & Stein， M. B. （2016）. Prevention of Trauma and Stressor⁃Related Disorders： A Review［J］. Neuropsychopharmacology， 41（1）： 357-369

307 Huang， Y. Y.， Li， X. C.， & Kandel， E. R. （1994）. cAMP contributes to mossy fiber LTP by initiating both a covalently mediated early phase and macromolecular synthesis⁃dependent late phase［J］. Cell， 79（1）： 69-79

308 Huether， G. （1996）. The central adaptation syndrome： Psychosocial stress as a trigger for adaptive modification of brain structure and brain function［J］. Progress in Neurobiology， 48（6）： 569-612

309 Hultman， R.， Mague， S. D.， Li， Q.， Katz， B. M.， Michel， N.， Lin， L.， ...Dzirasa， K. （2016）. Dysregulation of Prefrontal Cortex⁃Mediated Slow⁃Evolving Limbic Dynamics Drives Stress⁃Induced Emotional Pathology［J］. Neuron， 91（2）： 439-452

310 Hutton⁃Bedbrook， K.， & McNally， G. P. （2013）. The promises and pitfalls of retrieval⁃extinction procedures in preventing relapse to drug seeking［J］. Frontiers in Psychiatry， 4： 14

311 Idsoe， T.， Dyregrov， A.， & Idsoe， E. C. （2012）. Bullying and PTSD symptoms［J］. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology， 40（6）： 901-911

312 Impey， S.， Obrietan， K.， & Storm， D. R. （1999）. Making new connections： Role of ERK/MAP kinase signaling in neuronal plasticity［J］. Neuron， 23（1）： 11-14

313 Ishii， D.， Matsuzawa， D.， Matsuda， S.， Tomizawa， H.， Sutoh， C.， & Shimizu， E. （2012）. No erasure effect of retrieval⁃extinction trial on fear memory in the hippocampus⁃independent and dependent paradigms［J］. Neuroscience Letters， 523： 76-81

314 Ishii， D.， Matsuzawa， D.， Matsuda， S.， Tomizawa， H.， Sutoh， C.， & Shimizu， E. （2015）. An isolated retrieval trial before extinction session does not prevent the return of fear［J］. Behavioural Brain Research， 287： 139-145

315 Ishikawa， A.， & Nakamura， S. （2003）. Convergence and interaction of hippocampal and amygdalar projections within the prefrontal cortex in the rat［J］. Journal of Neuroscience the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience， 23（31）： 9987

316 Israel， Liberzon， James， L.， & Abelson. （2016）. Context Processing and the Neurobiology of Post⁃Traumatic Stress Disorder［J］. Neuron， 92（1）： 14-30

317 Ivy， A. S.， Rex， C. S.， Chen， Y.， Dubé， C.， Maras， P. M.， Grigoriadis， D. E.， ...Baram， T. Z. （2010）. Hippocampal dysfunction and cognitive impairments provoked by chronic early⁃life stress involve excessive activation of CRH receptors［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 30（39）： 13005-13015

318 Izumi， T.， Inoue， T.， Kato， A.， Kitaichi， Y.， Nakagawa， S.， & Koyama， T. （2008）. Changes in amygdala neural activity that occur with the extinction of context⁃dependent conditioned fear stress［J］. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior， 90（3）： 297-304

319 Jaberghaderi， N.， Greenwald， R.， Rubin， A.， Zand， S. O.， & Dolatabadi， S. （2004）. A comparison of CBT and EMDR for sexually⁃abused Iranian girls［J］. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy， 11（5）： 358-368

320 Jang， K. L.， Stein， M. B.， Taylor， S.， Asmundson， G. J. G.， & Livesley， W. J. （2003）. Exposure to traumatic events and experiences： Aetiological relationships with personality function［J］. Psychiatry Research， 120（1）： 61-69

321 Janson， J.， & Rohleder， N. （2017）. Distraction coping predicts better cortisol recovery after acute psychosocial stress［J］. Biological Psychology， 128： 117-124

322 Jeong， H.， Chung， Y. A.， Ma， J.， Kim， J.， Hong， G.， Oh， J. K.， ...Lyoo， I. K. （2019）. Diverging roles of the anterior insula in trauma⁃exposed individuals vulnerable or resilient to posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Scientific Reports， 9（1）： 15539

323 Jetly， R.， Heber， A.， Fraser， G.， & Boisvert， D. （2015）. The efficacy of nabilone， a synthetic cannabinoid， in the treatment of PTSD⁃associated nightmares： A preliminary randomized， double⁃blind， placebo⁃controlled cross⁃over design study［J］. Psychoneuroendocrinology， 51： 585-588

324 Jia， M.， Smerin， S. E.， Zhang， L.， Xing， G.， Li， X.， Benedek， D.， ... Li， H. （2015）. Corticosterone mitigates the stress response in an animal model of PTSD［J］. Journal of Psychiatric Research， 60： 29-39

325 Johansen， J. P.， Cain， C. K.， Ostroff， L. E.， & Ledoux， J. E. （2011）. Molecular mechanisms of fear learning and memory［J］. Cell， 147（3）： 509-524

326 Johnsen， B. H.， Eid， J.， Laberg， J. C.， & Thayer， J. F. （2002）. The effect of sensitization and coping style on post⁃traumatic stress symptoms and quality of life： Two longitudinal studies［J］. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology， 43（2）： 181-188

327 Johnson， D. M.， Sheahan， T. C.， & Chard， K. M. （2004）. Personality Disorders， Coping Strategies， and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Women with Histories of Childhood Sexual Abuse［J］. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse， 12（2）： 19-39

328 Johnson， K. （2010）. Association of Sexual Violence and Human Rights Violations With Physical and Mental Health in Territories of the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo［J］. JAMA， 304（5）： 553-562

329 JosephM.， Stujenske， Ekaterina， Likhtik， MihirA.， Topiwala， ...Gordon. （2014）. Fear and Safety Engage Competing Patterns of Theta⁃Gamma Coupling in the Basolateral Amygdala［J］. Neuron， 83（4）： 919-933

330 Jovanovic， T.， Kazama， A.， Bachevalier， J.， & Davis， M. （2012）. Impaired safety signal learning may be a biomarker of PTSD［J］. Neuropharmacology， 62（2）： 695-704

331 Kalinichev， M.， Easterling， K. W.， Plotsky， P. M.， & Holtzman， S. G. （2002）. Long⁃lasting changes in stress⁃induced corticosterone response and anxiety⁃like behaviors as a consequence of neonatal maternal separation in Long⁃Evans rats［J］. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior， 73： 131-140

332 Kalisch， R.， Gerlicher， A. M. V.， & Duvarci， S. （2019）. A Dopaminergic Basis for Fear Extinction［J］. Trends in Cognitive Sciences， 23（4）： 274-277

333 Kallarackal， Angy， J， Kvarta， Mark， D， Cammarata， Erin， ...Leelah. （2013）. Chronic Stress Induces a Selective Decrease in AMPA Receptor⁃Mediated Synaptic Excitation at Hippocampal Temporoammonic⁃CA1 Synapses［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 33（40）： 15669-15674

334 Kao， C. Y.， Stalla， G.， Stalla， J.， Wotjak， C. T.， & Anderzhanova， E. （2015）. Norepinephrine and corticosterone in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus predict PTSD⁃like symptoms in mice［J］. European Journal of Neuroscience， 41（9）： 1139-1148

335 Kao， Y. C.， Wang， I. F.， & Tsai， K. J. （2018）. miRNA-34c overexpression causes dendritic loss and memory decline［J］. International Journal of Molecular Sciences， 19（8）： 2323

336 Kaouane， N.， Porte， Y.， Vallée， M.， Brayda⁃Bruno， L.， Mons， N.， Calandreau， L.，...Desmedt， A. （2012）. Glucocorticoids can induce PTSD⁃like memory impairments in mice［J］. Science， 335： 1510-1513

337 Kar， N. （2011）. Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of post⁃traumatic stress disorder： a review［J］. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment， 7： 167-181

338 Karst， H.， Berger， S.， Erdmann， G.， Schütz， G.， & Joëls， M. （2010）. Metaplasticity of amygdalar responses to the stress hormone corticosterone［J］. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America， 107（32）： 14449-14454

339 Katche， C.， Cammarota， M.， & Medina， J. H. （2013）. Molecular signatures and mechanisms of long⁃lasting memory consolidation and storage［J］. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory， 106： 40-47

340 Kaufman， J.， & Charney， D. （2000）. Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders［J］. Depression and Anxiety， 12（Suppl. 1）： 69-76

341 Kaysen， D.， Stappenbeck， C. A.， Carroll， H.， Fukunaga， R.， Robinette， K.， Dworkin， E. R.， ...Bass， J. （2020）. Impact of setting insecurity on Cognitive Processing Therapy implementation and outcomes in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo［J］. European Journal of Psychotraumatology， 11（1）： 1735162

342 Kearns， M. C.， Ressler， K. J.， Zatzick， D.， & Rothbaum， B. O. （2012）. Early Interventions for PTSD： a review［J］. Depression and Anxiety， 29（10）： 833-842

343 Keay， K. A.， & Bandler， R. （2001）. Parallel circuits mediating distinct emotional coping reactions to different types of stress［J］. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews， 25（7-8）： 669-678

344 Kelly， A.， Laroche， S.， & Davis， S. （2003）. Activation of mitogen⁃activated protein kinase/extracellular signal⁃regulated kinase in hippocampal circuitry is required for consolidation and reconsolidation of recognition memory［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 23（12）： 5354-5360

345 Kemp， A. H.， Felmingham， K.， Das， P.， Hughes， G.， Peduto， A. S.， Bryant， R. A.， & Williams， L. M. （2007）. Influence of comorbid depression on fear in posttraumatic stress disorder： An fMRI study［J］. Psychiatry Research： Neuroimaging， 155（3）： 265-269

346 Kessler， R. C. （2000）. Posttraumatic stress disorder： The burden to the individual and to society［J］. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry， 61（Suppl. 5）： 4-12

347 Kessler， R. C.， Price， R. H.， & Wortman， C. B. （1985）. Social factors in psychopathology： stress， social support， and coping processes［J］. Annual review of psychology， 36： 401-425

348 Kessler， R. C.， Sonnega， A.， Bromet， E.， Hughes， M.， & Nelson， C. B. （1995）. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey［J］. Archives of General Psychiatry， 52（12）： 1048-1060

349 Kessler， R. C.， Wai， T. C.， Demler， O.， & Walters， E. E. （2005）. Prevalence， severity， and comorbidity of 12⁃month DSM⁃IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication［J］. Archives of General Psychiatry， 62（6）： 617-627

350 Kim， W. bin， & Cho， J. H. （2017a）. Encoding of Discriminative Fear Memory by Input⁃Specific LTP in the Amygdala［J］. Neuron， 95（5）： 1129-1146

351 Kim， W. bin， & Cho， J. H. （2017b）. Synaptic Targeting of Double⁃Projecting Ventral CA1 Hippocampal Neurons to the Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Basal Amygdala［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 37： 4868-4882

352 Kimbrel， N. A.， Meyer， E. C.， DeBeer， B. B.， Gulliver， S. B.， & Morissette， S. B. （2016）. A 12⁃Month prospective study of the effects of PTSD⁃depression comorbidity on suicidal behavior in Iraq/Afghanistan⁃era veterans［J］. Psychiatry Research， 243： 97-99

353 Kim， J. J.， & Fanselow， M. S. （1992）. Modality⁃specific retrograde amnesia of fear［J］. Science， 256（5057）： 675-677

354 Kim， M. J.， Gee， D.， Loucks， R.， Davis， F.， & Whalen， P. （2010）. Anxiety dissociates dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex functional connectivity with the amygdala at rest［J］. Cerebral Cortex， 21： 1667-1673

355 Kindt， M.， Soeter， M.， & Sevenster， D. （2014）. Disrupting reconsolidation of fear memory in humans by a noradrenergic β⁃blocker［J］. Journal of Visualized Experiments， 94： e52151

356 Kindt， M.， & van Emmerik， A. （2016）. New avenues for treating emotional memory disorders： towards a reconsolidation intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology， 6（4）： 283-295

357 King， A. P.， Block， S. R.， Sripada， R. K.， Rauch， S.， Giardino， N.， Favorite， T.， ...Liberzon， I. （2016）. Altered default mode network（DMN） resting state functional connectivity following a mindfulness⁃based exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder（PTSD） in combat veterans of Afghanistan and Iraq［J］. Depression and Anxiety， 33（4）： 289-299

358 King， J. A.， Mandansky， D.， King， S.， Fletcher， K. E.， & Brewer， J. （2001）. Early sexual abuse and low cortisol［J］. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences， 55（1）： 71-74

359 Kira， I. A. （2001）. Taxonomy of trauma and trauma assessment［J］. Traumatology， 7（2）： 1-14

360 Kira， I. A.， Lewandowski， L.， Templin， T.， Ramaswamy， V.， Ozkan， B.， & Mohanesh， J. （2008）. Measuring cumulative trauma dose， types， and profiles using a development⁃based taxonomy of traumas［J］. Traumatology， 14（2）： 62-87

361 Kitamura， T.， Ogawa， S. K.， Roy， D. S.， Okuyama， T.， Morrissey， M. D.， Smith， L. M.， R...Tonegawa， S. （2017）. Engrams and circuits crucial for systems consolidation of a memory［J］. Science， 356（6333）： 73-78

362 Kitamura， T.， Pignatelli， M.， Suh， J.， Kohara， K.， Yoshiki， A.， Abe， K.， & Tonegawa， S. （2014）. Island cells control temporal association memory［J］. Science， 343： 896

363 Klavir， O.， Prigge， M.， Sarel， A.， Paz， R.， & Yizhar， O. （2017）. Manipulating fear associations via optogenetic modulation of amygdala inputs to prefrontal cortex［J］. Nature Neuroscience， 20（6）： 836-844

364 Kline， N.， Dow， B. M.， Brown， S.， & Matloff， J. L. （1994）. Sertraline efficacy in depressed combat veterans with post⁃traumatic stress disorder［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 151（4）： 621

365 Klucken， T.， Kruse， O.， Schweckendiek， J.， Kuepper， Y.， Mueller， E. M.， Hennig， J.， & Stark， R. （2016）. No evidence for blocking the return of fear by disrupting reconsolidation prior to extinction learning［J］. Cortex， 79： 112-122

366 Knight， D. C.， Smith， C. N.， Cheng， D. T.， Stein， E. A.， & Helmstetter， F. J. （2004）. Amygdala and hippocampal activity during acquisition and extinction of human fear conditioning［J］. Cognitive， Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience， 4（3）： 317-325

367 Knox， D.， George， S. A.， Fitzpatrick， C. J.， Rabinak， C. A.， Maren， S.， & Liberzon， I. （2012）. Single prolonged stress disrupts retention of extinguished fear in rats［J］. Learning and Memory， 19： 43-49

368 Koch， S. B. J.， van Zuiden， M.， Nawijn， L.， Frijling， J. L.， Veltman， D. J.， & Olff， M. （2014）. Intranasal oxytocin as strategy for medication⁃enhanced psychotherapy of PTSD： salience processing and fear inhibition processes［J］. Psychoneuroendocrinology， 40： 242-256

369 Koch， S. B. J.， van Zuiden， M.， Nawijn， L.， Frijling， J. L.， Veltman， D. J.， & Olff， M. （2016）. Aberrant resting⁃state brain activity in posttraumatic stress disorder： A meta⁃analysis and systematic review［J］. Depression and Anxiety， 33（7）： 592-605

370 Koch， S. B. J.， van Zuiden， M.， Nawijn， L.， Frijling， J. L.， Veltman， D. J.， & Olff， M. （2019）. Effects of intranasal oxytocin on distraction as emotion regulation strategy in patients with post⁃traumatic stress disorder［J］. European Neuropsychopharmacology， 29（2）： 266-277

371 Koek， R. J.， Schwartz， H. N.， Scully， S.， Langevin， J.⁃P.， Spangler， S.， Korotinsky， A.， ...Leuchter， A. （2016）. Treatment⁃refractory posttraumatic stress disorder （TRPTSD）： a review and framework for the future［J］. Progress in Neuro⁃Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry， 70： 170-218

372 Koenen， K. C.， Harley， R.， Lyons， M. J.， Wolfe， J.， Simpson， J. C.， Goldberg， J.， ...Tsuang， M. （2002）. A twin registry study of familial and individual risk factors for trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease， 190（4）： 209-218

373 Koenen， K. C.， Hitsman， B.， Lyons， M. J.， Niaura， R.， McCaffery， J.， Goldberg， J.， ...Tsuang， M. （2005）. A twin registry study of the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder and nicotine dependence in men［J］. Archives of General Psychiatry， 62（11）： 1258-1265

374 Koenen， K. C.， Lyons， M. J.， Goldberg， J.， Simpson， J.， Williams， W. M.， Toomey， R.， ...Tsuang， M. T. （2003）. A high risk twin study of combat⁃related PTSD comorbidity［J］. Twin Research， 6（3）： 218-226

375 Koenen， K. C.， Nugent， N. R.， & Amstadter， A. B. （2008）. Gene⁃environment interaction in posttraumatic stress disorder： Review， strategy and new directions for future research［J］. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience， 258（2）： 82-96

376 Konopka， W.， Kiryk， A.， Novak， M.， Herwerth， M.， Parkitna， J. R.， Wawrzyniak， M.， ...Schütz， G. （2010）. MicroRNA loss enhances learning and memory in mice［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 30（44）： 14835-14842

377 Koren， D.， Arnon， I.， & Klein， E. （1999）. Acute stress response and posttraumatic stress disorder in traffic accident victims： A one⁃year prospective， follow⁃up study［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 156（3）： 367-373

378 Korte， K. J.， Allan， N. P.， Gros， D. F.， & Acierno， R. （2016）. Differential treatment response trajectories in individuals with subclinical and clinical PTSD［J］. Journal of Anxiety Disorders， 38： 95-101

379 Kozari⁃Kovai， D. （2022）. Psychopharmacotherapy of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder［J］. Croatian Medical Journal， 49： 459-475

380 Kozel， F. A.， Motes， M. A.， Didehbani， N.， DeLaRosa， B.， Bass， C.， Schraufnagel， C. D.， ...Hart， J. （2018）. Repetitive TMS to augment cognitive processing therapy in combat veterans of recent conflicts with PTSD： A randomized clinical trial［J］. Journal of Affective Disorders， 229： 506-514

381 Kozlovsky， N.， Matar， M. A.， Kaplan， Z.， Kotler， M.， Zohar， J.， & Cohen， H. （2008）. The immediate early gene Arc is associated with behavioral resilience to stress exposure in an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. European Neuropsychopharmacology， 18（2）： 107-116

382 Kremen， W. S.， Koenen， K. C.， Afari， N.， & Lyons， M. J. （2012）. Twin studies of posttraumatic stress disorder： Differentiating vulnerability factors from sequelae［J］. Neuropharmacology， 62（2）： 647-653

383 Kumar， S.， Hultman， R.， Hughes， D.， Michel， N.， Katz， B. M.， & Dzirasa， K. （2014）. Prefrontal cortex reactivity underlies trait vulnerability to chronic social defeat stress［J］. Nature Communications， 5： 4537

384 Ladd， C. O.， Huot， R. L.， Thrivikraman， K. v.， Nemeroff， C. B.， & Plotsky， P. M. （2004）. Long⁃term adaptations in glucocorticoid receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA and negative feedback on the hypothalamo⁃pituitary⁃adrenal axis following neonatal maternal separation［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 55（4）： 367-375

385 Lai， B. S.， la Greca， A. M.， Brincks， A.， Colgan， C. A.， D'Amico， M. P.， Lowe， S.， & Kelley， M. lou. （2021）. Trajectories of Posttraumatic Stress in Youths After Natural Disasters［J］. JAMA Network Open， 4（2）： e2036682

386 Lambert， H. K.， & Mclaughlin， K. A. （2019a）. Impaired hippocampus⁃dependent associative learning as a mechanism underlying PTSD： A meta⁃analysis［J］. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews， 107： 729-749

387 Lanzas， C.， Ayscue， P.， Ivanek， R.， & Gröhn， Y. T. （2010）. Model or meal？ Farm animal populations as models for infectious diseases of humans［J］. Nature Reviews Microbiology， 8（2）： 139-148

388 Laura， M.， Paolo， T.， Nathalie， S.， & Maurizio， P. （2018）. What Acute Stress Protocols Can Tell Us About PTSD and Stress⁃Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders［J］. Frontiers in Pharmacology， 9： 758

389 Lebron， K.， Milad， M.， & Quirk， G. （2004）. Delayed recall of fear extinction in rats with lesions of ventral medial prefrontal cortex［J］. Learning and Memory， 11（5）： 544-548

390 Ledoux， J. E. （2000）. Emotion circuits in the brain［J］. Annual Review of Neuroscience， 23（2）： 155-184

391 Lee， J. L. C.， Everitt， B. J.， & Thomas， K. L. （2004）. Independent Cellular Processes for Hippocampal Memory Consolidation and Reconsolidation［J］. Science， 304（5672）： 839-843

392 Leen⁃Feldner， E. W.， Feldner， M. T.， Bunaciu， L.， & Blumenthal， H. （2011）. Associations between parental posttraumatic stress disorder and both offspring internalizing problems and parental aggression within the National Comorbidity Survey⁃Replication［J］. Journal of Anxiety Disorders， 25（2）： 169-175

393 Leen⁃Feldner， E. W.， Feldner， M. T.， Knapp， A.， Bunaciu， L.， Blumenthal， H.， & Amstadter， A. B. （2013）. Offspring psychological and biological correlates of parental posttraumatic stress： Review of the literature and research agenda［J］. Clinical Psychology Review， 33（8）： 1106-1133

394 Lehmann， H.， Rourke， B. K.， Booker， A.， & Glenn， M. J. （2013）. Single session contextual fear conditioning remains dependent on the hippocampus despite an increase in the number of context⁃shock pairings during learning［J］. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory， 106： 294-299

395 Lely， J. C. G.， Knipscheer， J. W.， Moerbeek， M.， Heide， F. J. J.， van den Bout， J.， & Kleber， R. J. （2019）. Randomised controlled trial comparing narrative exposure therapy with present⁃centred therapy for older patients with post⁃traumatic stress disorder［J］. The British Journal of Psychiatry， 214（06）： 369-377

396 Lely， J. C. G.， Smid， G. E.， Jongedijk， R. A.， W. Knipscheer， J.， & Kleber， R. J. （2019）. The effectiveness of narrative exposure therapy： a review， meta⁃analysis and meta⁃regression analysis［J］. European Journal of Psychotraumatology， 10（1）： 1550344

397 Letizia， B.， Andrea， F.， & Paolo， C. （2007）. Neuroanatomical changes after eye movement desensitization and reprocessing （EMDR） treatment in posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences， 19（4）： 475-476

398 Lewis， C.， Roberts， N. P.， Andrew， M.， Starling， E.， & Bisson， J. I. （2020）. Psychological therapies for post⁃traumatic stress disorder in adults： systematic review and meta⁃analysis［J］. European Journal of Psychotraumatology， 11（1）： 1729633(https://www.daowen.com)

399 Lewis， C.， Roberts， N. P.， Bethell， A.， Robertson， L.， & Bisson， J. I. （2015）. Internet⁃based cognitive and behavioural therapies for post⁃traumatic stress disorder （PTSD） in adults［J］. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews， 5，： CD011710

400 Liang， Y.， Cheng， J.， Ruzek， J. I.， & Liu， Z. （2018）. Posttraumatic stress disorder following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake： A 10⁃year systematic review among highly exposed populations in China［J］. Journal of Affective Disorders， 243： 327-339

401 Liberzon， & Israel. （2017）. Searching for Intermediate Phenotypes in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 83（10）： 797-799

402 Li， D. W.， Liu， J. Z.， Li， S. C.， Yang， J. bin， Sun， H. H.， & Wang， A. H. （2018）. Fear conditioning downregulates miR-138 expression in the hippocampus to facilitate the formation of fear memory［J］. NeuroReport， 29（16）： 1418-1424

403 Li， W. G.， Wu， Y. J.， Gu， X.， Fan， H. R.， Wang， Q.， Zhu， J. J.， ...Li， Y. （2021）. Input associativity underlies fear memory renewal［J］. National Science Review， 8（9）：116-131

404 Likhtik， E.， Stujenske， J. M.， A Topiwala， M.， Harris， A. Z.， & Gordon， J. A. （2014）. Prefrontal entrainment of amygdala activity signals safety in learned fear and innate anxiety［J］. Nature Neuroscience， 17（1）： 106-113

405 Lin， C. C.， Tung， C. S.， & Liu， Y. P. （2016）. Escitalopram reversed the traumatic stress⁃induced depressed and anxiety⁃like symptoms but not the deficits of fear memory［J］. Psychopharmacology， 233（7）： 1135-1146

406 Lin， C. H.， Yeh， S. H.， Lu， H. Y.， & Gean， P. W. （2003）. The similarities and diversities of signal pathways leading to consolidation of conditioning and consolidation of extinction of fear memory［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 23（23）： 8310-8317

407 Lin， Q.， Wei， W.， Coelho， C. M.， Li， X.， Baker⁃Andresen， D.， Dudley， K.， ...Bredy， T. W. （2011）. The brain⁃specific microRNA miR-128b regulates the formation of fear⁃extinction memory［J］. Nature Neuroscience， 14（9）： 1115-1117.

408 Lindauer， R. J. L.， Gersons， B. P. R.， van Meijel， E. P. M.， Blom， K.， Carlier， I. V. E.， Vrijlandt， I.， & Olff， M. （2005）. Effects of Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder： Randomized clinical trial［J］. Journal of Traumatic Stress， 18（3）： 205-212

409 Link， W.， Konietzko， U.， Kauselmann， G.， Krug， M.， Schwanke， B.， Frey， U.， & Kuhl， D. （1995）. Somatodendritic expression of an immediate early gene is regulated by synaptic activity［J］. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America， 92（12）： 5734-5738

410 Linley， P. A.， & Joseph， S. （2004）. Positive Change Following Trauma and Adversity： A Review［J］. Journal of Traumatic Stress， 17（1）： 11-21

411 Lissek， S.， Powers， A. S.， Mcclure， E. B.， Phelps， E. A.， Woldehawariat， G.， Grillon， C.， & Pine， D. S. （2005）. Classical fear conditioning in the anxiety disorders： a meta⁃analysis［J］. Behaviour Research & Therapy， 43（11）： 1391-1424

412 Littleton， H.， Horsley， S.， John， S.， & Nelson， D. v. （2007）. Trauma coping strategies and psychological distress： A meta⁃analysis［J］. Journal of Traumatic Stress， 20（6）： 977-988

413 Litz， B. T.， Gray， M. J.， Bryant， R. A.， & Adler， A. B. （2006）. Early Intervention for Trauma： Current Status and Future Directions［J］. Clinical Psychology Science & Practice， 9（2）： 112-134

414 Litz， B. T.， Salters⁃Pedneault， K.， Steenkamp， M. M.， Hermos， J. A.， Bryant， R. A.， Otto， M. W.， & Hofmann， S. G. （2012）. A randomized placebo⁃controlled trial of d⁃cycloserine and exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Journal of Psychiatric Research， 46（9）： 1184-1190

415 Liu， D.， Diorio， J.， Tannenbaum， B.， Caldji， C.， Francis， D.， Freedman， A.， ...Meaney， M. J. （1997）. Maternal care， hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors， and hypothalamic⁃ pituitary⁃adrenal responses to stress［J］. Science， 277（5332）： 1659-1662

416 Liu， X.， Ramirez， S.， & Tonegawa， S. （2014）. Inception of a false memory by optogenetic manipulation of a hippocampal memory engram［J］. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London， 369（1633）： 20130142

417 Locci， A.， & Pinna， G. （2019）. Social isolation as a promising animal model of PTSD comorbid suicide： neurosteroids and cannabinoids as possible treatment options［J］. Progress in Neuro⁃Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatr， 92： 243-259

418 Logue， M. W.， van Rooij， S. J. H.， Dennis， E. L.， Davis， S. L.， Hayes， J. P.， Stevens， J. S.， … Morey， R. A. （2018）. Smaller Hippocampal Volume in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder： A Multisite ENIGMA⁃PGC Study： Subcortical Volumetry Results From Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Consortia［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 83（3）： 244-253

419 Lonergan， M. H.， Olivera⁃Figueroa， L. A.， Pitman， R. K.， & Brunet， A. （2013）. Propranolol's effects on the consolidation and reconsolidation of long⁃term emotional memory in healthy participants： A meta⁃analysis［J］. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience， 38（4）： 222-231

420 López⁃Aumatell， R.， Blázquez， G.， Gil， L.， Aguilar， R.， Cañete， T.， Giménez⁃Llort， L.， ...Fernández⁃Teruel， A. （2009）. The Roman High⁃ and Low⁃Avoidance rat strains differ in fear⁃potentiated startle and classical aversive conditioning［J］. Psicothema， 21（1）： 27-32

421 Lovallo， W. R.， Robinson， J. L.， Glahn， D. C.， & Fox， P. T. （2010）. Acute effects of hydrocortisone on the human brain： An fMRI study［J］. Psychoneuroendocrinology， 35（1）： 15-20

422 Lowell， A.， Suarez⁃Jimenez， B.， Helpman， L.， Zhu， X.， Durosky， A.， Hilburn， A.， ...Neria， Y. （2018）. 9/11⁃related PTSD among highly exposed populations： A systematic review 15 years after the attack［J］. Psychological Medicine， 48（4）： 537-553

423 Luo， R.， Uematsu， A.， Weitemier， A.， Aquili， L.， Koivumaa， J.， McHugh， T. J.， & Johansen， J. P. （2018）. A dopaminergic switch for fear to safety transitions［J］. Nature Communications， 9（1）： 2483

424 Lyford， G. L.， Yamagata， K.， Kaufmann， W. E.， Barnes， C. A.， Sanders， L. K.， Copeland， N. G.， ...Worley， P. F. （1995）. Arc， a growth factor and activity⁃regulated gene， encodes a novel cytoskeleton⁃associated protein that is enriched in neuronal dendrites［J］. Neuron， 14（2）： 433-445

425 Lyons， M. J.， Goldberg， J.， Eisen， S. A.， True， W.， Tsuang， M. T.， Meyer， J. M.， & Henderson， W. G. （1993）. Do genes influence exposure to trauma？ A twin study of combat［J］. American Journal of Medical Genetics， 48： 22-27

426 Maeng， L. Y.， Waddell， J.， & Shors， T. J. （2010）. The prefrontal cortex communicates with the amygdala to impair learning after acute stress in females but not in males［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 30（48）： 16188-16196

427 Majcher⁃Malanka， I.， Solarz， A.， Wędzony， K.， & Chocyk， A. （2018）. Previous Early⁃life Stress Modifies Acute Corticosterone⁃induced Synaptic Plasticity in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Adolescent Rats［J］. Neuroscience， 379： 316-333

428 Malan⁃Müller， S.， Fairbairn， L.， Hart， S.， Daniels， W. M. U.， Jalali Sefid Dashti， M.， Kidd， M.， ...Hemmings， S. M. J. （2017）. The role of microRNAs in the therapeutic action of d⁃cycloserine in a post⁃Traumatic stress disorder animal model： An exploratory study［J］. Psychiatric Genetics， 27（4）： 139-151

429 Marchand， A. R.， Barbelivien， A.， Seillier， A.， Herbeaux， K.， Sarrieau， A.， & Majchrzak， M. （2007）. Contribution of corticosterone to cued versus contextual fear in rats［J］. Behavioural Brain Research， 183（1）： 101-110

430 Maren， S. （2014）. Nature and causes of the immediate extinction deficit： A brief review［J］. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory，113： 19-24

431 Maren， S.， Aharonov， G.， & Fanselow， M. S. （1996）. Retrograde abolition of conditional fear after excitotoxic lesions in the basolateral amygdala of rats： Absence of a temporal gradient［J］. Behavioral Neuroscience， 110（4）： 718-726

432 Maren， S.， & Chang， C. H. （2006）. Recent fear is resistant to extinction［J］. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America， 103（47）， 18020-18025

433 Maren， S.， & Holmes， A. （2015）. Stress and Fear Extinction［J］. Neuropsychopharmacology Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology， 41（1）： 58-79

434 Maren， S.， Phan， K. L.， & Liberzon， I. （2013）. The contextual brain： implications for fear conditioning， extinction and psychopathology［J］. Nature Reviews Neuroscience， 14（6）： 417-428

435 Maren， S.， & Quirk， G. J. （2004）. Neuronal signalling of fear memory［J］. Nature Reviews Neuroscience， 5（11）： 844-852

436 Markowitz， J. C.， Petkova， E.， Neria， Y.， van Meter， P. E.， Zhao， Y.， Hembree， E.， ...Marshall， R. D. （2015）. Is Exposure Necessary？ A Randomized Clinical Trial of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for PTSD［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 172（5）： 430-440

437 Marmar， C. R.， Schlenger， W.， Henn⁃Haase， C.， Qian， M.， Purchia， E.， Li， M.， ...Kulka， R. A. （2015）. Course of posttraumatic stress disorder 40 years after the Vietnamwar findings from the national Vietnam veterans longitudinal study［J］. JAMA Psychiatry， 72（9）： E1⁃E7

438 Marmar， C. R.， Schoenfeld， F.， Weiss， D. S.， Metzler， T.， Zatzick， D.， Wu， R.， ...Neylan， T. （1996）. Open trial of fluvoxamine treatment for combat⁃related posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. J Clin Psychiatry， 57（Suppl 8）： 66-72

439 Marshall， R. D.， Beebe， K. L.， Oldham， M.， & Zaninelli， R. （2001）. Efficacy and Safety of Paroxetine Treatment for Chronic PTSD： A Fixed⁃Dose， Placebo⁃Controlled Study［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 158（12）： 1982-1988

440 Martenyi， F.， Brown， E. B.， & Caldwell， C. D. （2007）. Failed efficacy of fluoxetine in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder： Results of a fixed⁃dose， placebo⁃controlled study［J］. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology， 27（2）： 166-170

441 Martenyi， F.， Brown， E. B.， Zhang， H.， Prakash， A.， & Koke， S. C. （2002）. Fluoxetine Versus Placebo in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder［J］. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry， 63（3）： 199-206

442 Masana， M.， Castañé， A.， Santana， N.， Bortolozzi， A.， & Artigas， F. （2012）. Noradrenergic antidepressants increase cortical dopamine： Potential use in augmentation strategies［J］. Neuropharmacology， 63（4）： 675-684

443 Mason， J. W.， Wang， S.， Yehuda， R.， Riney， S.， Charney， D. S.， & Southwick， S. M. （2001）. Psychogenic lowering of urinary cortisol levels linked to increased emotional numbing and a shame⁃depressive syndrome in combat⁃related posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Psychosomatic Medicine， 63（3）： 387-401

444 Mathew， R. S.， Tatarakis， A.， Rudenko， A.， Johnson⁃Venkatesh， E. M.， Yang， Y. J.， Murphy， E. A.， ...Moazed， D. （2016）. A microRNA negative feedback loop downregulates vesicle transport and inhibits fear memory［J］. ELife， 5： e22467

445 Matud， M. P. （2004）. Gender differences in stress and coping styles［J］. Personality and Individual Differences， 37（7）： 1401-1415

446 Mátyás， F.， Lee， J.， Shin， H. S.， & Acsády， L. （2014）. The fear circuit of the mouse forebrain： Connections between the mediodorsal thalamus， frontal cortices and basolateral amygdala［J］. European Journal of Neuroscience， 39（11）： 1810-1823

447 McCall， W.， Pillai， A.， Case， D.， Mccloud， L.， Nolla， T.， Branch， F.， ...Rosenquist， P. （2018）. A Pilot， Randomized Clinical Trial of Bedtime Doses of Prazosin Versus Placebo in Suicidal Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Patients With Nightmares［J］. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology， 38： 618-621

448 Mccauley， J. L.， Killeen， T.， Gros， D. F.， Brady， K. T.， & Back， S. E. （2012）. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Co⁃Occurring Substance Use Disorders： Advances in Assessment and Treatment［J］. Clinical Psychology： Science and Practice， 19（3）： 6

449 McCleery， J. M.， & Harvey， A. G. （2004）. Integration of psychological and biological approaches to trauma memory： implications for pharmacological prevention of PTSD［J］. Journal of traumatic stress， 17（6）： 485-496

450 McClelland， J. L. （2013）. Incorporating rapid neocortical learning of new schema⁃consistent information into complementary learning systems theory［J］. Journal of Experimental Psychology： General， 142（4）： 1190-1210

451 McCormick， C. M.， Smith， C.， & Mathews， I. Z. （2008）. Effects of chronic social stress in adolescence on anxiety and neuroendocrine response to mild stress in male and female rats［J］. Behavioural Brain Research， 187（2）： 228-238

452 McCutcheon， V. v.， Heath， A. C.， Nelson， E. C.， Bucholz， K. K.， Madden， P. A. F.， & Martin， N. G. （2009）. Accumulation of trauma over time and risk for depression in a twin sample［J］. Psychological Medicine， 39（3）： 431-441

453 McEwen， B. S. （2006）. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators： Central role of the brain［J］. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience， 8（4）： 367-381

454 Mcewen， B. S.， Bowles， N. P.， Gray， J. D.， Hill， M. N.， Hunter， R. G.， Karatsoreos， I. N.， & Nasca， C. （2015）. Mechanisms of stress in the brain［J］. Nature Neuroscience， 18（10）： 1353-1363

455 McFarlane， A. C. （1987）. Family functioning and overprotection following a natural disaster： the longitudinal effects of post⁃traumatic morbidity［J］. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry， 21（2）： 210-218

456 McFarlane， A. C.， Atchison， M.， & Yehuda， R. （1997）. The acute stress response following motor vehicle accidents and its relation to PTSD［J］. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences， 821： 437-441

457 McGarry， Laura， M， Carter， Adam， & G. （2016）. Inhibitory Gating of Basolateral Amygdala Inputs to the Prefrontal Cortex［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 36（36）： 9391-9406

458 McGaugh， J. L. （2015）. Consolidating memories［J］. Annual Review of Psychology， 66，1-24.

459 McGloin， J. M.， & Widom， C. S. （2001）. Resilience among abused and neglected children grown up［J］. Development and Psychopathology， 13（4）： 1021-1038

460 McLaughlin， K. A.， Koenen， K. C.， Bromet， E. J.， Karam， E. G.， Liu， H.， Petukhova， M.， … Kessler， R. C. （2017）. Childhood adversities and post⁃traumatic stress disorder： Evidence for stress sensitisation in the World Mental Health Surveys［J］. British Journal of Psychiatr， 211（5）： 280-288

461 McLaughlin， K. A.， Sheridan， M. A.， Gold， A. L.， Duys， A.， Lambert， H. K.， Peverill， M.， ...Pine， D. S. （2016）. Maltreatment Exposure， Brain Structure， and Fear Conditioning in Children and Adolescents［J］. Neuropsychopharmacology， 41（8）： 1956-1964

462 McNally， G. P.， & Westbrook， R. F. （2003）. Temporally graded， context⁃specific retrograde amnesia and its alleviation by context preexposure： effects of postconditioning exposures to morphine in the rat［J］. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes， 29（2）： 130-142

463 McNally， R. J.， Bryant， R. A.， & Ehlers， A. （2003）. Does early psychological intervention promote recovery from posttraumatic stress［J］？ Psychological Science in the Public Interest， 4（2）： 45-79

464 Mehar， Naseem， Heena， Tabassum， Suhel， & Parvez. （2019）. PKM⁃ζ Expression Is Important in Consolidation of Memory in Prelimbic Cortex Formed by the Process of Behavioral Tagging［J］. Neuroscience， 410： 305-315

465 Meir Drexler， S.， Merz， C. J.， Hamacher⁃Dang， T. C.， Marquardt， V.， Fritsch， N.， Otto， T.， & Wolf， O. T. （2014）. Effects of postretrieval⁃extinction learning on return of contextually controlled cued fear［J］. Behavioral Neuroscience， 128（4）： 474-481

466 Meir Drexler， S.， Merz， C. J.， Hamacher⁃Dang， T. C.， Tegenthoff， M.， & Wolf， O. T. （2015）. Effects of cortisol on reconsolidation of reactivated fear memories［J］. Neuropsychopharmacology， 40（13）： 3036-3043

467 Meir Drexler， S.， Merz， C. J.， Hamacher⁃Dang， T. C.， & Wolf， O. T. （2016）. Cortisol effects on fear memory reconsolidation in women［J］. Psychopharmacology， 233（14）： 2687-2697　

468 Merz， C. J.， Hamacher⁃Dang， T. C.， & Wolf， O. T. （2016）. Immediate extinction promotes the return of fear［J］. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory， 131： 109-116

469 Michaels， N. L.， & Letson， M. M. （2021）. Child maltreatment fatalities among children and adolescents 5-17 years old［J］. Child Abuse and Neglect， 117（1）： 105032

470 Middeldorp， C. M.， Cath， D. C.， Vink， J. M.， & Boomsma， D. I. （2005）. Twin and genetic effects on life events［J］. Twin Research and Human Genetics， 8（3）： 224-231

471 Milad， M. R.， Pitman， R. K.， Ellis， C. B.， Gold， A. L.， Shin， L. M.， Lasko， N. B.，...Rauch， S. L. （2009）. Neurobiological Basis of Failure to Recall Extinction Memory in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 66（12）： 1075-1082

472 Milad， M. R.， Orr， S. P.， Lasko， N. B.， Chang， Y.， Rauch， S. L.， & Pitman， R. K. （2008）. Presence and acquired origin of reduced recall for fear extinction in PTSD： Results of a twin study［J］. Journal of Psychiatric Research， 42（7）： 515-520

473 Milad， M. R.， & Quirk， G. J. （2002）. Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction［J］. Nature， 420： 70-74

474 Milad， M. R.， & Quirk， G. J. （2011）. Fear Extinction as a Model for Translational Neuroscience： Ten Years of Progress［J］. Annual Review of Psychology， 63（1）： 129-151

475 Milad， M. R.， Rauch， S. L.， Pitman， R. K.， & Quirk， G. J. （2006）. Fear extinction in rats： Implications for human brain imaging and anxiety disorders［J］. Biological Psychology， 73（1）： 61-71

476 Milekic， M. H.， & Alberini， C. M. （2002）. Temporally graded requirement for protein synthesis following memory reactivation［J］. Neuron， 36（3）： 521-525

477 Miller， M. M.， & McEwen， B. S. （2006）. Establishing an agenda for translational research on PTSD［J］. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences， 1071： 294-312

478 Milner， B.， Squire， L. R.， & Kandel， E. R. （1998）. Cognitive neuroscience and the study of memory［J］. Neuron， 20（3）： 445-468

479 Mitchell， J. M.， Bogenschutz， M.， Lilienstein， A.， Harrison， C.， Kleiman， S.， Parker⁃Guilbert， K.， … Doblin， R. （2021）. MDMA⁃assisted therapy for severe PTSD： a randomized， double⁃blind， placebo⁃controlled phase 3 study［J］. Nature Medicine， 27（6）： 1025-1033

480 Mitchell， J. T. （1983）. When disaster strikes...the critical incident stress debriefing process［J］. Journal of Emergency Medical Services， 8（1）： 36-39

481 Mithoefer， M. C.， Feduccia， A. A.， Jerome， L.， Mithoefer， A.， Wagner， M.， Walsh， Z.， ...Doblin， R. （2019）. MDMA⁃assisted psychotherapy for treatment of PTSD： study design and rationale for phase 3 trials based on pooled analysis of six phase 2 randomized controlled trials［J］. Psychopharmacology， 236（9）： 2735-2745

482 Mithoefer， M. C.， Mithoefer， A. T.， Feduccia， A. A.， Jerome， L.， Wagner， M.， Wymer， J.， ...Doblin， R. （2018）. 3，4⁃methylenedioxymethamphetamine （MDMA）⁃assisted psychotherapy for post⁃traumatic stress disorder in military veterans， firefighters， and police officers： a randomised， double⁃blind， dose⁃response， phase 2 clinical trial［J］. The Lancet Psychiatry， 5（6）： 486-497

483 Mithoefer， M. C.， Wagner， M. T.， Mithoefer， A. T.， Jerome， L.， & Doblin， R. （2011）. The safety and efficacy of ±3，4⁃methylenedioxymethamphetamine⁃assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic， treatment⁃resistant posttraumatic stress disorder： the first randomized controlled pilot study［J］. Journal of Psychopharmacology， 25（4）： 439-452

484 Mitka， M. （2008）. PTSD prevalence still high for persons living near world trade center attacks［J］. JAMA ⁃ Journal of the American Medical Association， 300（7）： 779

485 Mitra， R.， & Sapolsky， R. M. （2008）. Acute corticosterone treatment is sufficient to induce anxiety and amygdaloid dendritic hypertrophy［J］. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America， 105（14）： 5573-5578

486 Mizuno， K.， Dempster， E.， Mill， J.， & Giese， K. P. （2012）. Long⁃lasting regulation of hippocampal Bdnf gene transcription after contextual fear conditioning［J］. Genes， Brain and Behavior， 11（6）： 651-659

487 Monfils， M. H.， Cowansage， K. K.， Klann， E.， & Ledoux， J. E. （2009）. Extinction⁃Reconsolidation Boundaries： Key to Persistent Attenuation of Fear Memories［J］. Science， 324（5929）： 951-955

488 Monson， C. M.， Schnurr， P. P.， Resick， P. A.， Friedman， M. J.， Young⁃Xu， Y.， & Stevens， S. P. （2006）. Cognitive processing therapy for veterans with military⁃related posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology， 74（5）： 898-907

489 Monson， C. M.， Taft， C. T.， & Fredman， S. J. （2009）. Military⁃related PTSD and intimate relationships： From description to theory⁃driven research and intervention development［J］. Clinical Psychology Review， 29（8）： 707-714

490 Montgomery， S. A.， Mahé， V.， Haudiquet， V.， & Hackett， D. （2002）. Effectiveness of Venlafaxine， Extended Release Formulation， in the Short⁃Term and Long⁃Term Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder： Results of a Survival Analysis［J］. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology， 22（6）： 561-567

491 Moore， S. A.， & Zoellner， L. A. （2007）. Overgeneral autobiographical memory and traumatic events： an evaluative review［J］. Psychological Bulletin， 133（3）： 419-437

492 Morilak， D. A.， Barrera， G.， Echevarria， D. J.， Garcia， A. S.， Hernandez， A.， Ma， S.， & Petre， C. O. （2005）. Role of brain norepinephrine in the behavioral response to stress［J］. Progress in Neuro⁃Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry， 29（8）： 1214-1224

493 Mørkved， N.， Hartmann， K.， Aarsheim， L. M.， Holen， D.， Milde， A. M.， Bomyea， J.， & Thorp， S. R. （2014）. A comparison of Narrative Exposure Therapy and Prolonged Exposure therapy for PTSD［J］. Clinical Psychology Review， 34（6）： 453-467

494 Müller， M.， Vandeleur， C.， Rodgers， S.， Rössler， W.， Castelao， E.， Preisig， M.， & Ajdacic⁃Gross， V. （2014）. Factors associated with comorbidity patterns in full and partial PTSD： Findings from the PsyCoLaus study［J］. Comprehensive Psychiatry， 55（4）： 837-848

495 Murphy， C. P.， Li， X.， Maurer， V.， Oberhauser， M.， Gstir， R.， Wearick⁃Silva， L. E.， ...Singewald， N. （2017）. MicroRNA⁃Mediated Rescue of Fear Extinction Memory by miR-144-3p in Extinction⁃Impaired Mice［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 81（12）： 979-989

496 Murray， L. K.， Familiar， I.， Skavenski， S.， Jere， E.， Cohen， J.， Imasiku， M.，...Bolton， P. （2013）. An evaluation of trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children in Zambia［J］. Child Abuse and Neglect， 37（12）： 1175-1185

497 Murray， L. K.， Skavenski， S.， Kane， J. C.， Mayeya， J.， Dorsey， S.， Cohen， J. A.， ...Bolton， P. A. （2015）. Effectiveness of Trauma⁃Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Among Trauma⁃Affected Children in Lusaka， Zambia［J］. JAMA Pediatrics， 169（8）： 761-795

498 Murray， S. M.， Augustinavicius， J.， Kaysen， D.， Rao， D.， Murray， L. K.， Wachter， K.， ...Bass， J. K. （2018）. The impact of Cognitive Processing Therapy on stigma among survivors of sexual violence in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo： results from a cluster randomized controlled trial［J］. Conflict and Health， 12（1）： 1

499 Musazzi， L.， Tornese， P.， Sala， N.， & Popoli， M. （2016）. Acute stress is not acute： sustained enhancement of glutamate release after acute stress involves readily releasable pool size and synapsin I activation［J］. Molecular Psychiatry， 22： 1226-1227

500 Musazzi， L.， Tornese， P.， Sala， N.， & Popoli， M. （2017）. Acute or Chronic？ A Stressful Question［J］. Trends in Neurosciences， 40： 525-535

501 Myers， K. M.， & Davis， M. （2002）. Behavioral and neural analysis of extinction［J］. Neuron， 36（4）： 567-584

502 Myers， K. M.， & Davis， M. （2007）. Mechanisms of fear extinction［J］. Molecular Psychiatry， 12： 120-150

503 Myers， K. M.， Ressler， K.， & Davis， M. （2006）. Different mechanisms of fear extinction dependent on length of time since fear acquisition［J］. Learning and Memory， 13（2）： 216-223

504 Mynard， H.， Joseph， S.， & Alexander， J. （2000）. Peer⁃victimisation and posttraumatic stress in adolescents［J］. Personality and Individual Differences， 29（5）： 815-821

505 Nader， K. （2003）. Memory traces unbound［J］. Trends in Neurosciences， 26（2）： 65-72

506 Nader， K.， & LeDoux， J. E. （1999）. Inhibition of the mesoamygdala dopaminergic pathway impairs the retrieval of conditioned fear associations［J］. Behavioral Neuroscience， 113（5）： 891-901

507 Nader， K.， Schafe， G. E.， & le Doux， J. E. （2000）. Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval［J］. Nature， 406： 722-726

508 Nagy， L. M.， Morgan， C.， Southwick， S. M.， & Charney， D. S. （1993）. Open Prospective Trial of Fluoxetine for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder［J］. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology， 13： 107-113

509 Nakashiba， T.， Buhl， D. L.， McHugh， T. J.， & Tonegawa， S. （2009）. Hippocampal CA3 Output Is Crucial for Ripple⁃Associated Reactivation and Consolidation of Memory［J］. Neuron， 62（6）： 781-787

510 Nakayama， D.， Hashikawa⁃Yamasaki， Y.， Ikegaya， Y.， Matsuki， N.， & Nomura， H. （2016）. Late Arc/Arg3.1 expression in the basolateral amygdala is essential for persistence of newly⁃acquired and reactivated contextual fear memories［J］. Scientific Reports， 6（1）： 21007

511 Nardo， D.， Högberg， G.， Looi， J. C. L.， Larsson， S.， Hällström， T.， & Pagani， M. （2010）. Gray matter density in limbic and paralimbic cortices is associated with trauma load and EMDR outcome in PTSD patients［J］. Journal of Psychiatric Research， 44（7）： 477-485

512 Nasca， C.， Bigio， B.， Zelli， D.， Nicoletti， F.， & McEwen， B. S. （2015）. Mind the gap： Glucocorticoids modulate hippocampal glutamate tone underlying individual differences in stress susceptibility［J］. Molecular Psychiatry， 20（6）： 755-763

513 Nawijn， L.， van Zuiden， M.， Frijling， J. L.， Koch， S. B. J.， Veltman， D. J.， & Olff， M. （2015）. Reward functioning in PTSD： A systematic review exploring the mechanisms underlying anhedonia［J］. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews， 51： 189-204

514 Nawijn， L.， van Zuiden， M.， Koch， S. B. J.， Frijling， J. L.， Veltman， D. J.， & Olff， M. （2016）. Intranasal oxytocin enhances neural processing of monetary reward and loss in post⁃traumatic stress disorder and traumatized controls［J］. Psychoneuroendocrinology， 66： 228-237

515 Ndungu， J.， Ramsoomar， L.， Willan， S.， Washington， L.， Ngcobo⁃Sithole， M.， & Gibbs， A. （2020）. Depression， posttraumatic stress disorder （PTSD） and their comorbidity： Implications of adversity amongst young women living in informal settlements in Durban， South Africa［J］. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports， 1： 100022

516 Neil P.R.， Neil J.K.， Justin K.，& Jonathan I.B. （2009）. Systematic review and meta⁃analysis of multiple⁃session early interventions following traumatic events［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 166（3）： 293-301

517 Nelson， M. D.， & Tumpap， A. M. （2017）. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity is associated with left hippocampal volume reduction： A meta⁃analytic study［J］. CNS Spectrums， 22（4）： 363-372

518 Neumeister， A. （2013）. The Role of BDNF⁃TrkB Signaling in the Pathogenesis of PTSD［J］. Journal of Depression and Anxiety， S4： 006

519 Newport， D. J.， & Nemeroff， C. B. （2000）. Neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Current Opinion in Neurobiology， 10（2）： 211-218

520 Neylan， T. C.， Brunet， A.， Pole， N.， Best， S. R.， Metzler， T. J.， Yehuda， R.， & Marmar， C. R. （2005）. PTSD symptoms predict waking salivary cortisol levels in police officers［J］. Psychoneuroendocrinology， 30（4）： 373-381

521 Nguyen， P. v.， & Kandel， E. R. （1996）. A macromolecular synthesis⁃dependent late phase of long⁃term potentiation requiring cAMP in the medial perforant pathway of rat hippocampal slices［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 16（10）： 3189-3198

522 Nicholson， E. L.， Bryant， R. A.， & Felmingham， K. L. （2014）. Interaction of noradrenaline and cortisol predicts negative intrusive memories in posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory， 112： 204-211

523 Nichter， B.， Norman， S.， Haller， M.， & Pietrzak， R. H. （2019）. Physical health burden of PTSD， depression， and their comorbidity in the U.S. veteran population： Morbidity， functioning， and disability［J］. Journal of Psychosomatic Research， 124： 109744

524 Nicoletta， N.， Giulia， T.， Abdelrahman， A.， Heidi， K. M.， Betina， E.， Maurizio， P.， ...Randel， N. J. （2015）. Temporal Dynamics of Acute Stress⁃Induced Dendritic Remodeling in Medial Prefrontal Cortex and the Protective Effect of Desipramine［J］. Cerebral Cortex， 1： 694-705

525 Nidich， S.， Mills， P. J.， Rainforth， M.， Heppner， P.， Schneider， R. H.， Rosenthal， N. E.， ... Rutledge， T. （2018）. Non⁃trauma⁃focused meditation versus exposure therapy in veterans with post⁃traumatic stress disorder： a randomised controlled trial［J］. The Lancet Psychiatry， 5（12）： 975-986

526 Nijdam， M. J.， Gersons， B. P. R.， Reitsma， J. B.， de Jongh， A.， & Olff， M. （2012）. Brief eclectic psychotherapy v. eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing therapy for post⁃traumatic stress disorder： randomised controlled trial［J］. British Journal of Psychiatry， 200（3）： 224-231

527 Nixon， R. D. V.， Resick， P. A.， & Nishith， P. （2004）. An exploration of comorbid depression among female victims of intimate partner violence with posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Journal of Affective Disorders， 82（2）： 315-320

528 Norman， R. E.， Byambaa， M.， De， R.， Butchart， A.， Scott， J.， & Vos， T. （2012）. The Long⁃Term Health Consequences of Child Physical Abuse， Emotional Abuse， and Neglect： A Systematic Review and Meta⁃Analysis［J］. PLoS Medicine， 9（11）： 1-31

529 North， C. S.， Surís， A. M.， Smith， R. P.， & King， R. v. （2016）. The evolution of PTSD criteria across editions of DSM［J］. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry： Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists， 28（3）： 197-208

530 Nugent， N. R.， Amstadter， A. B.， & Koenen， K. C. （2008）. Genetics of post⁃traumatic stress disorder： Informing clinical conceptualizations and promoting future research［J］. American Journal of Medical Genetics， Part C： Seminars in Medical Genetics， 148（2）： 127-132

531 Nugent， N. R.， Ostrowski， S.， Christopher， N. C.， & Delahanty， D. L. （2007）. Parental posttraumatic stress symptoms as a moderator of child's acute biological response and subsequent posttraumatic stress symptoms in pediatric injury patients［J］. Journal of Pediatric Psychology， 32（3）： 309-318

532 O'Callaghan， P.， McMullen， J.， Shannon， C.， Rafferty， H.， & Black， A. （2013）. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Trauma⁃Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Sexually Exploited， War⁃Affected Congolese Girls［J］. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry， 52（4）： 359-369

533 O'Doherty， D. C. M.， Chitty， K. M.， Saddiqui， S.， Bennett， M. R.， & Lagopoulos， J. （2015）. A systematic review and meta⁃analysis of magnetic resonance imaging measurement of structural volumes in posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Psychiatry Research： Neuroimaging， 232（1）： 1-33

534 O'Donnell， M. L.， Creamer， M.， & Pattison， P. （2004）. Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma： Understanding comorbidity［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 161（8）： 1390-1396

535 Oehen， P.， Traber， R.， Widmer， V.， & Schnyder， U. （2013）. A randomized， controlled pilot study of MDMA （±3，4⁃Methylenedioxymethamphetamine）⁃assisted psychotherapy for treatment of resistant， chronic Post⁃Traumatic Stress Disorder （PTSD）［J］. Journal of Psychopharmacology， 27（1）： 40-52

536 Oh， J. P.， & Han， J. H. （2020）. A critical role of hippocampus for formation of remote cued fear memory［J］. Molecular Brain， 13（1）： 112

537 Oitzl， M. S.， Champagne， D. L.， van der Veen， R.， & de Kloet， E. R. （2010）. Brain development under stress： Hypotheses of glucocorticoid actions revisited［J］. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews， 34（6）： 853-866

538 Olff， M.， Langeland， W.， Draijer， N.， & Gersons， B. P. R. （2007）. Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Psychological Bulletin， 133（2）： 183-204

539 Olff， M.， Langeland， W.， & Gersons， B. P. R. （2005）. The psychobiology of PTSD： Coping with trauma［J］. Psychoneuroendocrinology， 30（10）： 974-982

540 Olshavsky， M. E.， Song， B. J.， Powell， D. J.， Jones， C. E.， Monfils， M.H.， & Lee， H. J. （2013）. Updating appetitive memory during reconsolidation window： critical role of cue⁃directed behavior and amygdala central nucleus［J］. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience， 7： 186

541 Onoue， K.， Nakayama， D.， Ikegaya， Y.， Matsuki， N.， & Nomura， H. （2014）. Fear extinction requires Arc/Arg3.1 expression in the basolateral amygdala［J］. Molecular Brain， 7： 30

542 Oosterbaan， V.， Covers， M. L. v， Bicanic， I. A. E.， Huntjens， R. J. C.， & Jongh， A. de. （2019）. Do early interventions prevent PTSD？ A systematic review and meta⁃analysis of the safety and efficacy of early interventions after sexual assault［J］. European Journal of Psychotraumatology， 10（1）： 1682932

543 Orr， S. P.， Metzger， L. J.， Lasko， N. B.， Macklin， M. L.， Peri， T.， & Pitman， R. K. （2000）. De novo conditioning in trauma⁃exposed individuals with and without posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Journal of Abnormal Psychology， 109（2）： 290-298

544 Orsini， C.， Kim， J.， Knapska， E.， & Maren， S. （2011）. Hippocampal and Prefrontal Projections to the Basal Amygdala Mediate Contextual Regulation of Fear after Extinction［J］. The Journal of Neuroscience： The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience， 31： 17269-17277

545 Ot'alora G， M.， Grigsby， J.， Poulter， B.， van Derveer， J. W.， Giron， S. G.， Jerome， L.， ...Doblin， R. （2018）. 3，4⁃Methylenedioxymethamphetamine⁃assisted psychotherapy for treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder： A randomized phase 2 controlled trial［J］. Journal of Psychopharmacology， 32（12）： 1295-1307

546 O'Toole， B. I.， Marshall， R. P.， Schureck， R. J.， & Dobson， M. （1998）. Posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbidity in Australian Vietnam veterans： Risk factors， chronicity and combat［J］. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry， 32（1）： 32-42

547 Otto， M. W.， Hinton， D.， Korbly， N. B.， Chea， A.， Ba， P.， Gershuny， B. S.， & Pollack， M. H. （2003）. Treatment of pharmacotherapy⁃refractory posttraumatic stress disorder among Cambodian refugees： a pilot study of combination treatment with cognitive⁃behavior therapy vs sertraline alone［J］. Behaviour Research and Therapy， 41（11）： 1271-1276

548 Pani， L.， Porcella， A.， & Gessa， G. L. （2000）. The role of stress in the pathophysiology of the dopaminergic system［J］. Molecular Psychiatry， 5（1）： 14-21

549 Parihar， V. K.， Hattiangady， B.， Kuruba， R.， Shuai， B.， & Shetty， A. K. （2011）. Predictable chronic mild stress improves mood， hippocampal neurogenesis and memory［J］. Molecular Psychiatry， 16（2）： 171-183

550 Parsons， R. G.， Gafford， G. M.， Baruch， D. E.， Riedner， B. A.， & Helmstetter， F. J. （2006）. Long⁃term stability of fear memory depends on the synthesis of protein but not mRNA in the amygdala［J］. European Journal of Neuroscience， 23（7）： 1853-1859

551 Parsons， R. G.， & Ressler， K. J. （2013）. Implications of memory modulation for post⁃traumatic stress and fear disorders［J］. Nature Neuroscience， 16（2）： 146-153

552 Patel， R.， Spreng， R. N.， Shin， L. M.， & Girard， T. A. （2012）. Neurocircuitry models of posttraumatic stress disorder and beyond： A meta⁃analysis of functional neuroimaging studies［J］. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews， 36（9）： 2130-2142

553 Pavlides， C.， Ogawa， S.， Kimura， A.， & McEwen， B. S. （1996）. Role of adrenal steroid mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in long⁃term potentiation in the CA1 field of hippocampal slices［J］. Brain Research， 738（2）： 229-235

554 Pearce， M.， Haynes， K.， Rivera， N. R.， & Koenig， H. G. （2018）. Spiritually Integrated Cognitive Processing Therapy： A New Treatment for Post⁃traumatic Stress Disorder That Targets Moral Injury［J］. Global Advances in Health and Medicine， 7： 216495611875993

555 Pedreira， M. E.， & Maldonado， H. （2003）. Protein synthesis subserves reconsolidation or extinction depending on reminder duration［J］. Neuron， 38（6）： 863-869

556 Pejuskovic， B.， Lecic⁃Tosevski， D.， & Toskovic， O. （2020）. Longitudinal study of PTSD and depression in a war⁃exposed sample ⁃ comorbidity increases distress and suicide risk［J］. Global Psychiatry， 3（1）： 1-8

557 Penning， S. L.， Bhagwanjee， A.， & Govender， K. （2010）. Bullying boys： The traumatic effects of bullying in male adolescent learners［J］. Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health， 22（2）： 131-143

558 Pepin， M. C.， Pothier， F.， & Barden， N. （1992）. Impaired type II glucocorticoid⁃receptor function in mice bearing antisense RNA transgene［J］. Nature， 355（6362）： 725-728

559 Peterson， A. L.， Mintz， J.， Moring， J. C.， Straud， C. L.， Young⁃McCaughan， S.， McGeary， C. A.， ...Resick， P. A. （2022）. In⁃office， in⁃home， and telehealth cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans： a randomized clinical trial［J］. BMC Psychiatry， 22（1）： 41

560 Petrakis， I. L.， Desai， N.， Gueorguieva， R.， Arias， A.， O'Brien， E.， Jane， J. S.，... Ralevski， E. （2016）. Prazosin for Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Comorbid Alcohol Dependence： A Clinical Trial［J］. Alcoholism： Clinical and Experimental Research， 40（1）： 178-186

561 Phelps， E. A.， Delgado， M. R.， Nearing， K. I.， & Ledoux， J. E. （2004）. Extinction learning in humans： Role of the amygdala and vmPFC［J］. Neuron， 43（6）： 897-905

562 Pietrzak， R. H.， Tsai， J.， Armour， C.， Mota， N.， Harpaz⁃Rotem， I.， & Southwick， S. M. （2015）. Functional significance of a novel 7⁃factor model of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms： Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study［J］. Journal of Affective Disorders， 174： 522-526

563 Pinna， K. L. M.， Johnson， D. M.， & Delahanty， D. L. （2014）. PTSD， comorbid depression， and the cortisol waking response in victims of intimate partner violence： Preliminary evidence［J］. Anxiety， Stress and Coping， 27（3）： 253-269

564 Pitman， R. K.， Gilbertson， M. W.， Gurvits， T. v.， May， F. S.， Lasko， N. B.， Metzger， L. J.， ...Orr， S. P. （2006）. Clarifying the origin of biological abnormalities in PTSD through the study of identical twins discordant for combat exposure［J］. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences， 1071： 242-254

565 Pitman， R. K.， Orr， S. P.， & Shalev， A. Y. （1993）. Once bitten， twice shy： Beyond the conditioning model of PTSD［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 33（3）： 145-146

566 Pitman， R. K.， Rasmusson， A. M.， Koenen， K. C.， Shin， L. M.， Orr， S. P.， Gilbertson， M. W.， ...Liberzon， I. （2012）. Biological studies of post⁃traumatic stress disorder［J］. Nature Reviews Neuroscience， 13（11）： 769-787

567 Pitman， R. K.， Sanders， K. M.， Zusman， R. M.， Healy， A. R.， Cheema， F.， Lasko， N. B.， ...Orr， S. P. （2002）. Pilot study of secondary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder with propranolol［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 51（2）： 189-192

568 Plath， N.， Ohana， O.， Dammermann， B.， Errington， M. L.， Schmitz， D.， Gross， C.， ... Kuhl， D. （2006）. Arc/Arg3.1 Is Essential for the Consolidation of Synaptic Plasticity and Memories［J］. Neuron， 52（3）： 437-444

569 Ploski， J. E.， Pierre， V. J.， Smucny， J.， Park， K.， Monsey， M. S.， Overeem， K. A.， & Schafe， G. E. （2008）. The activity⁃regulated cytoskeletal⁃associated protein （Arc/Arg3.1） is required for memory consolidation of pavlovian fear conditioning in the lateral amygdala［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 28（47）： 12383-12395

570 Plotsky， P. M.， & Meaney， M. J. （1993）. Early， postnatal experience alters hypothalamic corticotropin⁃releasing factor （CRF） mRNA， median eminence CRF content and stress⁃induced release in adult rats［J］. Molecular Brain Research， 18（3）： 195-200

571 Ponnusamy， R.， Zhuravka， I.， Poulos， A. M.， Shobe， J.， Merjanian， M.， Huang， J.， ...Fanselow， M. S. （2016）. Retrieval and reconsolidation accounts of fear extinction［J］. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience， 10： 89

572 Popiel， A.， Zawadzki， B.， Pragłowska， E.， & Teichman， Y. （2015）. Prolonged exposure， paroxetine and the combination in the treatment of PTSD following a motor vehicle accident. A randomized clinical trial ⁃ The “TRAKT” study［J］. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry， 48： 17-26

573 Power， A. E.， Berlau， D. J.， McGaugh， J. L.， & Steward， O. （2006）. Anisomycin infused into the hippocampus fails to block “ reconsolidation” but impairs extinction： The role of re⁃exposure duration［J］. Learning and Memory， 13（1）： 27-34

574 Powers， M. B.， Halpern， J. M.， Ferenschak， M. P.， Gillihan， S. J.， & Foa， E. B. （2010）. A meta⁃analytic review of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Clinical Psychology Review， 30（6）： 635-641

575 Puig， M. V.， Rose， J.， Schmidt， R.， & Freund， N. （2014）. Dopamine modulation of learning and memory in the prefrontal cortex： Insights from studies in primates， rodents， and birds［J］. Frontiers in Neural Circuits， 8： 93

576 Qi， W.， Gevonden， M.， & Shalev， A. （2016）. Prevention of Post⁃Traumatic Stress Disorder After Trauma： Current Evidence and Future Directions［J］. Current Psychiatry Reports， 18（2）： 1-11

577 Quinn， J. J.， Wied， H. M.， Ma， Q. D.， Tinsley， M. R.， & Fanselow， M. S. （2008）. Dorsal hippocampus involvement in delay fear conditioning depends upon the strength of the tone⁃footshock association［J］. Hippocampus， 18（7）： 640-654

578 Quirk， G.， J. （2002）. Memory for Extinction of Conditioned Fear Is Long⁃lasting and Persists Following Spontaneous Recovery［J］. Learning and Memory， 9（6）： 402-407

579 Quirk， G. J.， Garcia， R.， & González⁃Lima， F. （2006）. Prefrontal Mechanisms in Extinction of Conditioned Fear［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 60（4）： 337-343

580 Quirk， G. J.， Likhtik， E.， Pelletier， J. G.， & Paré， D. （2003）. Stimulation of medial prefrontal cortex decreases the responsiveness of central amygdala output neurons［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 23（25）： 8800-8807

581 Quirk， G. J.， & Milad， M. R. （2010）. Neuroscience： Editing out fear［J］. Nature， 463：36-37.

582 Quirk， G. J.， Russo， G. K.， Barron， J. L.， & Kelimer， L. （2000）. The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the recovery of extinguished fear［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 20（16）： 6225-6231

583 Radwanska， K.， Nikolaev， E.， Knapska， E.， & Kaczmarek， L. （2002）. Differential response of two subdivisions of lateral amygdala to aversive conditioning as revealed by c⁃Fos and P⁃ERK mapping［J］. NeuroReport， 13（17）： 2241-2246

584 Ramirez， S.， Tonegawa， S.， & Liu， X. （2014）. Identification and optogenetic manipulation of memory engrams in the hippocampus［J］. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience， 7， 266

585 Raskind， M. A.， Peskind， E. R.， Chow， B.， Harris， C.， Davis⁃Karim， A.， Holmes， H. A.， ...Huang， G. D. （2018）. Trial of Prazosin for Post⁃Traumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans［J］. New England Journal of Medicine， 378（6）： 507-517

586 Rasmussen， D. D.， Crites， N. J.， & Burke， B. L. （2008）. Acoustic startle amplitude predicts vulnerability to develop post⁃traumatic stress hyper⁃responsivity and associated plasma corticosterone changes in rats［J］. Psychoneuroendocrinology， 33（3）： 282-291

587 Ratka， A.， Sutanto， W.， BLoemers， M.， & de Kloet， E. R. （1989）. On the role of brain mineralocorticoid （Type I） and glucocorticoid （Type II） receptors in neuroendocrine regulation［J］. Neuroendocrinology， 50（2）： 117-123

588 Rattiner， L. M.， Davis， M.， French， C. T.， & Ressler， K. J. （2004）. Brain⁃derived neurotrophic factor and tyrosine kinase receptor B involvement in amygdala⁃dependent fear conditioning［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 24（20）： 4796-4806

589 Rauch， S. A. M.， Kim， H. M.， Powell， C.， Tuerk， P. W.， Simon， N. M.， Acierno， R.， ...Hoge， C. W. （2019）. Efficacy of Prolonged Exposure Therapy， Sertraline Hydrochloride， and Their Combination Among Combat Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder［J］. JAMA Psychiatry， 76（2）： 117

590 Redondo， R. L.， Kim， J.， Arons， A. L.， Ramirez， S.， Liu， X.， & Tonegawa， S. （2014）. Bidirectional switch of the valence associated with a hippocampal contextual memory engram［J］. Nature， 513： 426-430

591 Reger， G. M.， Koenen⁃Woods， P.， Zetocha， K.， Smolenski， D. J.， Holloway， K. M.， Rothbaum， B. O.， ...Gahm， G. A. （2016）. Randomized controlled trial of prolonged exposure using imaginal exposure vs. virtual reality exposure in active duty soldiers with deployment⁃related posttraumatic stress disorder （PTSD）［J］. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology， 84（11）： 946-959

592 Repa， J. C.， Muller， J.， Apergis， J.， Desrochers， T. M.， Zhou， Y.， & LeDoux， J. E. （2001）. Two different lateral amygdala cell populations contribute to the initiation and storage of memory［J］. Nature Neuroscience， 4（7）： 724-731

593 Resick， P. A.， Nishith， P.， Weaver， T. L.， Astin， M. C.， & Feuer， C. A. （2002）. A comparison of cognitive⁃processing therapy with prolonged exposure and a waiting condition for the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in female rape victims［J］. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology， 70（4）： 867-879

594 Resnick， H. S.， Acierno， R.， Kilpatrick， D. G.， & Holmes， M. （2005）. Description of an early intervention to prevent substance abuse and psychopathology in recent rape victims［J］. Behavior Modification， 29（1）： 156-188

595 Resnick， H. S.， Yehuda， R.， Pitman， R. K.， & Foy， D. W. （1995）. Effect of previous trauma on acute plasma cortisol level following rape［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 152（11）： 1675-1677

596 Restivo， L.， Vetere， G.， Bontempi， B.， & Ammassari⁃Teule， M. （2009）. The formation of recent and remote memory is associated with time⁃dependent formation of dendritic spines in the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 29（25）： 8206-8214

597 Richter⁃Levin， G. （2004）. The Amygdala， the Hippocampus， and Emotional Modulation of Memory［J］. Neuroscientist， 10（1）： 31-39

598 Robert， S.， Hamner， M. B.， Ulmer， H. G.， Lorberbaum， J. P.， & Durkalsk， V. L. （2006）. Open⁃Label Trial of Escitalopram in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder［J］. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry， 67（10）： 1522-1526

599 Roberts， N. P.， Kitchiner， N. J.， Kenardy， J.， & Bisson， J. I. （2010）. Early psychological interventions to treat acute traumatic stress symptoms［J］. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews， 3（3）： CD007944

600 Rodenburg， R.， Benjamin， A.， de Roos， C.， Meijer， A. M.， & Stams， G. J. （2009）. Efficacy of EMDR in children： A meta⁃analysis［J］. Clinical Psychology Review， 29（7）： 599-606

601 Rodrigues， S. M.， Schafe， G. E.， & Ledoux， J. E. （2004）. Molecular mechanisms underlying emotional learning and memory in the lateral amygdala［J］. Neuron， 44（1）： 75-91

602 Romijn， G.， Batelaan， N.， Kok， R.， Koning， J.， & Riper， H. （2018）. A meta⁃analysis of effects of Internet CBT for anxiety disorders： open community versus clinical service recruitment （Preprint）

603 Roozendaal， B. （2002）. Stress and memory： Opposing effects of glucocorticoids on memory consolidation and memory retrieval［J］. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory， 78（3）： 578-595

604 Roozendaal， B.， Barsegyan， A.， & Lee， S. （2007）. Adrenal stress hormones， amygdala activation， and memory for emotionally arousing experiences［J］. Progress in Brain Research， 167： 79-97

605 Rosenkranz， J. A.， Moore， H.， & Grace， A. A. （2003）. The Prefrontal Cortex Regulates Lateral Amygdala Neuronal Plasticity and Responses to Previously Conditioned Stimuli［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 23（35）： 11054-11064

606 Rose， S.， Bisson， J.， Churchill， R.， & Wessely， S. （2002）. Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder （PTSD）［J］. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews， 2（2）： 1465-1858

607 Rose， S.， Bisson， J.， & Wessely， S. （2003）. A systematic review of single⁃session psychological interventions （‘debriefing’） following trauma［J］. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics， 72（4）： 176-184

608 Rosner， R.， Rimane， E.， Frick， U.， Gutermann， J.， Hagl， M.， Renneberg， B.， ...Steil， R. （2019）. Effect of Developmentally Adapted Cognitive Processing Therapy for Youth With Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Childhood Sexual and Physical Abuse［J］. JAMA Psychiatry， 76（5）： 484-491

609 Ross， D. A.， Arbuckle， M. R.， Travis， M. J.， Dwyer， J. B.， van Schalkwyk， G. I.， & Ressler， K. J. （2017）. An integrated neuroscience perspective on formulation and treatment planning for posttraumatic stress disorder： An educational review［J］. JAMA Psychiatry， 74（4）： 407-415

610 Rothbaum， B. O.， Cahill， S. P.， Foa， E. B.， Davidson， J. R. T.， Compton， J.， Connor， K. M.， ...Hahn， C.⁃G. （2006）. Augmentation of sertraline with prolonged exposure in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Journal of Traumatic Stress， 19（5）： 625-638

611 Rothbaum， B. O.， Davidson， J. R. T.， Stein， D. J.， Pedersen， R.， Musgnung， J.， Tian， X. W.， ...Baldwin， D. S. （2008）. A pooled analysis of gender and trauma⁃type effects on responsiveness to treatment of PTSD with venlafaxine extended release or placebo［J］. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry， 69（10）： 1529-1539

612 Rothbaum， B. O.， & Davis， M. （2003）. Applying Learning Principles to the Treatment of Post⁃Trauma Reactions［J］. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences， 1008（1）： 112-121

613 Rothbaum， B. O.， Kearns， M. C.， Price， M.， Malcoun， E.， Davis， M.， Ressler， K. J.， ...Houry， D. （2012）. Early intervention may prevent the development of posttraumatic stress disorder： a randomized pilot civilian study with modified prolonged exposure［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 72（11）： 957-963

614 Rothbaum， B. O.， Price， M.， Jovanovic， T.， Norrholm， S. D.， Gerardi， M.， Dunlop， B.， ...Ressler， K. J. （2014）. A Randomized， Double⁃Blind Evaluation of D ⁃Cycloserine or Alprazolam Combined With Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 171（6）： 640-648

615 Roth， M.， Neuner， F.， & Elbert， T. （2014）. Transgenerational consequences of PTSD： Risk factors for the mental health of children whose mothers have been exposed to the Rwandan genocide［J］. International Journal of Mental Health Systems， 8： 12

616 Roy， M. J.， Francis， J.， Friedlander， J.， Banks⁃Williams， L.， Lande， R. G.， Taylor， P.， ...Rothbaum， B. （2010）. Improvement in cerebral function with treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences， 1208： 142-149

617 Sack， W. H.， Clarke， G. N.， & Seeley， J. （1995）. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder across Two Generations of Cambodian Refugees［J］. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry， 34（9）： 1160-1166

618 Şalciolu， E.， Başolu， M.， & Livanou， M. （2003）. Long⁃term psychological outcome for non⁃treatment⁃seeking earthquake survivors in Turkey［J］. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease， 191（3）： 154-160

619 Salt， E.， Wiggins， A. T.， Cooper， G. L.， Benner， K.， Adkins， B. W.， Hazelbaker， K.， & Rayens， M. K. （2021）. A comparison of child abuse and neglect encounters before and after school closings due to SARS⁃Cov-2［J］. Child Abuse and Neglect， 118（3）： 105132

620 Salzman， C. D.， & Fusi， S. （2010）. Emotion， cognition， and mental state representation in amygdala and prefrontal cortex［J］. Annual Review of Neuroscience， 33（1）： 173-202

621 Sanacora， G.， Treccani， G.， & Popoli， M. （2012）. Towards a glutamate hypothesis of depression： an emerging frontier of neuropsychopharmacology for mood disorders［J］. Neuropharmacology， 62（1）： 63-77

622 Sapolsky， R. M.， Krey， L. C.， & McEwen， B. S. （1985）. Prolonged glucocorticoid exposure reduces hippocampal neuron number： Implications for aging［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 5（5）： 1222-1227

623 Sara， S. J. （2000）. Strengthening the shaky trace through retrieval［J］. Nature Reviews Neuroscience， 1（3）： 212-213

624 Sartor， C. E.， Grant， J. D.， Lynskey， M. T.， McCutcheon， V. v.， Waldron， M.， Statham， D. J.， ...Nelson， E. C. （2012）. Common heritable contributions to low⁃risk trauma， high⁃risk trauma， posttraumatic stress disorder， and major depression［J］. Archives of General Psychiatry， 69（3）： 293-299

625 Schaal， S.， Elbert， T.， & Neuner， F. （2009）. Narrative Exposure Therapy versus Interpersonal Psychotherapy［J］. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics， 78（5）： 298-306

626 Schafe， G. E.， Atkins， C. M.， Swank， M. W.， Bauer， E. P.， Sweatt， J. D.， & Ledoux， J. E. （2000）. Activation of ERK/MAP kinase in the amygdala is required for memory consolidation of Pavlovian fear conditioning［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 20（21）： 8177-8187

627 Schafe， G. E.， Doyère， V.， & LeDoux， J. E. （2005）. Tracking the fear engram： The lateral amygdala is an essential locus of fear memory storage［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 25（43）： 10010-10014

628 Schafe， G. E.， & LeDoux， J. E. （2000）. Memory consolidation of auditory pavlovian fear conditioning requires protein synthesis and protein kinase A in the amygdala［J］. The Journal of Neuroscience： The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience， 20（18）： RC96

629 Schafe， G. E.， Nadel， N. v.， Sullivan， G. M.， Harris， A.， & LeDoux， J. E. （1999）. Memory consolidation for contextual and auditory fear conditioning is dependent on protein synthesis， PKA， and MAP kinase［J］. Learning and Memory， 6（2）： 97-110

630 Schafe， G. E.， Nader， K.， Blair， H. T.， & LeDoux， J. E. （2001）. Memory consolidation of Pavlovian fear conditioning： A cellular and molecular perspective［J］. Trends in Neurosciences， 24（9）： 540-546

631 Schelling， G.， Kilger， E.， Roozendaal， B.， de Quervain， D. J. F.， Briegel， J.， Dagge， A.， ...Kapfhammer， H. P. （2004）. Stress doses of hydrocortisone， traumatic memories， and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in patients after cardiac surgery： A randomized study［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 55（6）： 627-633

632 Schelling， G.， Roozendaal， B.， & de Quervain， D. J. F. （2004）. Can posttraumatic stress disorder be prevented with glucocorticoids［J］？ Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences， 1032： 158-166

633 Schelling， G.， Roozendaal， B.， Krauseneck， T.， Schmoelz， M.， de Quervain， D.， & Briegel， J. （2006）. Efficacy of hydrocortisone in preventing posttraumatic stress disorder following critical illness and major surgery［J］. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences， 1071： 46-53

634 Schiller， D.， Cain， C. K.， Curley， N. G.， Schwartz， J. S.， Stern， S. A.， LeDoux， J. E.， & Phelps， E. A. （2008）. Evidence for recovery of fear following immediate extinction in rats and humans［J］. Learning and Memory， 15（6）： 394-402

635 Schiller， D.， Monfils， M. H.， Raio， C. M.， Johnson， D. C.， Ledoux， J. E.， & Phelps， E. A. （2010）. Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update mechanisms［J］. Nature， 463： 49-53

636 Schneier， F. R.， Neria， Y.， Pavlicova， M.， Hembree， E.， Suh， E. J.， Amsel， L.， & Marshall， R. D. （2012）. Combined Prolonged Exposure Therapy and Paroxetine for PTSD Related to the World Trade Center Attack： A Randomized Controlled Trial［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 169（1）： 80-88

637 Schnurr， P. P.， Chard， K. M.， Ruzek， J. I.， Chow， B. K.， Resick， P. A.， Foa， E. B.， … Shih， M.C. （2022）. Comparison of Prolonged Exposure vs Cognitive Processing Therapy for Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among US Veterans［J］. JAMA Network Open， 5（1）： e2136921

638 Schöner， J.， Heinz， A.， Endres， M.， Gertz， K.， & Kronenberg， G. （2017）. Post⁃traumatic stress disorder and beyond： an overview of rodent stress models［J］. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine， 21（10）： 2248-2256

639 Schottenbauer， M. A.， Glass， C. R.， Arnkoff， D. B.， Tendick， V.， & Gray， S. H. （2008）. Nonresponse and Dropout Rates in Outcome Studies on PTSD： Review and Methodological Considerations［J］. Psychiatry： Interpersonal and Biological Processes， 71（2）： 134-168

640 Schroeder， B. W.， & Shinnick⁃Gallagher， P. （2005）. Fear learning induces persistent facilitation of amygdala synaptic transmission［J］. European Journal of Neuroscience， 22（7）： 1775-1783

641 Schuster， M. A.， & Bogart， L. M. （2013）. Did the ugly duckling have PTSD？ bullying， its effects， and the role of pediatricians［J］. Pediatrics， 131（1）： 288-291

642 Schwartz， D. A. （1997）. Self⁃reported illness and health status among Gulf War veterans： A population⁃based study［J］. Journal of the American Medical Association， 277（3）， 238-245

643 Seal， K. H.， Metzler， T. J.， Gima， K. S.， Bertenthal， D.， Maguen， S.， & Marmar， C. R. （2009）. Trends and risk factors for mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans using department of Veterans Affairs Health Care， 2002-2008［J］. American Journal of Public Health， 99（9）： 1651-1658

644 Seedat， S.， Stein， D. J.， Ziervogel， C.， Middleton， T.， Kaminer， D.， Emsley， R. A.， & Rossouw， W. （2002）. Comparison of Response to a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor in Children， Adolescents， and Adults with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder［J］. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology， 12（1）： 37-46

645 Selye， H. （1946）. The general adaptation syndrome and the diseases of adaptation［J］. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism， 6： 117-230

646 Seungho， L.， Su⁃Jeong， K.， Oh⁃Bin， K.， Han， L. J.， & Joung⁃Hun， K. （2013）. Inhibitory networks of the amygdala for emotional memory［J］. Frontiers in Neural Circuits， 7： 129

647 Shaili， Jain， Mark， A， Greenbaum， Craig， S， & Rosen. （2012）. Do Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Receive First⁃Line Pharmacotherapy［J］？ The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders， 14（2）： PCC.11m01162

648 Shalev， A. Y.， Ankri， Y.， Israeli⁃Shalev， Y.， Peleg， T.， & Freedman， S. （2012）. Prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder by early treatment： results from the Jerusalem Trauma Outreach And Prevention study［J］. Arch Gen Psychiatry， 69（2）： 166-176

649 Shalev， A. Y.， Sahar， T.， Freedman， S.， Peri， T.， Glick， N.， Brandes， D.， ...Pitman， R. K. （1998）. A prospective study of heart rate response following trauma and the subsequent development of posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Archives of General Psychiatry， 55（6）： 553-559

650 Shapiro， F. （Ed.）. （2002）. EMDR as an integrative psychotherapy approach： Experts of diverse orientations explore the paradigm prism［M］. American Psychological Association

651 Sharkansky， E. J.， King， D. W.， King， L. A.， Wolfe， J.， Erickson， D. J.， & Stokes， L. R. （2000）. Coping with Gulf War combat stress： Mediating and moderating effects［J］. Journal of Abnormal Psychology， 109（2）： 188-197

652 Sherman， J. J. （1998）. Effects of psychotherapeutic treatments for PTSD： A meta⁃analysis of controlled clinical trials［J］. Journal of Traumatic Stress， 11（3）： 413-435

653 Shi， Y. W.， Fan， B. F.， Xue， L.， Wen， J. L.， & Zhao， H. （2017）. Regulation of fear extinction in the basolateral amygdala by dopamine D2 receptors accompanied by altered GluR1， GluR1⁃ser845 and NR2B levels［J］. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience， 11： 116

654 Shumake， J.， Conejo⁃Jimenez， N.， Gonzalez⁃Pardo， H.， & Gonzalez⁃Lima， F. （2004）. Brain differences in newborn rats predisposed to helpless and depressive behavior［J］. Brain Research， 1030（2）： 267-276

655 Siegmund， A.， & Wotjak， C. T. （2006）. Toward an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences， 1071： 324-334

656 Sillivan， S. E.， Joseph， N. F.， Jamieson， S.， King， M. L.， Chévere⁃Torres， I.， Fuentes， I.， ... Miller， C. A. （2017）. Susceptibility and Resilience to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder⁃like Behaviors in Inbred Mice［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 82（12）： 924-933

657 Silvers， J. A.， Insel， C.， Powers， A.， Franz， P.， Helion， C.， Martin， R. E.， ... Ochsner， K. N. （2016）. vlPFC⁃vmPFC⁃Amygdala Interactions Underlie Age⁃Related Differences in Cognitive Regulation of Emotion［J］. Cerebral Cortex， 27（7）： 3502-3514

658 Simon， N. M.， Connor， K. M.， Lang， A. J.， Rauch， S.， Krulewicz， S.， LeBeau， R. T.， ...Pollack， M. H. （2008）. Paroxetine CR Augmentation for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Refractory to Prolonged Exposure Therapy［J］. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry， 69（3）： 400-405

659 Singer， M. I.， Song， L. Y.， Lunghofer， L.， & Anglin， T. M. （1995）. Adolescents' Exposure to Violence and Associated Symptoms of Psychological Trauma［J］. JAMA： The Journal of the American Medical Association， 273（6）： 477-482

660 Skórzewska， A.， Bidziński， A.， Lehner， M.， Turzyńska， D.， Sobolewska， A.， Hamed， A.， ...Plaznik， A. （2007）. The effects of acute corticosterone administration on anxiety， endogenous corticosterone， and c⁃Fos expression in the rat brain［J］. Hormones and Behavior， 52（3）： 317-325

661 Skórzewska， A.， Lehner， M.， Wisłowska⁃Stanek， A.， Turzyńska， D.， Sobolewska， A.， Krzᶏcik， P.， ...Płanik， A. （2020）. Individual susceptibility or resistance to posttraumatic stress disorder⁃like behaviours［J］. Behavioural Brain Research， 386： 112591

662 Smajkic， A.， Weine， S.， Djuric⁃Bijedic， Z.， Boskailo， E.， Lewis， J.， & Pavkovic， I. （2001）. Sertraline， Paroxetine， and Venlafaxine in refugee posttraumatic stress disorder with depression symptoms［J］. Journal of Traumatic Stress， 14（3）： 445-452

663 Smith， N. B.， Doran， J. M.， Sippel， L. M.， & Harpaz⁃Rotem， I. （2017）. Fear extinction and memory reconsolidation as critical components in behavioral treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder and potential augmentation of these processes［J］. Neuroscience Letters， 649： 170-175

664 Smith， Y.， & Paré， D. （1994）. Intra‐amygdaloid projections of the lateral nucleus in the cat： PHA‐L anterograde labeling combined with postembedding GABA and glutamate immunocytochemistry［J］. Journal of Comparative Neurology， 342（2）： 232-248

665 Smits， J. A. J.， Rosenfield， D.， Otto， M. W.， Powers， M. B.， Hofmann， S. G.， Telch， M. J.， ... Tart， C. D. （2013）. D⁃Cycloserine Enhancement of Fear Extinction is Specific to Successful Exposure Sessions： Evidence from the Treatment of Height Phobia［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 73（11）： 1054-1058

666 Smoller， J. W. （2016）. The Genetics of Stress⁃Related Disorders： PTSD， Depression， and Anxiety Disorders［J］. Neuropsychopharmacology， 41： 297-319

667 Soeter， M.， & Kindt， M. （2011）. Noradrenergic enhancement of associative fear memory in humans［J］. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory， 96（2）： 263-271

668 Solomon， Z.， Mikulincer， M.， & Flum， H. （1988）. Negative Life Events， Coping Responses， and Combat⁃Related Psychopathology： A Prospective Study［J］. Journal of Abnormal Psychology， 97（3）： 302-307

669 Sonne， C.， Carlsson， J.， Bech， P.， Elklit， A.， & Mortensen， E. L. （2016）. Treatment of trauma⁃affected refugees with venlafaxine versus sertraline combined with psychotherapy ⁃ a randomised study［J］. BMC Psychiatry， 16（1）： 383

670 Sotres⁃Bayon， F.， Cain， C. K.， & LeDoux， J. E. （2006）. Brain Mechanisms of Fear Extinction： Historical Perspectives on the Contribution of Prefrontal Cortex［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 60（4）： 329-336

671 Sotres⁃Bayon， F.， & Quirk， G. J. （2010）. Prefrontal control of fear： more than just extinction［J］. Current Opinion in Neurobiology， 20（2）： 231-235

672 Sotres⁃Bayon， F.， Sierra⁃Mercado， D.， Pardilla⁃Delgado， E.， & Quirk， G. （2012）. Gating of Fear in Prelimbic Cortex by Hippocampal and Amygdala Inputs［J］. Neuron， 76： 804-812

673 Sousa， N.， & Almeida， O. （2012）. Disconnection and reconnection： the morphological basis of （mal）adaptation to stress［J］. Trends in Neurosciences， 35（12）： 742-751

674 Stafford， J. M.， Maughan， D. A. K.， Ilioi， E. C.， & Lattal， K. M. （2013）. Exposure to a fearful context during periods of memory plasticity impairs extinction via hyperactivation of frontal⁃amygdalar circuits［J］. Learning and Memory， 20（3）： 156-163

675 Stallard， P. （2006）. Psychological interventions for post⁃traumatic reactions in children and young people： A review of randomised controlled trials［J］. Clinical Psychology Review， 26（7）： 895-911

676 Stam， R. （2007）. PTSD and stress sensitisation： A tale of brain and body. Part 1： Human studies［J］. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews， 31（4）： 530-557

677 Stam， R.， Bruijnzeel， A. W.， & Wiegant， V. M. （2000）. Long⁃lasting stress sensitisation［J］. European Journal of Pharmacology， 405（1-3）： 217-224

678 Stark， R.， Wolf， O. T.， Tabbert， K.， Kagerer， S.， Zimmermann， M.， Kirsch， P.， ...Vaitl， D. （2006）. Influence of the stress hormone cortisol on fear conditioning in humans： Evidence for sex differences in the response of the prefrontal cortex［J］. NeuroImage， 32（3）： 1290-1298

679 Steimer， T.， & Driscoll， P. （2003）. Divergent stress responses and coping styles in psychogenetically selected Roman high⁃（RHA） and low⁃（RLA） avoidance rats： Behavioural， neuroendocrine and developmental aspects［J］. Stress， 6（2）： 87-100

680 Stein， D. J.， Davidson， J.， Seedat， S.， & Beebe， K. （2003）. Paroxetine in the treatment of post⁃traumatic stress disorder： pooled analysis of placebo⁃controlled studies［J］. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy， 4（10）： 1829-1838

681 Steinfurth， E. C. K.， Kanen， J. W.， Raio， C. M.， Clem， R. L.， Huganir， R. L.， & Phelps， E. A. （2014）. Young and old Pavlovian fear memories can be modified with extinction training during［J］. Learning and Memory， 21（7）： 338-341

682 Stein， M. B.， Jang， K. L.， Taylor， S.， Vernon， P. A.， & Livesley， W. J. （2002）. Genetic and environmental influences on trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms： A twin study［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 159（10）： 1675-1681

683 Stein， M. B.， Kerridge， C.， Dimsdale， J. E.， & Hoyt， D. B. （2010）. Pharmacotherapy to prevent PTSD： Results from a randomized controlled proof⁃of⁃concept trial in physically injured patients［J］. Journal of Traumatic Stress， 20（6）： 923-932

684 Stein， Murray， B， Rothbaum， Barbara， & O. （2018）. 175 Years of Progress in PTSD Therapeutics： Learning From the Past［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 175： 508-516

685 Stellman， J. M.， Smith， R. P.， Katz， C. L.， Sharma， V.， Charney， D. S.， Herbert， R.， ...Southwick， S. （2008）. Enduring mental health morbidity and social function impairment in world trade center rescue， recovery， and cleanup workers： The Psychological dimension of an environmental health disaster［J］. Environmental Health Perspectives， 116（9）： 1248-1253

686 Stevanovi， A.， Franiškovi， T.， & Vermetten， E. （2016）. Relationship of early⁃life trauma， war⁃related trauma， personality traits， and PTSD symptom severity： A retrospective study on female civilian victims of war［J］. European Journal of Psychotraumatology， 7： 30964

687 Stevens， J. S.， Jovanovic， T.， Fani， N.， Ely， T. D.， Glover， E. M.， Bradley， B.， & Ressler， K. J. （2013）. Disrupted amygdala⁃prefrontal functional connectivity in civilian women with posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Journal of Psychiatric Research， 47（10）： 1469-1478

688 Steward， O.， & Worley， P. （2002）. Local synthesis of proteins at synaptic sites on dendrites： Role in synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation［J］？ Neurobiology of Learning and Memory， 78（3）： 508-527

689 Steward， O.， & Worley， P. F. （2001）. Selective targeting of newly synthesized Arc mRNA to active synapses requires NMDA receptor activation［J］. Neuron， 30（1）： 227-240

690 Suendermann， O.， Ehlers， A.， Boellinghaus， I.， Gamer， M.， & Glucksman， E. （2010）. Early heart rate responses to standardized trauma⁃related pictures predict posttraumatic stress disorder： A prospective study［J］. Psychosomatic Medicine， 72（3）： 301-308

691 Suliman， S.， Seedat， S.， Pingo， J.， Sutherland， T.， Zohar， J.， & Stein， D. J. （2015）. Escitalopram in the prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder： a pilot randomized controlled trial［J］. BMC Psychiatry， 15（1）： 24

692 Sundquist， K.， Johansson， L. M.， DeMarinis， V.， Johansson， S. E.， & Sundquist， J. （2005）. Posttraumatic stress disorder and psychiatric co⁃morbidity： Symptoms in a random sample of female Bosnian refugees［J］. European Psychiatry， 20（2）： 158-164

693 Sun， X. M.， Tu， W. Q.， Shi， Y. W.， Xue， L.， & Zhao， H. （2014）. Female⁃dependent impaired fear memory of adult rats induced by maternal separation， and screening of possible related genes in the hippocampal CA1［J］. Behavioural Brain Research， 267： 111-118

694 Suo， L.， Zhao， L.， Si， J.， Liu， J.， Zhu， W.， Chai， B.，...Lu， L. （2013）. Predictable chronic mild stress in adolescence increases resilience in adulthood［J］. Neuropsychopharmacology， 38： 1387-1400

695 Sutherland， R. J.， O'Brien， J.， & Lehmann， H. （2008）. Absence of systems consolidation of fear memories after dorsal， ventral， or complete hippocampal damage［J］. Hippocampus， 18（7）： 710-718

696 Sutton， M. A.， & Schuman， E. M. （2006）. Dendritic Protein Synthesis， Synaptic Plasticity， and Memory［J］. Cell， 127（1）： 49-58

697 Suzuki， A.， Josselyn， S. A.， Frankland， P. W.， Masushige， S.， Silva， A. J.， & Kida， S. （2004）. Memory reconsolidation and extinction have distinct temporal and biochemical signatures［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 24（20）： 4787-4795

698 Swanson， L. W.， & Petrovich， G. D. （1998）. What is the amygdala［J］？ Trends in Neurosciences， 21（8）： 323-331

699 Sweis， B. M.， Mau， W.， Rabinowitz， S.， & Cai， D. J. （2021）. Dynamic and heterogeneous neural ensembles contribute to a memory engram［J］. Current Opinion in Neurobiology， 67： 199-206

700 Szeszko， P. R.， & Yehuda， R. （2019）. Magnetic resonance imaging predictors of psychotherapy treatment response in post⁃traumatic stress disorder： A role for the salience network［J］. Psychiatry Research， 277： 52-57

701 Taherian， F.， Vafaei， A. A.， Vaezi， G. H.， Eskandarian， S.， Kashef， A.， & Rashidy⁃Pour， A. （2014）. Propranolol⁃induced impairment of contextual fear memory reconsolidation in rats： A similar effect on weak and strong recent and remote memories［J］. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience， 5（3）： 231-239

702 Takei， S.， Morinobu， S.， Yamamoto， S.， Fuchikami， M.， Matsumoto， T.， & Yamawaki， S. （2011）. Enhanced hippocampal BDNF/TrkB signaling in response to fear conditioning in an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Journal of Psychiatric Research， 45（4）： 460-468

703 Tanaka， K. Z.， Pevzner， A.， Hamidi， A. B.， Nakazawa， Y.， Graham， J.， & Wiltgen， B. J. （2014）. Cortical Representations Are Reinstated by the Hippocampus during Memory Retrieval［J］. Neuron， 84（2）： 347-354

704 Tang， W.， Lu， Y.， & Xu， J. （2018）. Post⁃traumatic stress disorder， anxiety and depression symptoms among adolescent earthquake victims： comorbidity and associated sleep⁃disturbing factors［J］. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology， 53（11）： 1241-1251

705 Tasker， J. G.， & Herman， J. P. （2011）. Mechanisms of rapid glucocorticoid feedback inhibition of the hypothalamic⁃pituitary⁃adrenal axis［J］. Stress， 14（4）： 398-406

706 Tayler， K. K.， Tanaka， K. Z.， Reijmers， L. G.， & Wiltgen， B. J. （2013）. Reactivation of neural ensembles during the retrieval of recent and remote memory［J］. Current Biology， 23（2）： 99-106

707 Thompson， B. L.， Erickson， K.， Schulkin， J.， & Rosen， J. B. （2004）. Corticosterone facilitates retention of contextually conditioned fear and increases CRH mRNA expression in the amygdala［J］. Behavioural Brain Research， 149（2）： 209-215

708 Tolin， D. F.， & Foa， E. B. （2006）. Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder： A quantitative review of 25 years of research［J］. Psychological Bulletin， 132（6）： 959-992

709 Tonegawa， S.， Liu， X.， Ramirez， S.， & Redondo， R. （2015）. Memory Engram Cells Have Come of Age［J］. Neuron， 87（5）： 918-931

710 Tonegawa， S.， Pignatelli， M.， Roy， D. S.， & Ryan， T. J. （2015）. Memory engram storage and retrieval［J］. Current Opinion in Neurobiology， 35： 101-109

711 Torrisi， S. A.， Leggio， G. M.， Drago， F.， & Salomone， S. （2019）. Therapeutic challenges of posttraumatic stress disorder： Focus on the dopaminergic system［J］. Frontiers in Pharmacology， 10： 404

712 Toth， M.， Mikics， E.， Tulogdi， A.， Aliczki， M.， & Haller， J. （2011）. Post⁃weaning social isolation induces abnormal forms of aggression in conjunction with increased glucocorticoid and autonomic stress responses［J］. Hormones and Behavior， 60（1）： 28-36

713 Tovote， P.， Esposito， M. S.， Botta， P.， Chaudun， F.， Fadok， J. P.， Markovic， M.， ...Deisseroth， K. （2016）. Midbrain circuits for defensive behaviour［J］. Nature， 534： 206-212

714 Tovote， P.， Fadok， J. P.， & Lüthi， A. （2015）. Neuronal circuits for fear and anxiety［J］. Nature Reviews Neuroscience， 16（6）： 317-331

715 Tripp， J. C.， Jones， J. L.， Back， S. E.， & Norman， S. B. （2019）. Dealing With Complexity and Comorbidity： Comorbid PTSD and Substance Use Disorders［J］. Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry， 6（2）： 188-197

716 Tronche， F.， Kellendonk， C.， Kretz， O.， Gass， P.， Anlag， K.， Orban， P. C.，...Schütz， G. （1999）. Disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in the nervous system results in reduced anxiety［J］. Nature Genetics， 23（1）： 99-103

717 Tronel， S.， Milekic， M. H.， & Alberini， C. M. （2005）. Linking new information to a reactivated memory requires consolidation and not reconsolidation mechanisms［J］. PLoS Biology， 3（9）： e293

718 True， W. R.， Rice， J.， Eisen， S. A.， Heath， A. C.， Goldberg， J.， Lyons， M. J.， & Nowak， J. （1993）. A Twin Study of Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Liability for Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms［J］. Archives of General Psychiatry， 50（4）： 257-264

719 Tse， D.， Langston， R. F.， Kakeyama， M.， Bethus， I.， Spooner， P. A.， Wood， E. R.， ...Morris， R. G. M. （2007）. Schemas and memory consolidation［J］. Science， 316（5821）： 76-82

720 Tucker， P.， Beebe， K. L.， Burgin， C.， Wyatt， D. B.， Parker， D. E.， Masters， B. K.， & Nawar， O. （2004）. Paroxetine treatment of depression with posttraumatic stress disorder： effects on autonomic reactivity and cortisol secretion［J］. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology， 24（2）： 131-140

721 Tucker， P.， Zaninelli， R.， Yehuda， R.， Ruggiero， L.， Dillingham， K.， & Pitts， C. D. （2001）. Paroxetine in the Treatment of Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder［J］. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry， 62（11）： 860-868

722 Tuerk， P. W.， Wangelin， B. C.， Powers， M. B.， Smits， J. A. J.， Acierno， R.， Myers， U. S.， Orr， S. P.， Foa， E. B.， & Hamner， M. B. （2018）. Augmenting treatment efficiency in exposure therapy for PTSD： a randomized double⁃blind placebo⁃controlled trial of yohimbine HCl［J］. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy， 47（5）： 351-371

723 Tzingounis， A. v.， & Nicoll， R. A. （2006）. Arc/Arg3.1： Linking Gene Expression to Synaptic Plasticity and Memory［J］. Neuron， 52（3）： 403-407

724 Uri， Livneh， Rony， & Paz. （2012）. Amygdala⁃Prefrontal Synchronization Underlies Resistance to Extinction of Aversive Memorie［J］. Neuron， 75： 133-142

725 Usher， K.， Bhullar， N.， Durkin， J.， Gyamfi， N.， & Jackson， D. （2020）. Family violence and COVID-19： Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support［J］. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing， 29（4）： 549-552

726 van den Berg， D. P. G.， de Bont， P. A. J. M.， van der Vleugel， B. M.， de Roos， C.， de Jongh， A.， van Minnen， A.， & van der Gaag， M. （2015）. Prolonged Exposure vs Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing vs Waiting List for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients With a Psychotic Disorder［J］. JAMA Psychiatry， 72（3）： 259-267

727 Van der Kolk， B. A.， & Fisler， R. （1995）. Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories： Overview and exploratory study［J］. British Journal of Psychotherapy， 8（4）： 505-525

728 Van Emmerik， A.， Kamphuis， J. H.， Hulsbosch， A. M.， & Emmelkamp， P. （2002）. Single session debriefing after psychological trauma： a meta⁃analysis［J］. The Lancet， 360： 766-771

729 Van Emmerik， A.， Kamphuis， J. H.， & Emmelkamp， P. （2008）. Treating acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder with cognitive behavioral therapy or structured writing therapy： a randomized controlled trial［J］. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics， 77（2）： 93-100

730 van Os， J.， & Jones， P. B. （1999）. Early risk factors and adult person⁃environment relationships in affective disorder［J］. Psychological Medicine， 29（5）： 1055-1067

731 van Pelt， Y.， Fokkema， P.， de Roos， C.， & de Jongh， A. （2021）. Effectiveness of an intensive treatment programme combining prolonged exposure and EMDR therapy for adolescents suffering from severe post⁃traumatic stress disorder［J］. European Journal of Psychotraumatology， 12（1）： 1917876

732 van Praag， H. M. （2004）. The cognitive paradox in posttraumatic stress disorder： a hypothesis［J］. Progress in Neuro⁃Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry， 28（6）： 923-935

733 van Woudenberg， C.， Voorendonk， E. M.， Bongaerts， H.， Zoet， H. A.， Verhagen， M.， Lee， C. W.， ...de Jongh， A. （2018）. Effectiveness of an intensive treatment programme combining prolonged exposure and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for severe post⁃traumatic stress disorder［J］. European Journal of Psychotraumatology， 9（1）： 1487225

734 van Zuiden， M.， Geuze， E.， Willemen， H. L. D. M.， Vermetten， E.， Maas， M.， Amarouchi， K.，...Heijnen， C. J. （2012）. Glucocorticoid receptor pathway components predict posttraumatic stress disorder symptom development： A prospective study［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 71（4）： 309-316

735 van Zuiden， M.， Geuze， E.， Willemen， H. L. D. M.， Vermetten， E.， Maas， M.， Heijnen， C. J.， & Kavelaars， A. （2011）. Pre⁃existing high glucocorticoid receptor number predicting development of posttraumatic stress symptoms after military deployment［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 168（1）： 89-96

736 Van Zuiden， M.， Frijling， J. L.， Nawijn， L.， Koch， S.， Goslings， J. C.， Luitse， J. S.， ...Olff， M. （2017）. Intranasal Oxytocin to Prevent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms： A Randomized Controlled Trial in Emergency Department Patients［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 81（12）： 1030-1040

737 Varela， C.， Weiss， S.， Meyer， R.， Halassa， M.， Biedenkapp， J.， Wilson， M. A.， ...Bendor， D. （2016）. Tracking the time⁃dependent role of the hippocampus in memory recall using dREADDS［J］. PLoS ONE， 11（5）： e0154374

738 Vermetten， E.， Vythilingam， M.， Southwick， S. M.， Charney， D. S.， & Bremner， J. D. （2003）. Long⁃term treatment with paroxetine increases verbal declarative memory and hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 54（7）： 693-702

739 Vermetten， E.， & Yehuda， R. （2020）. MDMA⁃assisted psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder： A promising novel approach to treatment［J］. Neuropsychopharmacology， 45（1）： 231-232

740 Vetere， G.， Barbato， C.， Pezzola， S.， Frisone， P.， Aceti， M.， Ciotti， M.， ... Ruberti， F. （2014）. Selective inhibition of miR-92 in hippocampal neurons alters contextual fear memory［J］. Hippocampus， 24（12）： 1458-1465

741 Vetere， G.， Restivo， L.， Novembre， G.， Aceti， M.， Lumaca， M.， & Ammassari⁃Teule， M. （2011）. Extinction partially reverts structural changes associated with remote fear memory［J］. Learning and Memory， 18（9）： 554-557

742 Vidal⁃Gonzalez， I.， Vidal⁃Gonzalez， B.， Rauch， S. L.， & Quirk， G. J. （2006）. Microstimulation reveals opposing influences of prelimbic and infralimbic cortex on the expression of conditioned fear［J］. Learning and Memory， 13（6）： 728-733

743 Vythilingam， M.， Gill， J. M.， Luckenbaugh， D. A.， Gold， P. W.， Collin， C.， Bonne， O.， Plumb， K.，...Charney， D. （2010）. Low early morning plasma cortisol in posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with co⁃morbid depression but not with enhanced glucocorticoid feedback inhibition［J］. Psychoneuroendocrinology， 35（3）： 442-450

744 Vythilingam， M.， Nelson， E. E.， Scaramozza， M.， Waldeck， T.， Hazlett， G.， Southwick， S. M.， ...Ernst， M. （2009）. Reward circuitry in resilience to severe trauma： An fMRI investigation of resilient special forces soldiers［J］. Psychiatry Research： Neuroimaging， 172（1）： 75-77

745 Wang， R. Y.， Phang， R. Z.， Hsu， P. H.， Wang， W. H.， Huang， H. T.， & Liu， I. Y. （2013）. In vivo knockdown of hippocampal miR-132 expression impairs memory acquisition of trace fear conditioning［J］. Hippocampus， 23（7）： 625-633

746 Wang， X.， Sundquist， K.， Hedelius， A.， Palmér， K.， Memon， A. A.， & Sundquist， J. （2015）. Circulating microRNA-144-5p is associated with depressive disorders［J］. Clinical Epigenetics， 7（69）： 1-8

747 Wang， Y.， Xu， J.， & Lu， Y. （2020）. Associations among trauma exposure， post⁃traumatic stress disorder， and depression symptoms in adolescent survivors of the 2013 Lushan earthquake［J］. Journal of Affective Disorders， 264：407-413

748 Warren， V. T.， Anderson， K. M.， Kwon， C.， Bosshardt， L.， Jovanovic， T.， Bradley， B.， & Norrholm， S. D. （2014）. Human fear extinction and return of fear using reconsolidation update mechanisms： The contribution of on⁃line expectancy ratings［J］. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory， 113： 165-173

749 Watts， B. v.， Schnurr， P. P.， Mayo， L.， Young⁃Xu， Y.， Weeks， W. B.， & Friedman， M. J. （2013）. Meta⁃Analysis of the Efficacy of Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder［J］. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry， 74（06）： 541-550

750 Weems， C. F.， Pina， A. A.， Costa， N. M.， Watts， S. E.， Taylor， L. K.， & Cannon， M. F. （2007）. Predisaster trait anxiety and negative affect predict posttraumatic stress in youths after Hurricane Katrina［J］. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology， 75（1）： 154-159

751 Wei， Q.， Lu， X. Y.， Liu， L.， Schafer， G.， Shieh， K. R.， Burke， S.， ...Akil， H. （2004）. Glucocorticoid receptor overexpression in forebrain： A mouse model of increased emotional lability［J］. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America， 101（32）： 11851-11856

752 Whittle， N.， Maurer， V.， Murphy， C.， Rainer， J.， Bindreither， D.， Hauschild， M.，...Singewald， N. （2016）. Enhancing dopaminergic signaling and histone acetylation promotes long⁃term rescue of deficient fear extinction［J］. Translational Psychiatry， 6（12）： e974

753 Widom， C. S. （1999）. Posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 156（8）： 1223-1229

754 Wijma， K.， Samelius， L.， Wingren， G.， & Wijma， B. （2007）. The association between ill⁃health and abuse： a cross⁃sectional population based study［J］. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology， 48： 567-575

755 Wilensky， A. E.， Schafe， G. E.， Kristensen， M. P.， & LeDoux， J. E. （2006）. Rethinking the fear circuit： The central nucleus of the amygdala is required for the acquisition， consolidation， and expression of pavlovian fear conditioning［J］. Journal of Neuroscience， 26（48）： 12387-12396

756 Wilson， J. P.， Raphael， B.， Meldrum， L.， Bedosky， C.， & Sigman， M. （2000）. Preventing PTSD in trauma survivors［J］. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic， 64（2）： 181-196

757 Wilson， S.， Becker， L.， & Tinker， R. （1997）. Fifteen Month follow⁃up of EMDR treatment for psychological trauma［J］. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology， 65： 1047-1056

758 Wisłowska⁃Stanek， A.， Lehner， M.， Skórzewska， A.， Maciejak， P.， Szyndler， J.， Turzyńska， D.， ...Płanik， A. （2013）. Corticosterone modulates fear responses and the expression of glucocorticoid receptors in the brain of high⁃anxiety rats［J］. Neuroscience Letters， 533（1）： 17-22

759 Wisnivesky， J. P.， Teitelbaum， S. L.， Todd， A. C.， Boffetta， P.， Crane， M.， Crowley， L.， … Landrigan， P. J. （2011）. Persistence of multiple illnesses in World Trade Center rescue and recovery workers： A cohort study［J］. The Lancet， 378： 888-897

760 Wolf， E. J.， Mitchell， K. S.， Logue， M. W.， Baldwin， C. T.， Reardon， A. F.， Aiello， A.， ...Miller， M. W. （2014）. The Dopamine D3 receptor gene and posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Journal of Traumatic Stress， 27（4）： 379-387

761 Woods， A. M.， & Bouton， M. E. （2008）. Immediate extinction causes a less durable loss of performance than delayed extinction following either fear or appetitive conditioning［J］. Learning and Memory， 15（12）： 909-920

762 Xian， H.， Chantarujikapong， S. I.， Scherrer， J. F.， Eisen， S. A.， Lyons， M. J.， Goldberg， J.， ...True， W. R. （2000）. Genetic and environmental influences on posttraumatic stress disorder， alcohol and drug dependence in twin pairs［J］. Drug and Alcohol Dependence， 61（1）： 95-102

763 Xue， Y. X.， Luo， Y. X.， Wu， P.， Shi， H. S.， Xue， L. F.， Chen， C.， ...Lu， L. （2012）. A memory retrieval⁃extinction procedure to prevent drug craving and relapse［J］. Science， 336： 241-245.

764 Xue， Y. X.， Zhu， Z. Z.， Han， H. bin， Liu， J. F.， Meng， S. Q.， ...Lu， L. （2015）. Overexpression of Protein Kinase Mζ in the Prelimbic Cortex Enhances the Formation of Long⁃Term Fear Memory［J］. Neuropsychopharmacology， 40（10）： 2487-2487

765 Xu， X. F.， Jing， X.， Ma， H. X.， Yuan， R. R.， Dong， Q.， Dong， J. L.， ...Wang， Y. （2018）. MiR-181a participates in contextual fear memory formation via activating mTOR signaling pathway［J］. Cerebral Cortex， 28（9）： 3309-3321

766 Yabuki， Y.， & Fukunaga， K. （2019）. Clinical therapeutic strategy and neuronal mechanism underlying post⁃traumatic stress disorder （PTSD）［J］. International Journal of Molecular Sciences， 20（15）： 3614

767 Yamamoto， S.， Morinobu， S.， Takei， S.， Fuchikami， M.， Matsuki， A.， Yamawaki， S.， & Liberzon， I. （2009）. Single prolonged stress： Toward an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Depression and Anxiety， 26（12）： 1110-1117

768 Yang， Y. L.， Chao， P. K.， & Lu， K. T. （2006）. Systemic and Intra⁃Amygdala Administration of Glucocorticoid Agonist and Antagonist Modulate Extinction of Conditioned Fear［J］. Neuropsychopharmacology， 31（5）： 912-924

769 Yang， Y. L.， & Lu， K. T. （2005）. Facilitation of conditioned fear extinction by D⁃cycloserine is mediated by mitogen⁃activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3⁃kinase cascades and requires de novo protein synthesis in basolateral nucleus of amygdala［J］. Neuroscience， 134： 247-260

770 Yehuda， R. （2002）. Current status of cortisol findings in post⁃traumatic stress disorder［J］. Psychiatric Clinics of North America， 25（2）： 341-368

771 Yehuda， R. （2003）. Adult neuroendocrine aspects of PTSD［J］. Psychiatric Annals， 33（1）： 30-36

772 Yehuda， R. （2004）. Risk and resilience in posttraumatic stress disorder［J］. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry， 65（Suppl. 1）： 29-36

773 Yehuda， R. （2006）. Psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorders： A decade of progress［J］. Psychobiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorders： A Decade of Progress.， 1071： 67-79

774 Yehuda， R. （2009）. Status of glucocorticoid alterations in post⁃traumatic stress disorder［J］. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences， 1179： 56-69

775 Yehuda， R.， & Antelman， S. M. （1993）. Criteria for rationally evaluating animal models of postraumatic stress disorder［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 33（7）： 479-486

776 Yehuda， R.， Bell， A.， Bierer， L. M.， & Schmeidler， J. （2008）. Maternal， not paternal， PTSD is related to increased risk for PTSD in offspring of Holocaust survivors［J］. Journal of Psychiatric Research， 42（13）： 1104-1111

777 Yehuda， R.， Bierer， L. M.， Pratchett， L. C.， Lehrner， A.， Koch， E. C.， van Manen， J. A.， ...Hildebrandt， T. （2015）. Cortisol augmentation of a psychological treatment for warfighters with posttraumatic stress disorder： Randomized trial showing improved treatment retention and outcome［J］. Psychoneuroendocrinology， 51： 589-597

778 Yehuda， R.， Golier， J. A.， Halligan， S. L.， Meaney， M.， & Bierer， L. M. （2004）. The ACTH response to dexamethasone in PTSD［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 161（8）： 1397-1403

779 Yehuda， R.， Golier， J. A.， & Kaufman， S. （2005）. Circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol in Holocaust survivors with and without PTSD［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 162（5）： 998-1000

780 Yehuda， R.， Halligan， S. L.， & Bierer， L. M. （2001）. Relationship of parental trauma exposure and PTSD to PTSD， depressive and anxiety disorders in offspring［J］. Journal of Psychiatric Research， 35（5）： 261-270

781 Yehuda， R.， & Ledoux， J. （2007）. Response variation following trauma： a translational neuroscience approach to understanding PTSD［J］. Neuron， 56（1）： 19-32

782 Yehuda， R.， McFarlane， A. C.， & Shalev， A. Y. （1998）. Predicting the development of posttraumatic stress disorder from the acute response to a traumatic event［J］. Biological Psychiatry， 44（12）： 1305-1313

783 Yehuda， R.， Yang， R. K.， Buchsbaum， M. S.， & Golier， J. A. （2006）. Alterations in cortisol negative feedback inhibition as examined using the ACTH response to cortisol administration in PTSD［J］. Psychoneuroendocrinology， 31（4）： 447-451

784 Ye， Y.， Xu， H.， Su， X.， & He， X. （2016）. Role of MicroRNA in Governing Synaptic Plasticity［J］. Neural Plasticity， 2016： 4959523

785 Zannas， A. S.， & Binder， E. B. （2014）. Gene⁃environment interactions at the FKBP5 locus： Sensitive periods， mechanisms and pleiotropism［J］. Genes， Brain and Behavior， 13： 25-37

786 Zhang， Y.， Shao， F.， Wang， Q.， Xie， X.， & Wang， W. （2017）. Neuroplastic Correlates in the mPFC Underlying the Impairment of Stress⁃Coping Ability and Cognitive Flexibility in Adult Rats Exposed to Chronic Mild Stress during Adolescence［J］. Neural Plasticity，9382797： 1-11

787 Zhao， M. G.， Toyoda， H.， Lee， Y. S.， Wu， L. J.， Ko， S. W.， Zhang， X. H.， ...Zhuo， M. （2005）. Roles of NMDA NR2B subtype receptor in prefrontal long⁃term potentiation and contextual fear memory［J］. Neuron， 47（6）： 859-872

788 Zhou， R.， Yuan， P.， Wang， Y.， Hunsberger， J. G.， Elkahloun， A.， Wei， Y.， ...Manji， H. K. （2009）. Evidence for selective microRNAs and their effectors as common long⁃term targets for the actions of mood stabilizers［J］. Neuropsychopharmacology， 34（6）： 1395-1405

789 Zhou， Y. G.， Shang， Z. L.， Zhang， F.， Wu， L. L.， Sun， L. N.， Jia， Y. P.， ...Liu， W. Z. （2021）. PTSD： Past， present and future implications for China［J］. Chinese Journal of Traumatology， 24（4）： 187-208

790 Zoellner， L. A.， Roy⁃Byrne， P. P.， Mavissakalian， M.， & Feeny， N. C. （2019）. Doubly Randomized Preference Trial of Prolonged Exposure Versus Sertraline for Treatment of PTSD［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry， 176（4）： 287-296

791 Zohar， J.， Amital， D.， Miodownik， C.， Kotler， M.， Bleich， A.， Lane， R. M.， & Austin， C. （2002）. Double⁃Blind Placebo⁃Controlled Pilot Study of Sertraline in Military Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder［J］. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology， 22（2）： 190-195.

792 Zohar， J.， Juven⁃Wetzler， A.， Sonnino， R.， Cwikel⁃Hamzany， S.， & Cohen， H. （2011）. New insights into secondary prevention in post⁃traumatic stress disorder［J］. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience， 13（3）： 301-309

793 Zoladz， P. R.， Fleshner， M.， & Diamond， D. M. （2012）. Psychosocial animal model of PTSD produces a long⁃lasting traumatic memory， an increase in general anxiety and PTSD⁃like glucocorticoid abnormalities［J］. Psychoneuroendocrinology， 37（9）： 1531-1545

794 Zovkic， I. B.， Guzman⁃Karlsson， M. C.， & Sweatt， J. D. （2013）. Epigenetic regulation of memory formation and maintenance［J］. Learning and Memory， 20（2）： 61-74

795 Zuj， D. v.， Palmer， M. A.， Lommen， M. J. J.， & Felmingham， K. L. （2016）. The centrality of fear extinction in linking risk factors to PTSD： A narrative review［J］. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews， 69： 15-35

(1) 为了环保及节约开支，本书未一一列出所有参考文献。如果您需要完整参考文献，可联系作者下载。