注 释
绪 论
1.Donald H.Holly Jr.,History in the Making:The Archaeology of the Eastern Subarctic(Lanham,MD:Rowman &Littlefield,2013),43;Sharla Chittick,“Pride and Prejudices,Practices and Perceptions:A Comparative Case Stidy in North Atlantic Environmental History”(PhD diss.,University of Stirling,2011),51-56.
2.Bernard Bailyn,Atlantic History:Concept and Contours(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2005).
3.See Karen Ordahl Kupperman,The Atlantic in World History(New York:Oxford University Press,2012) and John K.Thornton,A Cultural History of the Atlantic World(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2011);Thomas Benjamin,The Atlantic World:Europeans,Africans,and Their Shared History,1400-1900(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2009);Douglas Egerton,Alison Games,Jane Landers,Kris Lane,and Donald Wright,The Atlantic World:A History,1400-1888(Malden,MA:Wiley-Blackwell,2007);Nicholas Canny and Philip Morgan,eds.,The Oxford Handbook of the Atlantic World,1450-1850(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2011);Joseph C.Miller,ed.,The Princeton Companion to Atlantic History(Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,2015);David Armitage and Michael J.Braddick,eds.,The British Atlantic World,1500-1800(New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2009).
4.H.Thomas Rossby and Peter Miller,Ocean Eddies in the 1539 Carta Marina by Olaus Magnus,Oceanography 16(2003):77-88.
5.Ari Thorgillson,Book of the Icelanders,quoted in Kirsten A.Seaver,Pygmies of the Far North,Journal of World History 19(2008):63-87,70;William W.Fitzhugh,“Puffins,Ringed Pins and Runestones:The Viking Passage to America,”in Vikings:The North Atlantic Saga,ed.William W.Fitzhugh and Elisabeth I.Ward (Washington,DC:Smithsonian Institution Press,2000),11-25,19-20;Andrew J.Dugmore,Christian Keller,and Thomas H.McGovern,“Norse Greenland Settlement:Reflections on Climate Change,Trade,and the Contrasting Fates of Human Settlements in the North Atlantic Islands,”Arctic Anthropology 44(2007):12-36,17.
6.Dugmore et al.,“Norse Greenland Settlement,”19;Hans Christian Gulløv,“The Nature of Contact between Native Greenlanders and Norse,”Journal of the North Atlantic 1(2008):16-24;Patricia D.Sutherland,“The Norse and Native North Americans,”in Vikings,ed.Fitzhugh and Ward,238-47.
7.Hans Christian Gulløv,“Natives and Norse in Greenland,”in Vikings,ed.Fitzhugh and Ward,318-26,322.
8.Kirsten Thisted,“On Narrative Expectations:Greenlandic Oral Traditions about the Cultural Encounter between Inuit and Norsemen,”Scandinavian Studies 73(2001):253-96,288-89;Finn Gad,The History of Greenland:Earliest Times to 1700,Vol.1(Montreal:McGill-Queen's University Press,2014),158-60.
9.Thisted,“On Narrative Expectations.”
10.M.A.P.Renouf,Michael A.Teal,and Trevor Bell,“In the Woods:The Cow Head Complex Occupation of the Gould Site,Port aux Choix,”in The Cultural Landscapes of Port aux Choix:Precontact Hunter Gatherers of Northwestern Newfoundland,ed.M.A.P.Renouf (Boston:Springer,2011),251-69.
11.Birgitta Linderoth Wallace,“The Viking Settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows,”in Vikings,ed.Fitzhugh and Ward,208-16.
12.Keneva Kunz,trans.,“Eirik the Red's Saga,”The Sagas of Icelanders:A Selection,ed.Robert Kellogg (New York:Penguin,2000),653-74,669-70.
13.Keneva Kunz,trans.,“The Saga of the Greenlanders,”in Sagas of Icelanders,ed.Kellogg,636-52,642-43.
14.Kunz,“Saga of the Greenlanders,”646-48.
15.Kunz,“Eirik the Red's Saga,”672.
16.Kunz,trans.,“Eirik the Red's Saga,”667.
17.Janel M.Fontaine,“Early Medieval Slave-trading in the Archaeological Record:Comparative Methodologies,”Early Medieval Europe 25(2017):466-88;Ruth Mazo Karras,Slavery and Society in Medieval Scandinavia (New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,1988),47-49.
18.See Neil S.Price,“‘Laid Waste,Plundered and Burned’:Vikings in Frankia,”in Vikings,ed.Fitzhugh and Ward,116-26.
19.Kunz,trans.,“Saga of the Greenlanders,”636-38.
20.Kunz,trans.,“Eirik the Red's Saga,”671.
21.Kunz,trans.,“Eirik the Red's Saga,”671.
22.Kunz,trans.,“Saga of the Greenlanders,”648.
第一章
1.Richard T.Callaghan,“Archaeological Views of Caribbean Seafaring,”in The Oxford Handbook of Caribbean Archaeology,ed.William F.Keegan,Corinne L.Hofman,and Reniel Rodríguez Ramos (Oxford:Oxford University Press,2013),283-95.
2.Brian M.Fagan,Ancient North America:The Archaeology of a Continent(London:Thames and Hudson,1995),182-84,198,202-12.
3.Jack Forbes,Africans and Native Americans:The Language of Race and the Evolution of Red-Black Peoples,2d ed.(Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1993),7-8.
4.Thornton,Cultural History of the Atlantic World,19.
5.Reuben Gold Thwaites,ed.,The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,vol.5(Cleveland:Burrows Brothers,1908),105-09,117-19.
6.Evan Haefeli,“On First Contact and Apotheosis:Manitou and Men in North America,”Ethnohistory 54(2007):407-43;Andrew Lipman,The Saltwater Frontier:Indians and the Contest for the American Coast (New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,2015),51-53.
7.John L.Nickalls,ed.,The Journal of George Fox (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1952),624.
8.G.H.Loskiel,History of the Mission of the United Brethren Among the Indians in North America trans.G.I.La Trobe (London,1794),Part I,pp.123-24.
9.Silas T.Rand,Legends of the Micmacs (New York,1894),225.
10.可参见Ottaba Cugoano，Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil of Slavery（London，1787），9-10；Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua and Samuel Moore，Biography of Mahommah G.Baquaqua （Detroit，1854），41。
11.来自贝琳达的请愿书，发自波士顿，时间为1782年2月，收录在Vincent Carretta，ed.，Unchained Voices：An Anthology of Black Authors in the English-Speaking World of the 18th Century （Lexington：University of Kentucky Press，1996），142-43。
12.A Narrative of the Life of James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw (2d.ed.,n.d.),9.
13.Kwasi Konadu,The Akan Diaspora in the Americas(New York:Oxford University Press,2010),58.
14.N.A.M.Rodger,The Safeguard of the Sea:A Naval History of Britain,Volume One,660-1649(London:Harper Collins,1997),32-35.
15.See Alex Roland,“Secrecy,Technology and War:Greek Fire and the Defense of Byzantium,678-1204,”Technology and Culture 33(1992):655-79.
16.Felipe Fernández-Armesto,“Naval Warfare after the Viking Age,1100-1500,”in Medieval Warfare:A History,ed.Maurice Keen (Oxford:Oxford University Press,1999),23-252,236.
17.Rodger,Safeguard of the Sea,98-99.On the relationships between Sluys and Bruges see James Murray,Bruges,Cradle of Capitalism,1280-1390(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2005),28-38.
18.John E.Dotson,“Ship Types and Fleet Composition at Genoa and Venice in the Early Thirteenth Century,”in Logistics of Warfare in the Age of the Crusades,ed.John H.Pryor (Aldershot:Ashgate,2006),63-75;Fernández-Armesto,“Naval Warfare after the Viking Age,”236.
19.See Samuel Eliot Morison,Admiral of the Ocean Sea:A Life of Christopher Columbus (Boston:Little,Brown,1942),112-31.
20.John F.Guilmartin Jr.,“The Earliest Shipboard Gunpowder Ordnance:An Analysis of its Technical Parameters and Tactical Capabilities,”Journal of Military History 71(2007):649-69.
21.Louis Sicking,“Naval Warfare in Europe,1330-1680,”in European Warfare,1350-1750,ed.Frank Tallett and D.B.J.Trim (Cambridge:Cambridge Univeristy Press,2010),236-63,244-47.
22.Rodger,Safeguard of the Sea,170.
23.Rodger,Safeguard of the Sea,251.
24.Fernández-Armesto,The Spanish Armada:The Experience of War in 1588(Oxford:Oxford University Press,1988),128-29.
25.Fernández-Armesto,“Naval Warfare after the Viking Age,”247-51.
26.Ian Friel,Maritime History of Britain and Ireland (London:British Museum Press,2003),57.59,64-65.
27.Richard W.Unger,“Warships and Cargo Ships in Medieval Europe,”Technology and Culture 22(1981):233-52.
28.Brad Loewen and Vincent Delmas,“The Basques in the Gulf of St.Lawrence and Adjacent Shores,”Canadian Journal of Archaeology 36(2012):213-66,213-21.
29.Willis Stevens,Daniel LaRoche,Douglas Bryce,and R.James Ringer,“Evidence of Shipboard Activities,”in The Underwater Archaeology of Red Bay:Basque Shipbuilding and Whaling in the 16th Century,5 vols.,ed.Robert Grenier,Marc-André Bernier,and Willis Stevens (Ottawa:Parks Canada,2007),4:123-68,156-62.
30.Loewen and Delmas,“The Basques in the Gulf of St.Lawrence and Adjacent Shores,”224.
31.Loewen and Delmas，“Basques in the Gulf of St.Lawrence，”219.也见Carla Rahn Phillips，Six Galleons for the King of Spain：Imperial Defense in the Early Seventeenth Century （Baltimore：Johns Hopkins University Press，1986），20-24.
32.Brad Loewen,“Conclusion:The Archaeology of a Ship,”in Underwater Archaeology of Red Bay,ed.Grenier,Bernier,and Stevens,315-16.
33.Richard Barker,Brad Loewen,and Christopher Dobbs,“Hull Design of the Mary Rose,”in Mary Rose,Your Noblest Shippe:Anatomy of a Tudor Warship,ed.Peter Marsden (Portsmouth:Mary Rose Trust,2009),35-65,43-47.
34.Margaret Ellen Newell,“The Birth of New England in the Atlantic Economy:From the Beginning to 1770,”in Engines of Enterprise:An Economic History of New England,ed.Peter Temin (Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2000),11-68,45.
35.关于木材供应的整体状况，可见Paul Warde，“Fear of Wood Shortage and the Reality of Woodland in Europe，c.1450-1850，”History Workshop Journal 62 （2006）：29-57，40-41。
36.John E.Dotson,“Ship Types and Fleet Composition at Genoa and Venice,”75;Rodger,Safeguard of the Sea,25.
37.Michel Mollat du Jourdin,Europe and the Sea,trans.Teresa Lavender Fagan(Oxford:Blackwell,1993),74.
38.见Lauren Benton，A Search for Sovereignty：Law and Geography in European Empires，1400-1900 （Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，2010），43-45.
39.A.W.Lawrence,Trade Castles and Forts of West Africa (London:Jonathan Cape,1963).See also George F.Brooks,Eurafricans in Western Africa (Athens:Ohio University Press,2003).
40.Paul Gilroy,The Black Atlantic:Modernity and Double Consciousness(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1993),4.
41.Ulrich Schmidt,The Conquest of the River Plate trans.Luis L.Domingez(London:Hakluyt Society,1896),9.
42.Benton,Search for Sovereignty,chapter 2.
43.Philip P.Boucher,France and the American Tropics to 1700:Tropics of Discontent?(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,2008),41-42.
44.David Wheat,“Mediterranean Slavery,New World Transformations:Galley Slaves in the Spanish Caribbean,1578-1635,”Slavery and Abolition 31(2010):327-44.
45.Phillips,Six Galleons,9-18.
46.C.R.Boxer,The Portuguese Seaborne Empire,1415-1825(Exeter:Carcanet,1991),205-27;Lawrence,Trade Castles and Forts,30-36;Jan Glete,War and the State in Early Modern Europe:Spain,the Dutch Republic and Sweden as Fiscal-Military States (London:Routledge,2002),86;Armando da Silva Saturnino Monteiro,“The Decline and Fall of Portuguese Seapower,1583-1663,”Journal of Military History 65(2001):9-20.
47.Sicking,“Naval Warfare in Europe,1330-1680,”239-40.
48.Phillips,Six Galleons,20.
49.Kenneth R.Andrews,Elizabethan Privateering:English Privateering during the Spanish War,1585-1603(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1964);Kenneth R.Andrews,The Spanish Caribbean:Trade and Plunder,1530-1630(New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,1978),148-51.
50.关于荷兰海军的组织状况，见Marjolein't Hart，The Dutch Wars of Independence：Warfare and Commerce in the Netherlands，1570-1680 （New York：Routledge，2014），126-47。
51.Jaap R.Bruijn,The Dutch Navy of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries(Columbia:University of South Carolina Press,1993),17-28.
52.Monteiro,“The Decline and Fall of Portuguese Seapower;”Glete,War and the State,110-15,162-71.
53.Richard W.Unger,“Warships and Cargo Ships in Medieval Europe,”Phillips,Six Galleons,23-24.
54.Jonathan I.Israel,Dutch Primacy in World Trade,1585-1740(Oxford:Oxford University Press,1989).
55.Glete,War and the State.
56.David Goodman,Spanish Naval Power,1589-1665:Reconstruction and Defeat(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996);Monteiro,“The Decline and Fall of Portuguese Seapower.”
57.Bruijn,Dutch Navy,69.
58.N.A.M.Rodger,The Command of the Ocean:A Naval History of Britain,1649-1815(London:Penguin,2004),217.
59.James Pritchard,In Search of Empire:The French in the Americas,1670-1730(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2004),267-300;Boucher,France and the American Tropics,194-201.
60.N.A.M.Rodger,“From the ‘Military Revolution’ to the ‘Fiscal-Naval State’,”Journal for Maritime Research 13(2011):119-28.See also Daniel A.Baugh,“Great Britain's ‘Blue Water' Policy,1689-1815,”International History Review 10(1988):33-58.
61.J.S.Bromley,Corsairs and Navies,1660-1760(London:Hambledon Press,1987);Carl E.Swanson,Predators and Prizes:American Privateering and Imperial Warfare,1739-1748(Columbia:University of South Carolina Press,1991).
62.Rodger,Command of the Ocean,218.
63.James Pritchard,“From Shipwright to Naval Constructor:The Professionalization of 18th-Century French Naval Shipbuilders,”Technology and Culture 28(1987):1-25.
64.Rodger,Command of the Ocean,413.
65.William M.Fowler Jr.,Rebels Under Sail:The American Navy during the Revolution (New York:Scribner's,1976);Jonathan R.Dull,The French Navy and American Independence (Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1975).
66.关于总体状况，见Troy Bickham，The Weight of Vengeance：The United States，the British Empire，and the War of 1812 （New York：Oxford University Press，2012）。
67.G.R.Crone,ed.,The Voyages of Cadamosto (London:Hakluyt Society,1937),51.
68.克里斯托弗·哥伦布致路易斯·德·桑塔赫尔，写于1493年2月15日，收录在Wild Majesty：Encounters with Caribs from Columbus to the Present Day，an Anthology，ed.Peter Hulme and Neil L.Whitehead （Oxford：Clarendon Press，1992），13。
69.迭戈·阿尔瓦雷斯·昌卡，引自Wild Majesty，ed.Hulme and Whitehead，32，33。
70.Forbes,Africans and Native Americans,11.
71.C.Harvey Gardiner,“The First Shipping Constructed in New Spain,”The Americas 10(1954):409-19.
72.Woodrow Borah,Early Colonial Trade and Navigation between Mexico and Peru(Berkeley:University of California Press,1954),2,5-6.
73.Joseph A.Goldenberg,Shipbuilding in Colonial America (Charlottesville:University Press of Virginia,1976),63.
74.Boxer,Portuguese Seaborne Empire,210-11.
75.Toni L.Carrell and Donald H.Keith,“Replicating a Ship of Discovery:Santa Clara,a Sixteenth-Century Caravel,”International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 21(1992):281-94.
76.Eric Robert Taylor,If We Must Die:Shipboard Insurrections in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade (Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,2006),119-138.
77.Matthew R.Bahar,Storm of the Sea:Indians and Empires in the Atlantic's Age of Sail (New York:Oxford University Press,2019),89-97.
第二章
1.Pablo E.Pérez-Mallaína,Spain's Men of the Sea:Daily Life on the Indies Fleets in the Sixteenth Century,trans.Carla Rahn Phillips (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1998),66.
2.迭戈·加西亚·德·帕拉西奥，引自Pérez-Mallaína，Spain's Men of the Sea，65。
3.Pérez-Mallaína,Spain's Men of the Sea,26.
4.Bruijn,Dutch Navy,200-01.
5.James Pritchard,Louis XV's Navy,1748-1762:A Study of Organization and Administration (Montreal:McGill-Queen's University Press,1987),82.
6.Bruijn,Dutch Navy,202.
7.1593年8月21日的证言，引自Pérez-Mallaína，Spain's Men of the Sea，28。
8.Pérez-Mallaína,Spain's Men of the Sea,27-28.
9.Pritchard,Louis XV's Navy,75.
10.Edward Barlow,Barlow's Journal (London:Hurst and Blackett,1934),vol.1,p.33.
11.Barnaby Slush,The Navy Royal,or a Sea-cook Turned Projector (London,1709),3.
12.Pérez-Mallaína,Spain's Men of the Sea,50.
13.N.A.M.Rodger,The Wooden World:An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy(London:Collins,1986),348-51;Pritchard,Louis XV's Navy,85.
14.Pérez-Mallaína,Spain's Men of the Sea,76-77.
15.Rodger,Wooden World,39.
16.Slush,Navy Royal,9.
17.David Erskine,ed.,Augustus Hervey's Journal (London:Chatham Publishing,2002),176.
18.Rodger,Wooden World,214.
19.Bruijn,Dutch Navy,204.
20.Pritchard,Louis XV's Navy,87.
21.Rodger，Wooden World，237-44.关于革命时代，见Niklas Frykman，“Connections between Mutinies in European Navies，”International Review of Social History 58 （2013）：87-107.
22.Pritchard,Louis XV's Navy,87.
23.Bruijn,Dutch Navy,206.
24.Fernández-Armesto,Spanish Armada,52-54.
25.吕克·弗朗索瓦·诺，引自James Pritchard，Anatomy of a Naval Disaster：The 1746 French Naval Expedition to North America （Montreal：McGill-Queen's University Press，1995），99。
26.Rodger,Wooden World,61.
27.Pérez-Mallaína,Spain's Men of the Sea,165.
28.Rodger,Wooden World,75-78.
29.Phillips,Six Galleons,93-103;Bruijn,Dutch Navy,50,116-19;Glete,War and the State,133,166;Pritchard,Louis XV's Navy,1748-1762,179-83;Daniel A.Baugh,British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole (Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1965),386-451.
30.Baugh,British Naval Administration,387.
31.Bruijn,Dutch Navy,117,119.
32.Pritchard,Louis XV's Navy,179;Pritchard,Anatomy of a Naval Disaster.
33.Rodger,Wooden World,71.
34.Baugh,British Naval Administration,375.
35.Phillips,Six Galleons,173.
36.Pérez-Mallaína，Spain's Men of the Sea，30-33；Bruijn，Dutch Navy，40-53，111-28；Rodger，Wooden World，129，252-302.与其他国家相比，法国在让海军军官这份职业显得比民间工作更具吸引力这方面就没那么成功了。见Pritchard，Louis XV's Navy，55-70。
37.Rodger,Wooden World,87-98;Bruijn,Dutch Navy,57,138.
38.Bruijn,Dutch Navy,198.
39.E.H.W.Meyerstein,ed.,Adventures by Sea of Edward Coxere (Oxford:Clarendon Press,1945),4-5.
40.Meyerstein,ed.,Adventures by Sea of Edward Coxere,5-19.
41.Guy Chet,The Ocean is a Wilderness:Atlantic Piracy and the Limits of State Authority,1688-1856(Amherst:University of Massachusetts Press,2014).
42.John Churchman,Account of the Gospel Labours and Christian Experiences of a Faithful Minister of Christ,John Churchman (Philadelphia,1779),204-06.
43.Phillips,Six Galleons,20.
44.“Arguments in Favour of Establishing Wednesday as an Additional Fish Day,February 1563,”inTudor Economic Documents,3 vols.,ed R.H.Tawney and Eileen Power (London,1924),104-10.
45.Pritchard,Louis XV's Navy,75,209.
46.Rodger,Wooden World,124-26.
47.Nicholas Rogers,The Press Gang:Naval Impressment and its Opponents in Georgian Britain (New York:Continuum,2007),96.
48.Bruijn,Dutch Navy,49-50,135;Rodger,Wooden World,129.
49.Bruijn,Dutch Navy,129.
50.Pérez-Mallaína,Spain's Men of the Sea,200.
51.Bruijn,Dutch Navy,130.
52.Kevin Costello,“Habeas Corpus and Naval and Military Impressment,1756-1816,”Journal of Legal History 29(2008):215-51,216;Rodger,Wooden World,150.
53.Rodger,Wooden World,168.
54.Rogers,Press Gang,83.
55.Barlow,Barlow's Journal,Vol.1,p.146.
56.爱德华·博斯科恩，引自Rodger，Wooden World，104。
57.John Lax and William Pencak,“The Knowles Riot and the Crisis of the 1740's in Massachusetts,”Perspectives in American History 10(1976):163-216;see also Denver Brunsman,“The Knowles Atlantic Impressment Riots of the 1740s,”Early American Studies 5(2007):324-66.
58.London Evening Post,July 31,1759.
59.Rodger,The Wooden World,175-76.
60.Barlow,Barlow's Journal,Vol.1,p.146.
61.Benton,Search for Sovereignty,51-52,n.26.
62.Pérez-Mallaína,Spain's Men of the Sea,41.
63.David Wheat,Atlantic Africa and the Spanish Caribbean,1570-1640(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2016),231.
64.Randy J.Sparks,Where the Negroes are Masters:An African Port in the Era of the Slave Trade (Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2014),190.
65.Rogers,Press Gang,92.
66.Bruijn,Dutch Navy,55.
67.Bruijn,Dutch Navy,133,201.
68.Pérez-Mallaína,Spain's Men of the Sea,56.
69.Charles M.Hough,ed.,Reports of Cases in the Vice Admiralty of the Province of New York (New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,1925),29-31;Pennsylvania Journal,May 16 and May 30,1745;Boston Evening Post,May 20,1745;American Weekly Mercury,May 23,1745.
70.Daniel Horsmanden，A Journal of the Proceedings in the Detection of the Conspiracy formed by some White People，in Conjunction with Negro and other Slaves for Burning the City of New York （New York，1744），78.见Jill Lepore，New York Burning：Liberty，Slavery，and Conspiracy in Eighteenth-Century Manhattan （New York：Vintage，2005）；Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker，The Many-Headed Hydra：Sailors，Slaves，Commoner，and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic（Boston：Beacon Press，2000），174-210。
71.Olaudah Equiano,The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano(London,1789),171-79.
72.Gisli Palsson,The Man Who Stole Himself:The Slave Odyssey of Hans Jonathan(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2016),81.
73.Palsson,Man who Stole Himself,75-114.
74.Pritchard,Louis XV's Navy,86;Bruijn,Dutch Navy,203-04;Rodger,Wooden World,201-02.
75.Barlow,Barlow's Journal,Vol.1,115.
76.Nicholas Rogers,Mayhem:Postwar Crime and Violence in Britain,1748-1753(New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,2013),36-37.
77.Pérez-Mallaína,Spain's Men of the Sea,16.
78.Benjamin L.Carp,Rebels Rising:Cities and the American Revolution (New York:Oxford University Press,2007),27.
79.Pérez-Mallaína,Spain's Men of the Sea,25.
80.Pérez-Mallaína,Spain's Men of the Sea,8;Rogers,Mayhem,38-39.
81.Chet,Ocean is a Wilderness,66-91.
82.Pérez-Mallaína,Spain's Men of the Sea,169.
83.Rogers,Mayhem,41-42.
84.Pérez-Mallaína,Spain's Men of the Sea,217.
85.Edward Ward,The Wooden World Dissected (London,1707),100;see Pérez-Mallaína,Spain's Men of the Sea,169;Rodger,Wooden World,207-09.
86.Barlow,Barlow's Journal,Vol.1,p.31.
87.Edward Barlow，Journal，JOD/4/210 and JOD/4/213，National Maritime Museum.与上述日志条目相关的更多信息可见Maev Kennedy，“Sailor's Rape Confession Uncovered in Seventeenth-Century Journal，”The Guardian，September 18，2018。
88.Clare A.Lyons,Sex among the Rabble:An Intimate History of Gender and Power in the Age of Revolution,Philadelphia,1730-1830(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2006),55.
89.Rodger,Wooden World,80.
90.Ward,Wooden World Dissected,96.
91.B.R.Burg,Boys at Sea:Sodomy,Indecency,and Courts Martial in Nelson's Navy (New York:Palgrave,2007),42-43.
92.可参见Pérez-Mallaína，Spain's Men of the Sea，171-72。
93.Pérez-Mallaína,Spain's Men of the Sea,217.
94.汉斯·施塔登的完整故事可见Eve M.Duffy and Alida C.Metcalf，The Return of Hans Staden：A Go-Between in the Atlantic World （Baltimore：Johns Hopkins University Press，2013），12-76.
95.Hans Staden,The Captivity of Hans Stade of Hesse,Albert Tootal,trans.(London:Hakluyt Society,1874),73.
96.Staden,Captivity of Hans Stade,13.
97.见H.E.Martel，“Hans Staden's Captive Soul：Identity，Imperialism，and Rumors of Cannibalism in Sixteenth-Century Brazil，”Journal of World History 17（2006）：51-69；Duffy and Metcalf，Return of Hans Staden，77-102。
98.Arne Bialuschewski,“Slaves of the Buccaneers:Mayas in Captivity in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century,”Ethnohistory 64(2017):41-63.
99.Bialuschewski,“Slaves of the Buccaneers,”45.
100.Pérez-Mallaína,Spain's Men of the Sea,74.A registry in the US in the 1790s generated even more dramatic results.See Simon Newman,“Reading the Bodies of Early American Seafarers,”William and Mary Quarterly 55(1998):59-82,67.
101.Pritchard,Anatomy of a Naval Disaster.
102.Pritchard,Louis XV's Navy,83-84.
103.Stephen F.Gradish,The Manning of the British Navy during the Seven Years'War (London:Royal Historical Society,1980),212.
104.Pérez-Mallaína，Spain's Men of the Sea，242.关于后来英美背景下的水手对待宗教的虔诚状况，可见Christopher P.Magra，“Faith at Sea：Exploring Maritime Religiosity in the Eighteenth Century，”International Journal of Maritime History 19（2007）：87-106。
105.帝国式解读在宗教工作中的主导作用可见Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra，Puritan Conquistadors：Iberianizing the Atlantic，1550-1700 （Stanford，CA：Stanford University Press，2006）。
106.见Steve Mentz，“God's Storms：Shipwreck and the Meanings of Ocean in Early Modern England and America，”in Shipwreck in Art and Literature：Images and Interpretations from Antiquity to the Present Day，ed.Carl Thompson （New York：Routledge，2013），77-91。
第三章
1.J.Franklin Jameson,Narratives of New Netherland,1609-1664(New York:Scribner's,1909),19.
2.Jameson,Narratives of New Netherland,26.
3.J.Thornton,Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World,1400-1800,2d ed.(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1998),37-38.
4.安德鲁·李普曼（Andrew Lipman）在The Saltwater Frontier：Indians and the Contest for the American Coast （New Haven，CT：Yale University Press，2015）中审视了从新泽西到科德角的北美沿海地带在17世纪几个年代里的冲突状况，他并没有列举出一个美洲原住民战士在面对武装抵抗时成功使用划艇进攻帆船并将其夺走的战例。关于一个可能存在的例外事件，可见Alexander Oliver Exquemelin，The History of the Bucaniers of America （London，1699），54。
5.Pérez-Mallaína,Spain's Men of the Sea,183.
6.Fernández-Armesto,Spanish Armada,144-45.
7.Sicking,“Naval Warfare in Europe,1330-1680,”254.
8.Pérez-Mallaína,Spain's Men of the Sea,184-85.
9.见Daniel K.Benjamin and Anca Tifrea，“Learning by Dying：Combat Performance in the Age of Sail，”Journal of Economic History 67 （2007）：968-1000。
10.Colin J.M.Martin,“Incendiary Weapons from the Spanish Armada Wreck La Trinidad Valencera,1588,”International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 23(1994):207-17.
11.Cotton Mather,Decennium Luctuosum:An History of Remarkable Occurances in the Long War (Boston,1699),94.
12.Jan Glete,Warfare at Sea,1500-1650:Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of Europe (London:Routledge,2000),195,n.26.
13.Thomas Lurting,The Fighting Sailor turn'd Peaceable Christian (London,1710),7-10.
14.B.McL.Ranft,ed.,The Vernon Papers (London:Navy Records Society,1958),295-96.
15.Fernández-Armesto,Spanish Armada,193.
16.Rodger,Wooden World,56.
17.Equiano,Interesting Narrative,148-50.
18.William Spavens,The Narrative of William Spavens,Chatham Pensioner,Written by Himself (Louth,1796).
19.Rodger,Wooden World,59-60.
20.Equiano,Interesting Narrative,148-49.
21.马尔滕·哈珀特松·特龙普关于军事会议的记载出自他告诉唐·弗朗西斯科·曼努埃尔的版本，后来由查尔斯·拉尔夫·博克瑟译成英文，收录在Boxer，The Journal of Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp，1639 （Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1930），209。
22.John F.Guilmartin Jr.,“The Military Revolution in Warfare at Sea during the Early Modern Era:Technological Origins,Operational Outcomes,and Strategic Consequences,”Journal for Maritime Research 13(2011):129-37,134;Rodger,Command of the Ocean,217.
23.Michael A.Palmer,“‘The Soul's Right Hand’:Command and Control in the Age of Fighting Sail,1652-1827,”Journal of Military History 61(1997):679-705,680.
24.见Robert Stradling，“Catastrophe and Recovery：The Defeat of Spain，1639-43，”History 64 （1979）：205-19；Stradling，The Armada of Flanders：Spanish Maritime Policy and European War，1568-1668 （Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1992），106-10。
25.霍拉肖·纳尔逊致斯潘塞伯爵，1799年11月6日，收录在Nicholas Harris Nicolas，ed.，The Dispatches and Letters of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson，Vol.4（London，1844），90。
26.Alison Sandman,“Spanish Nautical Cartography in the Renaissance,”inThe History of Cartography,Volume Three:Cartography in the European Renaissance,ed.David Woodward (Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2007),1095-142.
27.见Dava Sobel，Longitude：The True Story of a Lone Genius who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of his Time （London：Fourth Estate，1996）。
28.Olivier Chaline,“Strategy Seen from the Quarterdeck in the Eighteenth-Century French Navy,”in Strategy and the Sea:Essays in Honour of John B.Hattendorf,ed.N.A.M.Rodger,J.Ross Dancy,Benjamin Darnell,and Evan Wilson (Suffolk:Boydell and Brewer,2016),19-27,23.
29.Wim Klooster,The Dutch Moment:War,Trade and Settlement in the Seventeenth Century Atlantic World (Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,2016),43.
30.Rodger,Command of the Ocean,76-77.
31.Jakob Seerup,“Danish and Swedish Flag disputes with the British in the Channel,”inStrategy and the Sea,ed.Rodger et al.,28-36,34.
32.Erskine,ed.,Augustus Hervey's Journal,46-47.
33.Alonso de Palencia,Cuarta dédada de Alonso de Palencia (excerpts),trans.by P.E.H.Hair,in Hair,The Founding of the Castelo de Sãa Jorge da Mina:An Analysis of the Sources (Madison:University of Wisconsin African Studies Program,1994),118-25,123-24.
34.Harry Kelsey,Sir Francis Drake:The Queen's Pirate (New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,1998),95.
35.Olive Anderson,“The Establishment of British Supremacy at Sea and the Exchange of Naval Prisoners of War,1689-1783,”English Historical Review 75(1960):77-89.
36.Pritchard,Louis XV's Navy,81.
37.Anderson,“Establishment of British Supremacy at Sea,”77.
38.Renaud Morieux,“Diplomacy from Below and Belonging:Fishermen and Cross-Channel Relations in the Eighteenth Century,”Past and Present (2009):83-125.
39.Anderson,“Establishment of British Supremacy at Sea,”81.
40.Rodger,Wooden World,160.
41.William Dampier,A New Voyage Round the World (London,1702),1:26,44-45.
42.Benton,Search for Sovereignty,112-20.
43.The Trials of Five Persons for Piracy,Felony,and Robbery (Boston,1726),8.
44.Marcus Rediker,Villains of All Nations:Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age(London:Verso,2012),13-16.
45.Trials of Five Persons,28.
46.Trials of Five Persons,9,22.
47.Trials of Five Persons,9.
48.Trials of Five Persons,11.
49.Trials of Five Persons,24.
50.Trials of Five Persons,14.
51.Trials of Five Persons,9.
52.Peter Earle,The Pirate Wars (London:Metheun,2003),206;Rediker,Villains of All Nations,163.
53.Chet,Ocean is a Wilderness.
54.可参见The Tryals of Sixteen Persons for Piracy （Boston，1726）；Marcus Rediker，Villains of All Nations：Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age （London：Verso，2004），2-4。
55.A Collection of Voyages and Travels,Some Now Printed from Original Manuscripts,others Now Published in English,in Six Volumes (London,1732),5:546.
56.David Richardson,“Shipboard Revolts,African Authority,and the Atlantic Slave Trade,”William and Mary Quarterly 58(2001):69-92,74.
57.Cugoano,Thoughts and Sentiments,10.
58.Richardson,“Shipboard Revolts,”74.
59.Taylor,If We Must Die,75-76.
60.William Snelgrave,A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea and the Slave Trade(London,1734),186-91.
61.Richardson,“Shipboard Revolts,”72.
第四章
1.David B.Quinn,England and the Azores,1581-1582:Three Letters (Lisbon:Junta de Investigaçoes Cientificas de Ultramar,1979),207-08.
2.Alan James,“A French Armada? The Azores Campaigns,1580-1583,”Historical Journal 55(2012):1-20.
3.James,“A French Armada?,”5.
4.Calendar of State Papers,Foreign,May-December 1582(London,1909),345-46.
5.Calendar of State Papers,Foreign,May-December 1582(London,1909),346-47.
6.James,“A French Armada?,”17,n.69.
7.Fernández-Armesto,Spanish Armada,135-39.
8.Collection of Voyages and Travels,5:457.
9.Collection of Voyages and Travels,5:458.
10.Collection of Voyages and Travels,5:458.
11.Collection of Voyages and Travels,5:460.
12.Donald G.Shomette and Robert D.Haslach,Raid on America:The Dutch Naval Campaign of 1672-1684(Columbia:University of South Carolina Press,1988),80-82.
13.Wallace T.MacCaffrey,Elizabeth I:War and Politics,1588-1603(Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1992),117-18;Klooster,Dutch Moment,26.
14.Klooster,Dutch Moment,49.
15.Klooster,Dutch Moment:War,49.
16.George Edmundson,“The Dutch Power in Brazil (Continued),”English Historical Review 14(1899):676-99,686-87.
17.A.J.B.Johnston,Endgame 1758:The Promise,the Glory,and the Despair of Louisbourg's Last Decade (Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,2007),184-272.
18.[Exquemelin],History of the Bucaniers,59.
19.[Exquemelin],History of the Bucaniers,60.
20.[Exquemelin],History of the Bucaniers,60.
21.[Exquemelin],History of the Bucaniers,57.
22.[Exquemelin],History of the Bucaniers,57.
23.[Exquemelin],History of the Bucaniers,60.
24.[Exquemelin],History of the Bucaniers,67.
25.Johannes Postma,“Surinam and its Atlantic Connections,1667-1795,”inRiches from Atlantic Commerce:Dutch Transatlantic Trade and Shipping,1585-1817,ed.Johannes Postman and Victor Enthoven (Leiden:Brill,2003),287-322,299.
26.Victor Enthoven,“‘That Abominable Nest of Pirates':St.Eustatius and the North Americans,1680-1780,”Early American Studies 10(2012):239-301,270.
27.可参见A.J.O'Shaughnessey，An Empire Divided：The American Revolution and the British Caribbean （Philadelphia：University of Pennsylvania Press，2000），49-50。
28.Enthoven,“Abominable Nest,”276-82.
29.Mark Meuwese,Brothers in Arms,Partners in Trade:Dutch-Indigenous Alliances in the Atlantic World,1595-1674(Leiden:Brill,2012),290-95.
30.Meuwese,Brothers in Arms,296-301.
31.关于法国在此次冲突中的立场，见Boucher，France and the American Tropics，194-201。
32.Shomette and Haslach,Raid on America,157.
33.Shomette and Haslach,Raid on America,161.
34.Shomette and Haslach,Raid on America,157-74.
35.Fred Anderson,Crucible of War:The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America,1754-1766(New York:Knopf,2000),237,257,395.
36.Jonathan R.Dull,The French Navy and the Seven Years' War (Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,2005),143.
37.Roger Sidney Marsters,“Approaches to Empire:Hydrographic Knowledge and British State Activity in Northeastern North America,1711-1783,”(PhD diss.,Dalhousie University,2012),107-220.
38.总体状况可见Phillip Alfred Buckner and John G.Reid，eds.，Revisiting 1759：The Conquest of Canada in Historical Perspective （Toronto：University of Toronto Press，2012）。
39.Marshall Smelser,The Campaign for the Sugar Islands,1759(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1955);Dull,The French Navy and the Seven Years'War,138-39.
40.Richard Gardiner,An Account of the Expedition to the West Indies 2d ed.(London,1760),4,n.
41.Anderson,Crucible of War,501.
42.关于这一事件的军事背景，见J.Frederick Fausz，“An ‘Abundance of Blood Shed on Both Sides'：England's First Indian War，1609-1614，”Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 98 （1990）：3-56。
43.William Strachey quoted in Samuel Purchas,Haklutus Posthumous,or Purchas His Pilgrimes,Vol.19(Glasgow,1906),45.
44.Strachey quoted in Purchas,Haklutus Posthumous,19:53.
45.Strachey quoted in Purchas,Haklutus Posthumous,19:54.
46.关于此次军事行动的记载，见George Edmundson，“The Dutch Power in Brazil（1624-1654），Part I：The Struggle for Bahia （1624-1627），”English Historical Review 11 （1896）：231-59，244-45。
47.Stuart B.Schwartz,“The Voyage of the Vassals:Royal Power,Noble Obligations,and Merchant Capital before the Portuguese Restoration of Independence,1624-1640,”American Historical Review 96(1991):735-62;Klooster,Dutch Moment:War,40-41.
48.Schwartz,“Voyage of the Vassals.”
49.Chris M.Hand,The Siege of Beauséjour,1755(Fredericton,NB:Goose Lane,2004),46-47.
50.Opinion of Council[of Nova Scotia]respecting the French inhabitants,July 28,1755,CO 217/16,24,The National Archives,Kew.
51.查尔斯·劳伦斯致罗伯特·蒙克顿，1755年7月31日，收录在The Northcliffe Collection，Presented to the Government of Canada by Sir Leicester Harmsworth （Ottawa，1926），80-83，83.See also Charles Lawrence to Robert Monkton，August 8，1755，in Northcliffe Collection，83-85，84。
52.给罗伯特·蒙克顿下达的训令，1755年8月11日，收录在Northcliffe Collection，85-87，85。
53.关于此次行动的详尽、出色记载可见Paul Delaney，“The Acadians Deported from Chignecto to ‘Les Carolines’ in 1755：Their Origins，Identities and Subsequent Movements，”inDu Grand Dérangement à la déportation：Nouvelles perspectives historiques，ed.Ronnie-Gilles LeBlanc （Moncton，N.B.：Chaire d'études acadiennes，2005），247-389。
54.John McGrath,“Polemic and History in French Brazil,1555-1560,”Sixteenth Century Journal 27(1996):385-97,394-95.
55.Duffy and Metcalf,Return of Hans Staden,139-40;Donald W.Forsyth,“The Beginnings of Brazilian Anthropology:Jesuits and Tupinamba Cannibalism,”Journal of Anthropological Research 39(1983):147-78,159;John Hemming,Red Gold:The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians (London:MacMillan,1978),125;Philip B.Boucher,“Revisioning the ‘French Atlantic,’ or,How to Think about the French Presence in the Atlantic,1550-1625,”in The Atlantic World and Virginia,1550-1624,ed.Peter C.Mancall (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2007),274-306,284.
56.“Summary by the Marques de Montesclaros of the History of the Portuguese Conquest of Maranhão and Parà 1613-16,”inEnglish and Irish Settlement on the River Amazon,1550-1646,ed.Joyce Lorimer (London:Hakluyt Society,1989),167-69,168.
57.“Summary by the Marques de Montesclaros,”167-69.
58.Phillips,Six Galleons,184-86.
59.Cornelius Ch.Goslinga,The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast,1580-1680(Gainesville:University of Florida Press,1971),132-34.
60.Karen Kupperman,Providence Island,1630-1641:The Other Puritan Colony(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1993),336-38.
61.Shomette and Haslach,Raid on America,91.
62.John G.Reid,“Imperial Intrusions,1686-1720,”in The Atlantic Region to Confederation:A History,ed.Phillip A.Buckner and John G.Reid (Toronto:University of Toronto Press,1994),78-103,83-84.
63.Peter E.Pope,Fish Into Wine:The Newfoundland Plantation in the Seventeenth Century (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2004),409.
64.A.J.B.Johnston,Control and Order in French Colonial Louisbourg,1713-1758(East Lansing:Michigan State University Press,2001),88-89.
65.Johnston,Endgame,274-76.
66.Philip Lawson,The Imperial Challenge:Quebec and Britain in the Age of the American Revolution (Montreal:McGill-Queens University Press,1989).See also Christopher L.Brown,“Empire without Slaves:British Concepts of Emancipation before the American Revolution,”William and Mary Quarterly 56(1999):273-306.
67.Kupperman,Providence Island,338.
68.Thomas Spencer,A True and Faithful Relation of the Proceedings of the Forces of their Majesties K.William and Q.Mary (London,1691),11;Boucher,France and the American Tropics,218.
69.Clifford Lewis,“Some Recently Discovered Extracts from the List Minutes of the Virginia Council and General Court,1642-1645,”William and Mary Quarterly 20(1940):62-78,69;C.S.Everett,“‘They Shall be Slaves for their Lives’:Indian Slavery in Colonial Virginia,”in Indian Slavery in Colonial America,ed.Alan Gallay(Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,2009),67-108,69-70.
70.Linford D.Fisher,“‘Dangerous Designes’:The 1676 Barbados Act to Prohibit New England Indian Slave Importation,”William and Mary Quarterly 71(2014):99-124,108.
71.Fisher,“Dangerous Designes,”109.
72.Fisher,“Dangerous Designes,”115.
73.Fisher,“Dangerous Designes,”113.
74.Alan Gallay,The Indian Slave Trade:The Rise of the English Empire in the American South (New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,2004),299.
75.赫罗尼莫·瓦莱斯致西班牙国王，1711年12月9日，收录在Missions to the Calusa，ed.John H.Hann （Gainesville：University of Florida Press，1991），335-39。
76.Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau,“Maritime Powers,Colonial Powers:The Role of Migration (c.1492-1792),”inMigration, Trade and Slavery in an Expanding World:Essays in Honour of Peter Emmer,ed.Wim Klooster (Leiden:Brill,2009),45-71,48.
77.Simon J.Hogerzeil and David Richardson,“Slave Purchasing Strategies and Shipboard Mortality:Day to Day Evidence from the Dutch African Trade,1751-1797,”Journal of Economic History 67(2007):160-90.
78.除去彼得-格勒努约摘引的迁移总数，这一段中的数据来自www.slavevoyages.org的跨大西洋奴隶贸易数据库。数据库中的迁移总数与彼得-格勒努约引用的数据非常接近，但并不完全一致。
79.Snelgrave,New Account,186-87.
第五章
1.Meuwese,Brothers in Arms,144.
2.Samuel de Champlain,Voyages of Samuel de Champlain,trans.Edmund F.Slafter (Boston:Prince Society,1878),Vol.2,Ch.9.
3.Gomes Eannes de Azurara,The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea,trans.Charles Raymond Beazley and Edgar Prestage (London:Hakluyt Society,1894),Vol.2,p.255.
4.见Clifford J.Rogers，ed.， The Military Revolution Debate：Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe （Boulder，CO：Westview，1995）。
5.见J.E.Inikori，“The Import of Firearms into West Africa，1750-1807：A Quantitative Analysis，”Journal of African History 18 （1977）：339-68；W.A.Richards，“The Import of Firearms into West Africa in the Eighteenth Century，”Journal of African History 21：（1980） 43-59。
6.可参见David L.Silverman，Thundersticks：Firearms and the Violent Transformation of Native America （Cambridge，MA：Harvard University Press，2016）。
7.费尔南多·德尔·普尔加，引自Weston F.Cook，“The Cannon Conquest of Nasrid Spain and the End of the Reconquista，”Journal of Military History 57 （1993）：43-70，63。
8.Wayne E.Lee,Waging War:Conflict,Culture,and Innovation in World History(New York:Oxford University Press,2016),ch.7.
9.The New Method of Fortification as Practiced by Monsieur Vauban,Engineer General of France (London,1702),86.
10.John A.Lynn,“The Trace Italienne and the Growth of Armies:The French Case,”Journal of Miltary History 55(1991):297-330.
11.Lee,Waging War,235-36;Bert S.Hall,Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1997).
12.Hall,Weapons and Warfare,178.
13.见Murray Pittock，Culloden （Oxford：Oxford University Press，2016）.
14.Geoffrey Parker,“The Limits to Revolutions in Military Affairs:Maurice of Nassau,the Battle of Nieuwpoort (1600),and the Legacy,”Journal of Military History 71(2007):331-72.
15.Geoffrey Parker,The Military Revolution:Military Innovation and the Rise of the West,1500-1800(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988),1.
16.Lynn,“Trace Italienne,”299.
17.Richard J.Reid,Warfare in African History (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2012),60-61;John K.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,1500-1800(London:UCL Press,1999),27.
18.Reid,Warfare in African History,62;Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,31.
19.Thornton,Africa and Africans,120.
20.Paul E.Lovejoy,Transformations in Slavery:A History of Slavery in Africa(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2012),106.
21.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,86-87.
22.Reid,Warfare in African History,98.
23.Graham Connah,“Contained Communities in Tropical Africa,”inCity Walls:The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective,ed.James D.Lacey (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000),19-45,32-36.
24.Martin A.Klein,“The Slave Trade and Decentralised Societies,”Journal of African History 42(2001):49-65,53-54.
25.Connah,“Contained Communities,”32-36.
26.Walter Hawthorne,“The Production of Slaves where there was no State:The Guinea-Bissau Region,1450-1815,”Slavery and Abolition 20(1999):97-124.
27.John Mawe，Travels in the Interior of Brazil （London，1812），192.背景可见Hal Langfur，“Moved by Terror：Frontier Violence as Cultural Exchange in Late-Colonial Brazil，”Ethnohistory 52 （2005）：255-89.
28.Robert Charles Padden,“Cultural Change and Military Resistance in Araucanian Chile,1550-1730,”Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 13(1957):103-21,109.
29.Silverman,Thundersticks,30-31.
30.Padden,“Cultural Change and Military Resistance,”108-12.
31.Silverman,Thundersticks,28.
32.Wayne E.Lee,“Fortify,Fight,or Flee:Tuscarora and Cherokee Defensive Warfare and Military Culture Adaptation,”Journal of Military History 68(2004):713-70,715-17.
33.David E.Jones,Native American Armor,Shields,and Fortifications (Austin:University of Texas Press,2004),58-62.
34.罗伯特·罗杰斯，引自Armstrong Starkey，European and Native American Warfare，1675-1815 （Norman：University of Oklahoma Press，1998），19。
35.Alf Hornborg and Jonathan D.Hill,eds.,Ethnicity in Ancient Amazonia:Reconstructing Past Identities from Archaeology,Linguistics,and Ethnohistory (Boulder:University Press of Colorado,2011).
36.Craig S.Keener,“An Ethnohistorical Analysis of Iroquois Assault Tactics Used Against Fortified Settlements of the Northeast in the Seventeenth Century,”Ethnohistory 46(1999):777-807,786.
37.Lee,“Fortify,Fight,or Flee,”740-43.
38.Bruce G.Trigger,“Early Native North American Responses to European Contact:Romantic versus Rationalistic Interpretations,”Journal of American History 77(1991):1195-215,1207.
39.Hawthorne,“Production of Slaves,”108-10.
40.L.M.Pole,“Decline or Survival? Iron Production in West Africa from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Centuries,”Journal of African History 23(1982):503-13.
41.Enrique Rodríguez-Alegría,“Narratives of Conquest,Colonialism,and Cutting-Edge Technology,”American Anthropologist 110(2008):33-43,40.
42.Philip Nichols,Sir Francis Drake Revived (London,1626),13.
43.Nichols,Sir Francis Drake,19.
44.Neil Whitehead,“The Snake Warriors—Sons of the Tiger's Teeth:A Descriptive Analysis of Carib Warfare ca.1500-1820,”inThe Anthropology of War,ed.Jonathan Haas (Cambridge:Cambridge Univeristy Press,1990),146-70,150.
45.安东尼奥·加尔瓦诺，引自Robert Kerr，A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels Arranged in Systematic Order Vol.2 （Edinburgh，1811），54.也见Antonio Galvano，The Discoveries of the World，from their First Original unto the Year of our Lord 1555 （London：Hakluyt Society，1862），86。
46.Nichols,Sir Francis Drake,19.
47.Reuben Gold Thwaites,ed.,Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents (Cleveland:Burrows Brothers,1896-1900),61:83.
48.Francis Moore,Travels into the Inland Parts of Africa (London,1738),68.
49.Leonard A.Cole,“The Poison Weapons Taboo:Biology,Culture,Policy,”Politics and the Life Sciences 17(1998):119-32,120-21.
50.见Thomas Morton，New English Canaan （London，1637），45；John Underhill，Newes from America （London，1638），34。
51.Bernardo de Vargas Machuca,The Indian Militia and Description of the Indies,ed.Kris Lane,trans.Timothy F.Johnson (Durham,NC:Duke University Press,2008),77.
52.Bernardino de Sahagún,General History of the Things of New Spain,trans.Arthur J.O.Anderson and Charles E.Dibble,Vol.12(Santa Fe,NM:School of American Research,1965),20.
53.Vargas Machuca,Indian Militia,77.
54.John Grier Varner and Jeannette Johnson Varner,Dogs of the Conquest(Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1983),5-7.
55.Edward Waterhouse,A Declaration of the State of the Colony and Affaires in Virginia (London,1622),24.
56.Mark A.Mastromarino,“Teaching Old Dogs New Tricks:The English Mastiff and the Anglo-American Experience,”The Historian 49(1986):10-25,21,n.29.
57.James Homer Williams,“Great Doggs and Mischievous Cattle:Domesticated Animals and Indian-European Relations in New Netherland and New York,”New York History 76(1995):245-64,261.
58.Guy Chet,Conquering the American Wilderness:The Triumph of European Warfare in the Colonial Northeast (Amherst:University of Massachusetts Press,2003);Mastromarino,“Teaching Old Dogs New Tricks.”
59.Mary Rowlandson,The Soveraignty and Goodness of God (Boston,1682),3.
60.Thomas Church,Entertaining Passages Relating to Philip's War (Boston,1716),93.
61.Crone,ed.,Voyages of Cadamosto,35-36;Robin Law,The Horse in West African Society (Oxford:Oxford University Press,1980),51.
62.Law,The Horse in West African Society,5-7.
63.Law,Horse in West African Society,93-96.
64.Law,Horse in West African Society,126-33.
65.James L.A.Webb,“The Horse and Slave Trade Between the Western Sahara and Senegambia,”Journal of African History 34(1993):221-46.
66.Snelgrave,New Account,56,121-22.
67.Law,Horse in West African Society,76-82.
68.Carolyn Jane Anderson,“State Imperatives:Military Mapping in Scotland,1689-1770,”Scottish Geographical Journal 125(2009):4-24,14;Geoffrey Plank,Rebellion and Savagery:The Jacobite Rising of 1745 and the British Empire(Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,2006),19.
69.Parker,Military Revolution,69-70.
70.James B.Wood,The King's Army:Warfare,Soldiers,and Society During the Wars of Religion in France,1562-1576(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996),160.
71.Parker,Military Revolution,77-78.
72.John A.Lynn,Giant of the Grand Siècle:The French Army,1610-1715(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1997),127-30.
73.Charles Hudson,Knights of Spain,Warriors of the Sun:Hernando de Soto and the South's Ancient Chiefdoms (Athens:University of Georgia Press,1997),67.
74.Hudson,Knights of Spain,237-44.
75.Hudson,Knights of Spain,387-94.
76.Hal Langfur,The Forbidden Lands:Colonial Identity,Frontier Violence,and the Persistence of Brazil's Eastern Indians,1750-1830(Stanford,CA:Stanford University Press,2006),141.
77.Chet,Conquering the American Wilderness,121-23.
78.Pekka Hämäläinen,The Comanche Empire (New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,2008),23.
79.Dan Flores,“Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy:The Southern Plains from 1800 to 1850,”Journal of American History 78(1991):465-85,481.
80.Hämäläinen,Comanche Empire,26.
81.Richard White,“The Winning of the West:The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,”Journal of American History 65(1978):319-43.
82.关于加勒比人的登陆记录，见Philip B.Boucher，Cannibal Encounters：Europeans and Island Caribs，1492-1763 （Baltimore：Johns Hopkins University Press，1992），17；Karl H.Schwerin，“Carib Warfare and Slaving，”Atropologica 99-100（2003）：45-72，48-52。
83.Boucher,Cannibal Encounters,35.
84.Frank Lestringant,Cannibals:The Discovery and Representation of the Cannibal from Columbus to Jules Verne,trans.Rosemary Morris (Berkeley:University of California Press,1997),15-31.
85.Robert Smith,“The Canoe in West African History,”Journal of African History 11(1970):515-33,526-27.Sparks 562.
86.Lipman,Saltwater Frontier,75.
87.Vargas Machuca,Indian Militia,99.
88.N.A.T.Hall,“Maritime Maroons:‘Grand Marronage’ from the Danish West Indies,”William and Mary Quarterly 42(1985):476-98,482.
89.Bruce T.McCully,“Catastrophe in the Wilderness:New Light on the Canada Expedition of 1709,”William and Mary Quarterly 11(1954):441-56,448.
90.McCully,“Catastrophe in the Wilderness,”449.
91.McCully,“Catastrophe in the Wilderness,”451.
92.McCully,“Catastrophe in the Wilderness,”449.
93.McCully,“Catastrophe in the Wilderness,”451.
94.McCully,“Catastrophe in the Wilderness,”454.
95.Daniel K.Richter,“War and Culture:The Iroquois Experience,”William and Mary Quarterly 40(1983):528-59,539-40;Keith F.Otterbein,“Why the Iroquois Won:An Analysis of Iroquois Military Tactics,”Ethnohistory 11(1964):56-63,59-60.
96.Collection of Voyages,5:266.
97.Collection of Voyages,5:382.
第六章
1.Bartolomé de Las Casas,A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies,trans.Nigel Griffin (London:Penguin,1992),14.
2.Las Casas,Short Account,11.
3.Michele Da Cuneo,News of the Islands of the Hesperian Ocean Discovered by don Christopher Columbus of Genoa(1495),trans.Theodore J.Cachey Jr.,inItalian Reports on America,1493-1522,ed.Geoffrey Symocox and Luciano Formisano(Turnhout,Belgium:Brepols,2002),50-63,52.
4.William F.Keegan,“‘No Man [or Woman] is an Island’:Elements of Taino Social Organization,”inThe Indigenous People of the Caribbean,ed.Samuel M.Wilson(Gainesville:University Press of Florida,1997),107-17,116-17;Henry Petijean Roget,“The Taino Vision:A Study in the Exchange of Misunderstanding,”in The Indigenous People of the Caribbean,ed.Wilson,169-75,166-67.
5.Da Cuneo,News of the Islands,58.
6.Kathleen Deagan,“Reconsidering Taino Social Dynamics after Spanish Conquest:Gender and Class in Culture Contact Studies,”American Antiquity 69(2004):597-626;William F.Keegan and Morgan D.Maclachlan,“The Evolution of Avuncular Chiefdoms:A Reconstruction of Taino Kinship and Politics,”American Anthropologist 91(1989):613-30.
7.Irving Rouse,The Tainos:Rise and Decline of the People who Greeted Columbus(New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,1992),150-58.
8.关于社区的存续，见Deagan，“Reconsidering Taino Social Dynamics。”
9.1517年1月20日，收录在Colección de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento，conquista y colonización de las posesiones españoles en América y Occeanía，ed.J.F.Pacheco，F.de Cárdenas y L.Torres de Mendoza （Madrid，1864），269。
10.John K.Thornton,Cultural History,191.
11.Da Cuneo,News of the Islands,52.
12.关于战争的定义见R.Brian Ferguson，“Explaining War，”in The Anthropology of War，ed.Jonathan Haas （Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1990），26-55，26。
13.Steven A.Leblanc,“Warfare and the Development of Social Complexity:Some Demographic and Environmental Factors,”in The Archaeology of Warfare:Prehistories of Raiding and Conquest,ed.Elizabeth N.Arkush and Mark W.Allen (Gainesville:University Press of Florida,2006),437-68,442-43.
14.Jean R.Soderlund,Lenape Country:Delaware Valley Society before William Penn (Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,2015);Gunlög Fur,A Nation of Women:Gender and Colonial Encounters among the Delaware Indians (Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,2009).
15.David Silverman,Faith and Boundaries:Colonists,Christianity and Community among the Wampanoag Indians of Martha's Vineyard,1600-1871(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2005).
16.André Corvisier,Armies and Societies in Europe,1494-1789,trans.Abigal T.Siddall (Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1979),11.
17.Juan Alberto Román Berrelleza and Ximena Chávez Balderas,“The Role of Chlldren in the Ritual Practices of the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan and the Great Temple of Tlatelolco,”inThe Social Experience of Childhood in Ancient Mesoamerica,ed.Traci Arden and Scott R.Hutson (Boulder:University Press of Colorado,2006),233-48,236.
18.Ross Hassig,Aztec Warfare:Imperial Expansion and Political Control(Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1996),30-36;Rosemary A.Joyce,“Girling the Girl and Boying the Boy:The Production of Adulthood in Ancient Mesoamerica,”World Archaeology 31(2000):473-83,479-80.
19.Roger Ascham,The Scholemaster(London,1571),19.Roger Ascham,The Scholemaster (London,1571),19.
20.Marta Ajmar-Wollheim,“Geography and the Environment,”inA Cultural History of Childhood and Family in the Early Modern Age,ed.Sandra Cavallo and Silvia Evangelisti (London:Bloomsbury,2014),69-94,86-87.
21.Joyce,“Girling the Girl,”476.
22.Neil Lancelot Whitehead,“The Snake Warriors—Sons of the Tiger Teeth:A Descriptive Analysis of Carib Warfare,1500-1820,”inThe Anthropology of War,ed.Jonathan Haas (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990),146-70,152-53.
23.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,90.
24.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,91-92;Stanley B.Alpers,Amazons of Black Sparta:the Women Warriors of Dahomey (London:Hurst and Company,1998).
25.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,102,116-17.
26.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,117.
27.John Keegan,A History of Warfare (London:Pimlico,2004),227-28.
28.William H.Marquardt,“The Emergence and Demise of the Calusa,”inSocieties in Eclipse:Archaeology of the Eastern Woodland Indians,A.D.1400-1700,ed.David S.Brose,C.Wesley Cowan,and Robert C.Mainfort Jr.(Washington,DC:Smithsonian Institution,2001),157-72,168.
29.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,37.
30.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,64.
31.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,65.
32.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,91.
33.Lynn,Giant of the Grand Siècle,354-56.
34.Considerations upon the Different Modes of Finding Recruits for the Army(London,1775),5.
35.Parker,Military Revolution,48-49.
36.Lynn,Giant of the Grand Siècle,352.
37.G.Davies,ed.,Autobiography of Thomas Raymond and Memoires of the Family of Guise of Elmore,Gloucestershire (London,1917),35.
38.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,57-58.
39.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,37.
40.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,10.
41.Lee,Waging War,85.
42.Thomas Brainerd,The Life of John Brainerd the Brother of David Brainerd,and his Successor as Missionary to the Indians of New Jersey (Philadelphia,1865),232.
43.London Magazine 9(1740) 152.
44.John Thornton,“African Dimensions of the Stono Rebellion,”American Historical Review 96(1991):1101-13.
45.Humphrey Bland，A Treatise of Military Discipline，2nd ed.（London，1727），12-13，见Matthew McCormack，“Dance and Drill：Polite Accomplishments and Military Masculinities in Georgian Britain，”Cultural and Social History 8 （2011）：215-330；William H.McNeill，Keeping together in Time：Dance and Drill in Human History（Cambridge，MA：Harvard University Press，1995）。
46.可参见J.A.Houlding，Fit for Service：The Training of the British Army，1715-1795 （Oxford：Clarendon Press，1981），261-64。
47.Harald Kleinschmidt,“Using the Gun:Manual Drill and the Proliferation of Portable Firearms,”Journal of Military History 63(1999):601-30,607.
48.John Keegan,The Face of Battle (New York:Viking,1976),297.
49.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,107.
50.Hämäläinen,Comanche Empire,279-80.
51.William Douglass,A Summary,Historical and Political,of the First Planting,Progressive Improvements,and Present State of the British Settlements in North America,Vol.1(Boston,1750),155.
52.Cadwallader Colden,The History of the Five Indian Nations Depending on the Province of New-York in America (New York,1727),iii-iv.
53.Wayne E.Lee,“Peace Chiefs and Blood Revenge:Patterns of Restraint in Native American Warfare,1500-1800,”Journal of Military History 71(2007):701-41,720-22.
54.Whitehead,“Snake Warriors,”153-54.
55.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,35,37.
56.Alan J.Guy,Oeconomy and Discipline:Officership and Administration in the British Army,1714-63(Manchester;Manchester University Press,1985).
57.Davies,ed.,Autobiography of Thomas Raymond,35,37.
58.Davies,ed.,Autobiography of Thomas Raymond,38,40.
59.Lynn,Giant of the Grand Siècle,398.
60.Lynn,Giant of the Grand Siècle,405.
61.Fred Anderson,A People's Army:Massachusetts Soldiers and Society in the Seven Years' War (New York:Norton,1984),138.
62.Whitehead,“Snake Warriors,”154-55.
63.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,37.
64.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,64.
65.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,119-20.
66.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,117.
67.David H.Dye,War Paths,Peace Paths:An Archaeology of Cooperation and Conflict in Native Eastern North America (New York:Altamira Press,2009).
68.James F.Brooks,Captives and Cousins:Slavery,Kinship and Community in the Southwest Borderlands (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2002);Hämäläinen,Comanche Empire.
69.乔赛亚·哈默致陆军部长，1790年11月4日，American State Papers：Documents，Legislative and Executive，of the Congress of the United States，Vol.4（Washington，DC，1832），104。
70.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,38.
71.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,118.
72.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,69.(https://www.daowen.com)
73.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,38.
74.Ida Altman,“Conquest,Coercion,and Collaboration:Indian Allies and the Campaigns in Nueva Galicia,”inIndian Conquistadors:Indigenous Allies in the Conquest of Mesoamerica,ed.Laura E.Matthew and Michel R.Oudijk (Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,2007),145-74,150-51.
75.Martin Vaan Creveld,Supplying War:Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1977),5-6.
76.Davies,ed.,Autobiography of Thomas Raymond,39.
77.Davies,ed.,Autobiography of Thomas Raymond,43.
78.John A.Lynn II,Women,Armies and Warfare in Early Modern Europe(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008).
79.见Geoffrey Plank，“Making Gibraltar British in the Eighteenth Century，”History 98 （2013）：346-69。
80.A.J.B.Johnston,Control and Order in French Colonial Louisbourg,1713-1758(East Lansing:Michigan State University Press,2001),187.
81.Johnston,Control and Order,183.
82.Lynn,Women,Armies and Warfare.
83.Considerations upon the Different Modes,3.
84.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,68.
85.William R.Fitzgerald,“Contact,Neutral Iroquoian Transformation,and the Little Ice Age,”in Societies in Eclipse,ed.Brose,Cowan,and Mainfort,37-47,39-40.
86.Geoffrey Plank,“Deploying Tribes and Clans:Mohawks in Nova Scotia and Scottish Highlanders in Georgia,”inEmpires and Indigenes:Intercultural Alliance,Imperial Expansion,and Warfare in the Early Modern World,ed.Wayne E.Lee (New York:New York University Press,2012),221-50.
87.见Gregory Evans Dowd，War Under Heaven：Pontiac，the Indian Nations，and the British Empire （Baltimore：Johns Hopkins University Press，2002），51。
88.A.O.Thompson,Flying to Freedom:African Runaways and Maroons in the Americas (Kingston:University of the West Indies Press,2006),pp.144-74,265-94;M.Caton,Testing the Chains:Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies (Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1982);M.C.Campbell,The Maroons of Jamaica,1655-1796:A History of Resistance,Collaboration and Betrayal (Granby,MA:Bergin and Garvey,1988);W.Hoogbergen,The Boni Maroon Wars in Suriname (New York:Brill,1990);Richard Price,ed.,Maroon Societies:Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1979);Benton,Law and Colonial Cultures,59-66.
89.Matthew Restall,“Black Conquistadors:Armed Africans in Early Spanish America,”The Americas 57(2000):171-205,181.
90.Jane Landers,“Transforming Bondsmen into Vassals:Arming Slaves in Colonial Spanish America,”in Arming Slaves:From Classical Times to the Modern Age,ed.Christopher Leslie Brown and Philip D.Morgan (New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,2008),120-45,121-22.
91.Hendrik Kraay,“Arming Slaves in Brazil from the Seventeenth Century to the Nineteenth Century,”in Arming Slaves,ed.Brown and Morgan,146-79,155.
92.Johnson Green,The Life and Confession of Johnson Green (Worcester,MA,1786).
93.An Alarm to the Patriots (London,1749),50.
94.Nicholas Rogers,Mayhem:Postwar Crime and Violence in Britain,1749-1753(New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,2012).
95.见John Phillips Resch，Suffering Soldiers：Revolutionary War Veterans，Moral Sentiment，and Political Culture in the Early Republic （Amherst：University of Massachusetts Press，1999）。
96.Lee,“Peace Chiefs and Blood Revenge,”722.
97.“黑蛇”，引自Anthony F.C.Wallace，The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca（New York：Knopf，1973），121。
98.“黑蛇”，引自Wallace，Death and Rebirth，146。
99.Wallace,Death and Rebirth,234.
100.布尔芬奇·兰姆，引自William Smith，A New Voyage to Guinea （London，1744），173。
101.Parliamentary History of England from the Earliest Period to 1803,Vol.28(London,1816),84-85.
102.见John Atkins，A Voyage to Guinea，Brasil，and the West Indies （London，1735），119-22.
103.William Smith,A New Voyage to Guinea (London,1744),266.
104.Robin Law,“Dahomey and the Slave Trade:Reflections on the Historiography of the Rise of Dahomey,”Journal of African History 27(1986):237-67.
105.John Landers,The Field and the Forge:Population,Production and Power in the Pre-Industrial West (Oxford:Oxford University Press,2003),346.
106.Landers,Field and the Forge,339.
107.Landers,Field and the Forge,344.
108.Jan Lindegren,“Men,Money,and Means,”inWar and Competition between States,ed.Philippe Contamine (Oxford:Clarendon Press,2000),129-62,140.
109.德·加纳回忆录，收录在The French Foundations，1680-1693，ed.Theodore Calvin Pease and Raymond C.Werner （Springfield：Illinois Historical Library，1934），329。
110.Decourvertes et etablissements des francais dans l'ouest et dans le sud （Paris，1889） Vol.1，p.542.见Susan Sleeper-Smith，Indian Women and French Men：Rethinking Cultural Encounter in the Western Great Lakes （Amherst：University of Massachusetts Press，2001），23.
111.John Thornton,“The Slave Trade in Eighteenth-century Angola:Effects on Demographic Structures,”Canadian Journal of African Studies 14(1980):417-27.
112.Dye,War Paths,Peace Paths,2-4.
113.Dye,War Paths,Peace Paths,114-23;Daniel K.Richter,“War and Culture:The Iroquois Experience,”William and Mary Quarterly 40(1983):528-59.
第七章
1.Peter Russell,Prince Henry ‘the Navigator’:A Life (New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,2000),291-315.
2.G.R.Crone,ed.,The Voyages of Cadamosto and other Documents on Western Africa in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century (London:Hakluyt Society,1937),1.
3.Crone,ed.,Voyages of Cadamosto,31.
4.Crone,ed.,Voyages of Cadamosto,33-34.
5.Geoffrey Symcox and Blair Sullivan,eds.,Christopher Columbus and the Enterprise of the Indies:A Brief History with Documents (Boston:Bedford,2005),172.
6.关于莱里的背景，见Adam Asher Duker，“The Protestant Israelites of Sancerre：Jean de Léry and the Confessional Demarcation of Cannibalism，”Journal of Early Modern History 18 （2014）：255-86。引文摘自Jean de Léry，History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil，trans.Janet Whatley （Berkeley：University of California Press，1990），118。
7.De Léry,History of a Voyage,118.
8.Barbara Ehrenreich,Blood Rites:Origins and History of the Passions of War(London:Virago,1997),132-43.
9.Crone,ed.,Voyages of Cadamosto,58.
10.Crone,ed.,Voyages of Cadamosto,59.
11.Crone,ed.,Voyages of Cadamosto,60.
12.William D.Piersen,“White Cannibals,Black Martyrs:Fear,Depression,and Religious Faith as Causes of Suicide among New Slaves,”Journal of Negro History 62(1977):147-59.
13.Francis Moore，Travels into the Inland Parts of Africa （London，1738），208.乔布·本·所罗门的故事可见 Thomas Bluett，Some Memoirs of the Life of Job the Son of Solomon （London，1734）。
14.Mungo Park,Travels into the Interior Districts of Africa (London,1799),319.
15.Collection of Voyages and Travels,5:327.
16.Snelgrave,New Account,162-63.
17.Bryan Edwards,The History Civil and Commercial of the British Colonies in the West Indies,Vol.2(London,1801),150-51.
18.Piersen,“White Cannibals,”149.
19.Ottobah Cugoano,Thoughts and Sentiments,9.
20.Park,Travels into the Interior,319.
21.Collection of Voyages and Travels,5:327.
22.Edwards,History Civil and Commercial,150-51.
23.Collection of Voyages and Travels,5:327.
24.扬·斯努克的书信，1702年1月2日，收录在William Bosman，A New and Accurate Description of the Coast of Guinea （London，1705），489。
25.John Thornton,“Cannibals,Witches and Slave Traders in the Atlantic World,”William and Mary Quarterly 60(2003):273-94,286-89.
26.Neil Lancelot Whitehead,“Carib Cannibalism:The Historical Evidence,”Journal de la Société des Américanistes 70(1984):69-87;Dye,War Paths,Peace Paths,161.
27.Duker,“Protestant Israelites,”268.
28.Frank Lestrignant,Cannibals:The Discovery and Representation of the Cannibal from Columbus to Jules Verne (Cambridge:Polity Press,1997),16.
29.Symcox and Sullivan,eds.,Christopher Columbus and the Enterprise of the Indies,172-73.
30.Andrew Battell,The Strange Adventures of Andrew Battell (London:Hakluyt Society,1901),21.
31.扬·斯努克的书信，1702年1月2日，收录在Bosman，A New and Accurate Description，487。
32.Elizabeth Hanson，An Account of the Captivity of Elizabeth Hanson （London，1760），17.可能存在的其他吹嘘说法见Robert Charles Padden，“Cultural Change and Military Resistance in Araucanian Chile，1550-1730，”Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 13 （1957）：103-21，119-20；Martel，“Hans Staden's Captive Soul，”64-65。
33.S.N.Wasterlain,M.J.Neves and M.T.Ferreira,“Dental Modification in a Skeletal Sample of Enslaved Africans found at Lagos (Portugal),”International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 26(2016):621-32;Jerome S.Handler,“Determining African Birth from Skeletal Remains:A Note on Tooth Mutilation,”Historical Archaeology 28(1994):113-19.
34.Josiah Coale,The Books and Divers Epistles of the Faithful Servant of the Lord Josiah Coale (London,1671),21-22;Henry Cadbury,ed.,Narrative Papers of George Fox,Unpublished or Uncorrected (Richmond,IN:Friends United Press,1972),174.
35.Jonathan Dickenson，God's Protecting Providence Man's Surest Help and Defence （London，1700）.这本小册子得到了贵格会大力推广。它的出版史可见Charles M.Andrews and Jonathan Dickenson，“God's Protecting Providence：A Journal by Jonathan Dickenson，”Florida Historical Quarterly 21 （1942）：107-26。
36.Lestrignant,Cannibals,28,30.
37.Symcox and Sullivan,eds.,Christopher Columbus and the Enterprise of the Indies,172-73.
38.Whitehead,“Carib Cannibalism,”78.
39.Thwaites,ed.,Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents,13:59-79.
40.De Léry,History of a Voyage;see Duker,“Protestant Israelites,”266-67.
41.Andrew Lipman,“‘A Meanes to Knitt them Together’:The Exchange of Body Parts in the Pequot War,”William and Mary Quarterly 65(2008):3-28,14.
42.Lipman,“ ‘Meanes to Knitt them Together’,”17.
43.Lipman,“ ‘Meanes to Knitt them Together’,”3.
44.Ruben G.Mendoza,“The Devine Gourd Tree:Tzompantli Skull Racks,Decapitation Rituals,and Human Trophies in Ancient Mesoamerica,”in The Taking and Displaying of Human Body Parts as Trophies by Amerindians,ed.Richard J.Chacon and David H.Dye (New York:Springer,2007),400-43;Christopher L.Moser,“Human Decapitation in Ancient Mesoamerica,”Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology 11(1973):5-72,26-28.
45.Nicholas P.Canny,“The Ideology of English Colonization:From Ireland to America,”William and Mary Quarterly 30(1973):575-98,582.
46.Snelgrave,New Account,31-32.
47.Inga Celendinnen,The Cost of Courage in Aztec Society:Essays in Mesoamerican Society and Culture (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2010),29-31.
48.Robin Law,“‘My Head Belongs to the King’:On the Political and Ritual Significance of Decapitation in Pre-Colonial Dahomey,”Journal of African History 30(1989):399-415,404.
49.Robin Law,“ ‘My Head Belongs to the King’,”406.
50.Proclamation of the Governor,Council,and Assembly of Massachusetts,May 27,1696(Boston,1696).
51.Meuwese,Brothers in Arms,292-94,301.
52.“Sur Î'Acadie,1748,”MGl,Archives des colonies,CIlD,Vol.10,doc.154;Louis le Prévost Duquesnelle to Antoine-Louis Rouillé,16 August 1753,MG 1,Archives des colonies CIlB,Vol.33,doc.197;“Divers dépense,”Louisbourg,31 December 1756,MG 1,Archives des colonies ClIB,Vol.36,doc.241,National Archives of Canada.
53.相关例证可见John Knox，Journal of Captain John Knox，ed.，Arthur G.Doughty （Toronto：Champlain Society，1914），Vol.I，p.297。
54.Dye,War Paths,Peace Paths,3-4.
55.Gabriel Sagard,quoted in Karen Anderson,Chain her by One Foot:The Subjugation of Women in Seventeenth-Century New France (London:Routledge,1991),171.
56.John Underhill,Newes from America (London,1638),38.
57.见Wayne E.Lee，Barbarians and Brothers：Anglo-American Warfare，1500-1865 （Oxford：Oxford University Press，2011），130-41，154-55.
58.见Adam J.Hirsch，“The Collision of Military Cultures in Seventeenth-century New England，”Journal of American History 74 （1988）：1187-212。
59.见Ronald Dale Karr，“‘Why Should you be so Furious？’：The Violence of the Pequot War，”Journal of American History 85 （1998）：876-909。
60.Underhill,Newes from America,35-36.
61.James Kendall Hosmer,ed.,Winthrop's Journal “History of New England,”1630-1649(New York:Scribners,1908),Vol.1,p.194.
62.这个课题在施加刑罚背景以外并未得到广泛研究。关于文本证据的调查可见Nathaniel Knowles，“The Torture of Captives by the Indians of Eastern North America，”Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 82 （1940）：151-225.See also Karen Anderson，Chain her by One Foot：The Subjugation of Women in Seventeenth-Century New France （London：Routledge，1991），169-78。
63.Lyndal Roper,Oedipus and the Devil:Witchcraft,Religion and Sexuality in Early Modern Europe (London:Routledge,1994),205.
64.Steven Pinker,The Better Angels of our Nature:A History of Violence and Humanity (New York:Penguin,2012),71-154;Norbert Elias,The Civilizing Process:State Formation and Civilization (Oxford:Oxford University Press,1982).
65.Hugo Grotius,The Illustrious Hugo Grotius of the Law of Warre and Peace(London,1654),294.
66.背景可见Geoffrey Parker，“Early Modern Europe，”in The Laws of War：Contraints on Warfare in the Western World，ed.Michael Howard，George J.Andreopoulos，and Mark R.Shulman （New Haven，CT：Yale University Press，1994），40-58。
67.William Gouge,God's Three Arrowes Plague,Famine,Sword,in Three Treatises (London,1631).See Karr,“ ‘Why Should you be so Furious?’,”880.
68.Charles Lawrence,Orders for attacking Louisbourg,May 1758,Abercromby Papers 303,Huntington Library.
69.Boston Newsletter,August 27,1724;The Rebels Reward:or,English Courage Display'd (Boston,1724);Ian Saxine,Properties of Empire:Indians,Colonists,and Land Speculators on the New England Frontier (New York:New York University Press,2019),77,154.
70.Resolution of the council of Nova Scotia,October 1,1749,CO 217/9,117;Edward Cornwallis,Proclamation,October 2,1749,CO 217/9,118,The National Archives,Kew.
71.Patricia Seed,“Taking Possession and Reading Texts:Establishing the Authority of Overseas Empires,”William and Mary Quarterly 49(1992):183-209,202-05.
72.巴托洛梅·德·博奥克，引自Celendinnen，Cost of Courage，98。
73.弗赖·迭戈·德·兰达，引自Celendinnen，Cost of Courage，100。
74.Mark Meuwese,“Imperial Peace and Restraints in the Dutch-Iberian Wars for Brazil,1624-1654,”inThe Specter of Peace:Rethinking Violence and Power in the Colonial Atlantic,ed.Michael Goode and John Smolenski (Leiden:Brill,2018),30-63,52-53.
75.刚果国王唐·佩德罗写给若昂·巴普蒂斯塔·维韦斯阁下的一封书信梗概，该信写于（刚果王国首都）圣萨尔瓦多，日期为1623年11月23日，收录在Malyn Newitt，ed.，The Portuguese in West Africa，1415-1670：A Documentary History（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，2012），178-81。
76.Broad Advice,or Dialogue about the Trade of the West India Company,”trans.Henry Murphy,inCollections of the New York Historical Society 3(1856):256.
77.Edmund B.O'Callaghan,ed.,Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York,15 vols.(Albany,NY:Weed,Parson,1853-1887),1:414.
78.Evan Haefeli,“Keift's War and the Cultures of Violence in Colonial America,”inLethal Imagination:Violence and Brutality in American History,ed.Michael A.Bellesiles (New York:New York University Press,1999),17-40.
79.Grotius,Illustrious Hugo Grotius,589.
80.Gouge,God's Three Arrowes.See Karr,“ ‘Why Should you be so Furious?’,”880.
81.See chapter 4.
82.关于摧毁了对立定居点的战争，见Craig S.Keener，“An Ethnohistorical Analysis of Iroquois Assault Tactics Used against Fortified Settlements of the Northeast in the Seventeenth Century，”Ethnohistory 46 （1999）：777-807。
83.Charles Orr,ed.,History of the Pequot War (Cleveland:Helman-Taylor,1897),132.
84.Orr,ed.,History of the Pequot War,38.
85.Steven T.Katz,“The Pequot War Reconsidered,”New England Quarterly 64(1991):206-24,210-11.
86.Orr,ed.,History of the Pequot War,62.
87.Ann M.Little,Abraham in Arms:Gender and War in Colonial New England(Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,2007),22-23.
88.Padden,“Cultural Change and Military Resistance,”119-20.
89.Langfur,Forbidden Lands,169-74.
90.Thwaites,ed.,Jesuit Relations,35:111.
91.关于这一背景下的殉教现象，见Allan Greer，“Colonial Saints：Gender，Race，and Hagiography in New France，”William and Mary Quarterly 57 （2000）：323-48。
92.Sharon Block,Rape and Sexual Power in Early America (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2006),221-22.
93.Grotius,Illustrious Hugo Grotius,551-52;Lynn,Women,Armies,and Warfare,153-59.
94.Plank,Rebellion and Savagery,172.
95.Michael L.Fickes,“‘They Could not Endure that Yoke’:The Captivity of Pequot Women and Children after the War of 1637,”New England Quarterly 73(2000):58-81,70.
96.胡尼佩罗·塞拉，引自Antonia I.Castañeda，“Sexual Violence in the Politics and Policies of Conquest：Amerindian Women and the Spanish Conquest of Alta California，”in Building with our Hands：New Directions in Chicana Studies，ed.Adela de la Torre and Beatriz M.Pesquera （Berkeley：University of California Press，1993），15-33，15。
97.Boucher,Cannibal Encounters,49.
98.Alden T.Vaughn,“‘Expulsion of the Salvages’:English Policy and the Virginia Massacre of 1622,”William and Mary Quarterly 35(1978):57-84,78.
99.Boucher,Cannibal Encounters,88.
100.“Letter of Sir Francis Wyatt,Governor of Virginia,1621-1626,”William and Mary Quarterly 6(1926):114-21,118.
101.Boucher,Cannibal Encounters,88.
102.Elizabeth A.Fenn,“Biological Warfare in Eighteenth-century North America:Beyond Jeffery Amherst,”Journal of American History 86(2000):1553-80.
103.Richard White,The Middle Ground:Indians,Empires,and Republics in the Great Lakes Region,1650-1815(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1991),269-314.
104.Dylan Ruediger,“‘In Peace with All,or at least in Warre with None’:Tributary Subjects and the Negotiation of Political Subordination in Greater Virginia,1676-1730,”inSpecter of Peace,ed.Goode and Smolenski,64-94.
105.Boucher,Cannibal Encounters,88.
106.有几位学者强调了这种动态变化在美国军事史上的重要性。见John Shy，“The American Military Experience：History and Learning，”Journal of Interdisciplinary History 1 （1971）：205-28；Russell F.Weigley，The American Way of War（Bloomington：Indiana University Press，1973）；Brian M.Linn，“The American Way of War Revisited，”Journal of Military History 66 （2002）：501-33；John Grenier，The First Way of War：American Warmaking on the Frontier （New York：Cambridge University Press，2005）；Fred Anderson and Andrew Cayton，The Dominion of War：Empire and Liberty in North America （New York：Penguin，2005）。
107.可参见Hal Langfur，“Moved by Terror：Frontier Violence as Cultural Exchange in Late-Colonial Brazil，”Ethnohistory 52 （2005）：255-89。
108.Lawrence H.Keeley,War Before Civilization:The Myth of the Peaceful Savage (New York:Oxford University Press,1996);Pinker,Better Angels,40-56.
109.Noble David Cook,Born to Die:Disease and New World Conquest,1492-1650(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1998).
110.John F.Schwaller,“Research Note:Broken Spears or Broken Bones:Evolution of the Most Famous Line in Nahuatl,”The Americas 66(2009):241-52,249-50.
111.David S.Jones,“Virgin Soils Revisited,”William and Mary Quarterly 60(2003):703-42.
第八章
1.Edward Bancroft,An Essay on the Natural History of Guiana (London,1766),257-58.
2.Camilla Townsend,Malintzin's Choices:An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico (Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,2006),20,24.
3.Gallay,Indian Slave Trade,116.
4.Paul E.Lovejoy,Transformations in Slavery:A History of Slavery in Africa(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2012),64.
5.见Robin Law，The Slave Coast of West Africa，1550-1750：The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on an African Society （Oxford：Clarendon Press，1991），66-67.
6.John K.Thornton,The Kingdom of Kongo:Civil War and Transition,1641-1718(Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1983),48-49.
7.Paul Erdmann Isert,Letters on West Africa and the Slave Trade,ed.Selena Axelrod Winsnes (Accra,Ghana:Sub-Saharan Publishers,2007),127.
8.Robin Law,Ouidah:The Social History of a West African Slaving “ ‘Port’,”1727-1892(Athens:Ohio University Press,2004),76-77.
9.Robert Morris,Memoirs of the Reign of Bossa Ahadee (London,1789),86.See Law,Slave Coast of West Africa,272;see also Law,Ouidah,76-77.
10.David Eltis and Stanley L.Engerman,“Dependence,Servility,and Coerced Labor in Time and Space,”inThe Cambridge World History of Slavery,Vol.3,ed.Eltis and Engerman (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2017),1-21,4.
11.Ólafur Egilsson,The Travels of Reverend Ólafur Egilsson,trans.Karl Smári Hreinsson and Adam Nichols (Washington,DC:Catholic University Press,2016),15.
12.Egilsson,Travels,9.
13.Egilsson,Travels,xxiii-xxiv.
14.Egilsson,Travels,18.
15.Egilsson,Travels,19.
16.Egilsson,Travels,xxii-xxiii.
17.Egilsson,Travels,10.
18.Egilsson,Travels,xxvii-xxviii.
19.Paul Walden Bamford,“The Procurement of Oarsmen for French Galleys,1660-1748,”American Historical Review 65(1959):31-48,40-41.
20.Grotius,Illustrious Hugo Grotius,570.
21.见Carla Pestana，The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution，1640-1661（Cambridge，MA：Harvard University Press，2004），188。
22.Bamford,“Procurement of Oarsmen,”36.
23.Bamford,“Procurement of Oarsmen,”40.
24.William G.Clarence-Smith and David Eltis,“White Servitude,”inCambridge World History of Slavery,ed.Eltis and Engerman,3:132-59,133.
25.Robert C.Davis,Christian Slaves,Muslim Masters:White Slavery in the Mediterranean,the Barbary Coast and Italy (New York:Palgrave,2004),16-21.
26.Davis,Christian Slaves,Muslim Masters,17.
27.Egilsson,Travels,xxxii.
28.Egilsson,Travels,8.
29.Ruth Pike,Penal Servitude in Early Modern Spain (Madison:University of Wisconsin Press,1983),9,24.
30.Pike,Penal Servitude,28-29.
31.Bamford,“Procurement of Oarsmen,”33-34;G.E.Aylmer,“Slavery under Charles Ⅱ:The Mediterranean and Tangier,”English Historical Review 114(1999):378-88,380.
32.Lovejoy,Transformations in Slavery,29-36.
33.见David Eltis，The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas （Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，2000），1-28。
34.巴托洛梅·德·拉斯·卡萨斯引用的安东尼奥·德·蒙特西诺斯布道收录在J.H.Parry，Robert G.Keith，and Michael Jimenez，eds.，New Iberian World：A Documentary History of the Discovery and Settlement of Latin America to the Early Seventeenth Century 5 vols.（New York：Times Books，1984），2：310。
35.Massimo Livi-Bacci,“Return to Hispaniola:Reassessing a Demographic Catastrophe,”Hispanic American Historical Review 83(2003):3-51,39-40.
36.Lesley Byrd Simpson,The Encomienda in New Spain:The Beginning of Spanish Mexico (Berkeley:University of California Press,1950),2-3.
37.Simpson,Encomienda in New Spain,13.
38.Erin Woodruff Stone,“Indian Harvest:The Rise of the Indigenous Slave Trade and Diaspora from Española to the Circum-Caribbean,1492-1542”(PhD diss.,Vanderbilt University,2014);William L.Sherman,Forced Labour in Sixteenth-Century Central America (Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,1979).
39.Edward Johnson quoted in Fickes,“ ‘They Could Not Endure that Yoke’,”62.
40.Fickes,“ ‘They Could Not Endure that Yoke’,”59-60.
41.Margaret Ellen Newell,Brethren by Nature:New England Indians,Colonists,and the Origins of American Slavery (Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,2015),38.
42.Fickes,“ ‘They Could Not Endure that Yoke’,”78.
43.Newell,Brethren by Nature,144-54.
44.Collection of Voyages,5:327.
45.Thomas Tryon,Friendly Advice to the Gentlemen-Planters of the East and West Indies (London,1684),81.
46.可参见Phillips P.Moulton，ed.，The Journal and Major Essays of John Woolman （Richmond，IN：Friends United Press，1971），61。
47.特赖恩对于种族和奴隶制的观点与众不同，因而容易引发相互对立的理解。见Geoffrey Plank，“Thomas Tryon，Sheep，and the Politics of Eden，”Cultural and Social History 14 （2017）：565-81。
48.Linda M.Heywood,“Slavery and its Transformation in the Kingdom of Kongo,1491-1800,”Journal of African History 50(2009):1-22,6.
49.杜阿尔特·洛佩斯，引自Heywood，“Slavery and its Transformation，”7。
50.Heywood,“Slavery and its Transformation,”15.
51.Antonio Cavazzi,cited in Heywood,“Slavery and its Transformation,”20.
52.加西亚二世，引自Jan Vansina，Kingdoms of the Savannah （Madison：University of Wisconsin Press，1966），142-43。
53.见Eltis and Engerman，“Dependence，Servility，and Coerced Labor，”4。
54.Neil L.Whitehead,“Indigenous Slavery in South America,1492-1820,”inCambridge World History of Slavery,ed.Eltis and Engerman,3:248-71,248.
55.Carlos Fausto and David Rodgers,“Of Enemies and Pets:Warfare and Shamanism in Amazonia,”American Ethnologist 26(1999):933-56.
56.能够引起人们回忆18世纪纽约奴隶制的描述可见Jill Lapore，New York Burning：Liberty，Slavery and Conspiracy in Eighteenth-Century Manhattan （New York：Vintage，2006）.关于牧人可见Philip D.Morgan，“Slaves and Livestock in Eighteenth-Century Jamaica：Vineyard Pen，1750-1751，”William and Mary Quarterly 52 （1995）：47-76；Andrew Sluyter，Black Ranching Frontiers：African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World，1500-1900 （New Haven，CT：Yale University Press，2012）。
57.突出了农作物和农作物对奴隶生活条件影响的重要比较研究著作包括Richard S.Dunn，A Tale of Two Plantations：Slave Life and Labor in Jamaica and Virginia （Cambridge，MA：Harvard University Press，2014），and Philip D.Morgan，Slave Counterpoint：Black Culture in the Eighteenth-century Chesapeake and Lowcountry（Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press，1998）.也见Dale W.Tomich，Through the Prism of Slavery：Labor，Capital，and World Economy （Lanham，MD：Rowman &Littlefield，2004）。
58.David Eltis,Frank D.Lewis,and David Richardson,“Slave Prices,the African Slave Trade,and Productivity in the Caribbean,1674-1807,”Economic History Review 58(2005):673-700,677,n.19.
59.Kenneth F.Kiple,The Caribbean Slave:A Biological History (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1985),106.
60.Tryon,Friendly Advice,142.
61.Erin Woodruff Stone,“America's First Slave Revolt:Indians and African Slaves in Española,1500-1534,”Ethnohistory 60(2013):195-217;Ida Altman,“The Revolt of Enriquillo and the Historiography of Early Spanish America,”The Americas 63(2007):587-614.
62.Stone,“America's First Slave Revolt,”206.
63.Alida C.Metcalf,“Millenarian Slaves? The Santidade de Jaguaripe and Slave Resistance in the Americas,”American Historical Review 104(1999):1531-59,1531.
64.Metcalf,“Millenarian Slaves?,”1552.
65.Metcalf,“Millenarian Slaves?,”1551.
66.Metcalf,“Millenarian Slaves?,”1552.
67.Fisher,“ ‘Dangerous Designes’,”118.
68.Ruth Pike,“Black Rebels:The Cimarrons of Sixteenth-century Panama,”The Americas 64(2007):243-66.
69.Wheat,Atlantic Africa,54-63.
70.Robert Nelson Anderson,“The Quilombo of Palmares:A New Overview of a Maroon State in Seventeenth-century Brazil,”Journal of Latin American Studies 28(1996):545-66;Charles E.Orser and Pedro P.A.Funari,“Archaeology and Slave Resistance and Rebellion,”World Archaeology 33(2001):61-72.
71.关于综述可见Anderson，“Quilombo of Palmares；”关于考古学和防御工事可见Orser and Funari，“Archaeology and Slave Resistance，”67-68，and Stuart B.Schwartz，Slaves，Peasants and Rebels：Reconsidering Brazilian Slavery （Urbana：University of Illinois Press，1992），114-16。
72.Manuel Barcia,West African Warfare in Bahia and Cuba:Soldier Slaves in the Atlantic World,1807-1844(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2014),106-07,117,150-51.
73.Barcia,West African Warfare,111.
74.Barbara Klamon Kopytoff,“The Early Political Development of Jamaican Maroon Societies,”William and Mary Quarterly 25(1978):287-307,299.
75.詹姆斯·奈特，引自Kopytoff，“Early Political Development，”297。
76.Anderson,“Quilombo of Palmares,”551-52.
77.Kopytoff,“Early Political Development,”301.
78.Kopytoff,“Early Political Development,”304.
79.Schwartz,Slaves,Peasants and Rebels,124.
80.Metcalf,“Millenarian Slaves?,”1531.
81.Philip Thicknesse,Memoirs and Anecdotes of Philip Thicknesse,Late Lieutenant Governor of Land Guard Fort (1788),121-22.
82.Vernon Valentine Palmer,“The Origins and Authors of the Code Noir,”56Louisiana Law Review (1995):363-407,376,384.
83.Malick M.Ghachem,“Prosecuting Torture:The Strategic Ethics of Slavery in Pre-Revolutionary Saint-Domingue (Haiti),”Law and History Review 29(2011):985-1029,993.
84.Sally E.Hadden,Slave Patrols:Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2001),11.
85.Diana Paton,“Punishment,Crime,and the Bodies of Slaves in Eighteenthcentury Jamaica,”Journal of Social History 34(2001):923-54,926.
86.Paton,“Punishment,Crime,and the Bodies,”940.
87.丹麦和葡萄牙的案例可见N.A.T.Hall，“Maritime Maroons：“ ‘Grand Marronage’ from the Danish West Indies，”William and Mary Quarterly 42 （1985）：476-98，484；Schwartz，Slaves，Peasants and Rebels，120。
88.Paton,“Punishment,Crime,and the Bodies,”939.
89.Natalie Zemon Davis,“Judges,Masters,Diviners:Slaves’ Experience of Criminal Justice in Colonial Suriname,”Law and History Review 29(2011):925-84,962.
90.Paton,“Punishment,Crime,and the Bodies,”931.
91.Davis,“Judges,Masters,Diviners,”970.
92.Altman,“Revolt of Enriquillo,”599-600.
93.Pike,“Black Rebels,”248.
94.Schwartz,Slaves,Peasants and Rebels,108,123.
95.Schwartz,Slaves,Peasants and Rebels,119-120.
96.Hadden,Slave Patrols,227-28,n.20.
97.Stewart R.King,“The Maréchausée of Saint-Domingue:Balancing the Ancién Regime and Modernity,”Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 5(2004),DOI:10.1353/cch.2004.0052.
98.Kopytoff,“Early Political Development,”294.
99.Hadden,Slave Patrols,6-40.
100.威廉·布尔致同业公会，1739年10月5日，收录在Calendar of State Papers Colonial，American and West Indies，Vol.45 （London：Her Majesty's Stationary Office，1994），document 404.与斯托诺暴动相关的更多信息可见Thornton，“African Dimensions of the Stono Rebellion”.
101.Marjoleine Kars,“‘Cleansing the Land’:Dutch-Amerindian Cooperation in the Suppression of the 1763 Slave Rebellion in Dutch Guiana,”inEmpires and Indigenes,ed.Lee,251-75.
102.Richter,“War and Culture.”
103.Brett Rushforth,Bonds of Alliance:Indigenous and Atlantic Slaveries in New France (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2012).See also Brooks,Captives and Cousins.
104.Richard White,The Roots of Dependency:Subsistence,Environment,and Social Change among the Choctaws,Pawnees,and Navajos (Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,1983),1-146;Gallay,Indian Slave Trade.
105.Neil L.Whitehead,“Indigenous Slavery in South America,”257.
106.Christina Snyder,Slavery in Indian Country:The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America (Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2012).
107.Duarte Gomes de Silveira quoted in Schwartz,Slaves,Peasants and Rebels,110.
108.Schwartz,Slaves,Peasants and Rebels,108.
109.London Magazine and Monthly Chronologer 9(1740) 152.
110.Manuel Barcia,“‘To Kill All Whites’:The Ethics of African Warfare in Bahia and Cuba,1807-1844,”Journal of African Military History 1(2017):72-92,77-78.
111.Matthew Restall,“Black Conquistadors:Armed Africans in Early Spanish America,”The Americas 57(2000):171-205.
112.Jane Landers,“Transforming Bondsmen into Vassals:Arming Slaves in Colonial Spanish America,”in Arming Slaves:From Classical Times to the Modern Age,ed.Christopher Leslie Brown and Philip D.Morgan (New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,2006),122-23.
113.Hendrk Kraay,“Arming Slaves in Brazil from the Seventeenth Century to the Nineteenth Century,”inArming Slaves,ed.Brown and Morgan,146-79,155-56.
114.Matthew Restall,“Crossing to Safety? Frontier Flight in Eighteenth-Century Belize and Yucatan,”Hispanic American Historical Review 94(2014):381-419;Jane Landers,“Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose:A Free Black Town in Spanish Colonial Florida,”American Historical Review 95(1990):9-30.
115.Altman,“Revolt of Enriquillo,”602.
116.Pike,“Black Rebels,”264-65.
117.Helen McKee,“From Violence to Alliance:Maroons and White Settlers in Jamaica,1739-1795,”Slavery and Abolition 39(2018):27-52;M.L.E.Moreau de Saint-Méry,“The Border Maroons of Saint-Domingue:The Maniel,”in Maroon Societies,ed.Price,135-48,140.
118.Tom Cummins,“Three Gentlemen from Esmeraldas:A Portrait Fit for a King,”inSlave Portraiture in the Atlantic World,ed.Agnes Lugo-Ortiz and Angela Rosenthal (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013),119-45,126.
119.Jane Landers,“Leadership and Authority in Maroon Settlements in Spanish America and Brazil,”in Africa and the Americas:Interconnections during the Slave Trade,ed.José C.Curto and Renée Soulodre-La France (Trenton,NJ:African World Press,2005),173-84,174-75.
120.Cummins,“Three Gentlemen from Esmeraldas,”130.
第九章
1.Karen Larsen,A History of Norway (Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1948),178.
2.Bruce E.Gelsinger,Icelandic Enterprise:Commerce and Economy in the Middle Ages (Columbia:University of South Carolina Press,1981),184.
3.Gelsinger,Icelandic Enterprise,185.
4.G.J.Marcus,“The First English Voyages to Iceland,”Mariner's Mirror 42(1956):313-18,313-14.
5.Marcus,“First English Voyages,”314.
6.Marcus,“First English Voyages,”316.
7.E.M.Carus Wilson,“The Iceland Trade,”inStudies in English Trade in the Fifteenth Century,ed.Eileen Power and M.M.Postan (London:Routledge &Kegan Paul,1933),155-82,164.
8.Kirsten A.Seaver,The Frozen Echo:Greenland and the Exploration of North America,ca.A.D.1000-1500(Stanford,CA:Stanford University Press,1996),178-79.
9.Wilson,“Iceland Trade,”167;Seaver,Frozen Echo,179.
10.Gelsinger,Icelandic Enterprise,192.
11.Anna Agnarsdôttir,“Iceland's ‘English Century’ and East Anglia's North Sea World,”inEast Anglia and its North Sea World in the Middle Ages,ed.David Bates and Robert Liddiard (Woodbridge:Boydell Press,2013),204-16,204.
12.Gelsinger,Icelandic Enterprise,193;Wilson,“Iceland Trade,”179-80;Seaver,Frozen Echo,198.
13.Raimondo di Socini to the Duke of Milan,London,18 December 1497,in H.P.Biggar,ed.,The Precursors of Jacques Cartier,1497-1534(Ottawa:Canadian Archives,1911),20.
14.Evan Jones,“England's Icelandic Fishery in the Early Modern Period,”inEngland's Sea Fisheries:The Commercial Sea Fisheries of England and Wales since 1300,ed.David J.Starkey,Chris Read,and Neil Ashcroft (London:Chatham Publishing,2000),105-18.
15.安东尼·帕克赫斯致理查德·哈克卢特，1578年，收录在E.G.R.Taylor，ed.，The Original Writings and Correspondence of the Two Richard Hakluyts （London：Hakluyt Society，1935），1：127-34，128-29。
16.Max Friesen,“Pan-Arctic Population Movements:The Early Paleo-Inuit and Thule Inuit Migrations,”in The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic,ed.Max Friesen and Owen Mason (New York:Oxford University Press,2016).
17.Vilhjalmur Stefansson,ed.,The Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher,Vol.1(London,1938),48-50.
18.Alden T.Vaughan,Transatlantic Encounters:American Indians in Britain,1500-1776(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,),1-5.
19.Greg Mitchell,“The Inuit of Southern Labrador and their Conflicts with Europeans,to 1767,”inExploring Atlantic Transitions:Archaeologies of Transience and Permanence in New Found Lands,ed.Peter E.Pope and Shannon Lewis-Simpson(Woodbridge:Boydell,2013),320-30,321-22.
20.H.P.Biggar,ed.,The Works of Samuel De Champlain (Toronto:Champlain Society,1933),168.
21.William Fitzhugh,“Archaeology of the Inuit of Southern Labrador and the Quebec Lower North Shore,”in Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic,ed.Friesen and Mason,932-60.
22.P.E.H.Hair,The Founding of the Castelo de São Jorge da Mina:An Analysis of the Sources (Madison:University of Wisconsin African Studies Program,1994),14;Boxer,Portuguese Seaborne Empire,25.
23.Lovejoy,Transformations in Slavery,24-44.
24.Thornton,Warfare in Atlantic Africa,23;Thornton,Cultural History,21-22.
25.Hair，Founding of the Castelo，14.总体描述也可见John Vogt，Portuguese Rule on the Gold Coast （Athens：University of Georgia Press，1979），19-32。
26.Vogt,Portuguese Rule,85-86;Meuwese,Brothers in Arms,64-65.
27.引自Hair，Founding of the Castelo，1。
28.Richard Eden,The Decades of the Newe World or West India … in The First Three English Books on America,ed.Edward Arbor (Birmingham,1885),373.
29.Hernán Cortés to Charles V,1519,in Stuart B.Schwartz,ed.,Victors and Vanquished:Spanish and Naua Views of the Conquest of Mexico (New York:Bedford,2000),75-78,76;see Matthew Restall,Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest (Oxford:Oxford University Press,2003),20.
30.见Restall，Seven Myths。
31.韦霍钦戈地方议会致腓力二世，1560年，收录在James Lockhart and Enrique Otte，eds.，Letters and People of the Spanish Indies：Sixteenth Century （Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1976），165-72，167-68。
32.Alf Hornborg and Jonathan D.Hill,eds.,Ethnicity in Ancient Amazonia:Reconstructing Past Identities from Archaeology,Linguistics,and Ethnohistory (Boulder:University Press of Colorado,2011).On the military dimension of this transformation see Carlo Fausto,Warfare and Shamanism in Amazonia,trans.David Rodgers (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2012),18-23.
33.Lee,“Fortify,Fight,or Flee,”726-27.
34.Dye,War Paths,Peace Paths,141-66.
35.Robbie Ethridge,“The Emergence of the Colonial South:Colonial Indian Slaving,the Fall of the Precontact Mississippian World,and the Emergence of a New Social Geography in the American South,1540-1730,”in Native American Adoption,Captivity,and Slavery in Changing Contexts,ed.Max Caroccie and Stephanie Platt(New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2012),47-64.
36.Alexander VI,“Inter Caetera,”May 4,1493.http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/indig-inter-caetera.html
37.见Jerry Brotton，Trading Territories：Mapping the Early Modern World（London：Reaktion Books，1997），119-50。
38.见Patricia Seed，Ceremonies of Possession in Europe's Conquest of the New World，1492-1640 （Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1995），69。
39.Boucher,France and the American Tropics,41-42.
40.Silvia Castro Shannon,“Religious Struggle in France and Colonial Failure in Brazil,1555-1615,”French Colonial History 1(2002):51-62;John McGrath,“Polemic and History in French Brazil,1550-1560,”Sixteenth Century Journal 27(1996):385-97.
41.Karen Ordahl Kupperman,The Jamestown Project (Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2008),45-46.
42.Francisco López de Mendoza Grajales,“Memoire of the Happy Result and Prosperous Voyage of the Fleet Commanded by the Adelantado Pedro Menendez de Aviles,”inLaudonniere and Fort Caroline:History and Documents,ed.Charles E.Bennett (Tuscaloosa:University of Alabama Press,2009),141-63,163.
43.Owen Stanwood,“Catholics,Protestants,and the Clash of Civilizations in Early America,”in The First Prejudice:Religious Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America,ed.Chris Beneke and Christopher S.Grenda (Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,2011),218-40,221-22.
44.Wim Klooster,The Dutch Moment:War,Trade and Settlement in the Seventeenth Century Atlantic World (Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,2016),26,30,42,67.
45.Klooster,Dutch Moment:War,29.
46.Klooster,Dutch Moment,23;J.Braat,“Dutch Activities in the North and Arctic during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,”Arctic 37(1984):473-80.
47.Harmen Meyndertsz van den Bogaert,“A Journey into Mohawk and Oneida Country,”in In Mohawk Country:Early Narratives about a Native People,ed.Dean R.Snow,Charles T.Gehring,and William A.Starna (Syracuse,N.Y.:Syracuse University Press,1996),1-13,8-9.
48.Silverman,Thundersticks,21-28.
49.Klooster,Dutch Moment,33-73.
50.Eliga H.Gould,“Zones of Law,Zones of Violence:The Legal Geography of the British Atlantic,circa 1772,”William and Mary Quarterly 60(2003):471-510,480-81.
51.唐·胡安·德洛古伦发表于1637年的声明，引自Venezuela-British Guiana Boundary Arbitration （New York，1899），281。
52.见Meuwese，Brothers in Arms。
53.Klooster,Dutch Moment,31,49.
54.Meuwese,Brothers in Arms,137-41.
55.Meuwese,Brothers in Arms,141-43.
56.Meuwese,Brothers in Arms,157.
57.Meuwese,Brothers in Arms,151.
58.Klooster,Dutch Moment,53-54.
59.N.N.,A Little True Forraine Newes (London,1642).
60.Meuwese,Brothers in Arms,213.
61.Meuwese,Brothers in Arms,155-56.
62.Linda M.Heywood and John K.Thornton,Central Africans,Atlantic Creoles,and the Foundation of the Americas,1585-1660(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2007),145-52;Meuwese,Brothers in Arms,201-27;Klooster,Dutch Moment,82-83.
63.见Carla Gardina Pestana，“English Character and the Fiasco of the Western Design，”Early American Studies 3 （2005）：1-31。
64.Daniel K.Richter,“Rediscovered Links in the Covenant Chain:Previously Unpublished Transcripts of New York Indian Treaty Minutes,1677-1691,”Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 92(1982):45-85,76.
65.Daniel K.Richter,The Ordeal of the Longhouse:The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1992),135-37.
66.Jean R.Soderlund,Lenape Country:Delaware Valley Society Before William Penn (Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,2015).
67.Geoffrey Plank,“Discipline and Divinity:Colonial Quakerism,Christianity,and‘Heathenism’ in the Seventeenth Century.”Church History 85(2016):502-28.
68.William Penn to the Kings of the Indians，October 18，1681，in Richard Dunn and Mary Maples Dunn，eds.，The Papers of William Penn，Vol.2 （Philadelphia：University of Pennsylvania Press，1982），128-29.见Daniel K.Richter，“Land and Words，”in Trade，Land，Power：The Struggle for Eastern North America，ed.Richter（Philadelphia：University of Pennsylvania Press，2013），135-54。
69.James H.Merrell,Into the American Woods:Negotiators on the Pennsylvania Frontier (New York:Norton,1999).
70.Patrick M.Erben,A Harmony of the Spirits:Translation and the Language of Community in Early Pennsylvania (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2012).
71见Patrick Spero，Frontier Country：The Politics of War in Early Pennsylvania（Philadelphia：University of Pennsylvania Press，2016）。
第十章
1.Glete,War and the State;John Brewer,The Sinews of Power:War,Money and the English State,1688-1783(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1990).
2.Eliga H.Gould,The Persistence of Empire:British Political Culture in the Age of the American Revolution (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2000),3-14;Tony Claydon,Europe and the Making of England,1660-1760(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2007),192-98.
3.Creveld,Supplying War,5-39;John A.Lynn,“How War Fed War:The Tax of Violence and Contributions during the Grand Siècle,”Journal of Modern History 65(1993):286-310.
4.可参见Kwame Yebao Daako，Trade and Politics on the Gold Coast，1600-1720（Oxford：Clarendon Press，1970）。
5.Langfur,Forbidden Lands.
6.Lynn,Giant of the Grand Siècle,18.
7.Brewer,Sinews of Power,32;Lynn,Giant of the Grand Siècle,47.
8.Guy Rowlands,“Louis XIV,Vittorio Amedeo and French Military Failure in Italy,1688-96,”English Historical Review 115(2000):534-69.
9.Owen Stanwood.The Empire Reformed:English America in the Age of the Glorious Revolution (Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,2011),87;Kristen Block and Jenny Shaw,“Subjects without an Empire:The Irish in the Early Modern Caribbean,”Past and Present 210(2011):33-60;Hilary McD.Beckles,“‘A Riotous and Unruly Lot’:Irish Indentured Servants and Freemen in the English West Indies,1644-1713,”William and Mary Quarterly 47(1990):503-22;Boucher,France and the American Tropics,218.
10.William Thomas Morgan,“The British West Indies during King William's War(1689-97),”Journal of Modern History 2(1930):378-409,383,394.
11.Morgan,“British West Indies during King William's War;”Boucher,France and the American Tropics,220.
12.Robin Law,The Slave Coast of West Africa,129-32;Robin Law,ed.,Correspondence from the Royal African Company's Factories at Ofrah and Whydah on the Slave Coast of West Africa in the Public Record Office,London,1678-93(Edinburgh:Centre of African Studies,Edinburgh University,1990),71-74.
13.Emerson W.Baker and John G.Reid,“Amerindian Power in the Early Modern Northeast:A Reappraisal,”William and Mary Quarterly 61(2004):77-106.
14.O'Callaghan,ed.,Documents,1:286.
15.O'Callaghan.ed.,Documents,1:292-97.
16.Morgan,“British West Indies during King William's War,”385.
17.埃德温·斯特德致雅各布·莱斯勒，1690年1月27日，Leisler Papers，New York University。
18.见Emerson W.Baker and John G.Reid，The New England Knight：Sir William Phips，1651-1695 （Toronto：University of Toronto Press，1998），86-109。
19.Cotton Mather,The Present State of New England (Boston,1690),35.
20.Cotton Mather,Decennium Luctuosum (Boston,1699),213-14.
21.Mather,Decennium Luctuosum,235.
22.Mather,Decennium Luctuosum,226.
23.Mather,Decennium Luctuosum,203.
24.Mather,Decennium Luctuosum,219.
25.Mather,Decennium Luctuosum,219.
26.Mather,Decennium Luctuosum,223.
27.Mather,Decennium Luctuosum,220-22.
28.Mather,Decennium Luctuosum,227.
29.Mather,Decennium Luctuosum,221.
30.Mather,Decennium Luctuosum,231.
31.Mather,Decennium Luctuosum,220.
32.关于对西班牙帝国存在价值的感知，可见 Carlos Marichal，“The Spanish-American Silver Peso：Export Commodity and Global Money of the Ancien Régime，1550-1800，”From Silver to Cocaine：Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy，1500-2000，ed.Steven Topik，Carlos Marichal，and Zephyr Frank（Durham，NC：Duke University Press，2006），25-52。
33.James Ostwald,“The ‘Decisive’ Battle of Ramillies:Prerequisites for Decisiveness in Early Modern Warfare,”Journal of Military History 64(2000):649-77.
34.Claydon,Europe and the Making of England,192-98.
35.西班牙殖民者的效忠状况可见J.H.Elliott，Empires of the Atlantic World：Britain and Spain in America，1492-1830 （New Haven，CT：Yale University Press，2006），229。
36.Steven J.Oatis,A Colonial Complex:South Carolina's Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War,1689-1730(Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,2004),42-82.
37.投降协定，1702年；CO 152/5，8，The National Archives。
38.Mario Rodriguez,“Dom Pedro of Braganza and Colónia do Sacramento,1680-1705,”Hispanic American Historical Review 38(1958):179-208,207.
39.Evan Haefeli and Kevin Sweeney,Captors and Captives:The 1704 French and Indian Raid on Deerfield (Amherst:University of Massachusetts Press,2003).
40.Reid,“Imperial Intrusions,”90.
41.Geoffrey Plank,“New England and the Conquest,”in John G.Reid,Maurice Basque,Elizabeth Mancke,Barry Moody,Geoffrey Plank,and William Wicken,The“Conquest”of Acadia,1710:Imperial,Colonial and Aboriginal Constructions(Toronto:University of Toronto Press,2004),67-85.
42.Adam Lyons,The 1711 Expedition to Quebec:Politics and the Limitations of British Global Strategy (London:Bloomsbury,2013),134.
43.John G.Reid,“Imperialism,Diplomacies,and the Conquest,”in Reid et al,“Conquest”of Acadia,101-23,102-07;Jean-François Brière,“Pêche et Politique à Terre-Neuve au XVIIe Siècle:la France véritable gagnante du traité d'Uthrect?”Canadian Historical Review 64(1983):168-87.
44.Fred L.Israel,ed.Major Peace Treaties of Modern History,1648-1967 5 vols.(New York:Chelsea House,1967-1980),1:209-11.
45.Plank,Unsettled Conquest,40-67,87-105.
46.见Oatis，Colonial Complex。
47.R.David Edmunds and Joseph L.Peyser,The Fox Wars:The Mesquakie Challenge to New France (Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1993).
48.Silas Told,An Account of the Life,and Dealings of God with Silas Told(London,1785),26-39.
49.John Barbot,A Description of the Coasts of North and South Guinea (London,1746),380.
50.David Richardson,ed.,Bristol,Africa and the Eighteenth-century Slave Trade to America (Bristol:Bristol Record Society,1986),159,171.
51.G.I.Jones,The Trading States of the Oil Rivers:A Study of Political Development in Eastern Nigeria (London:Oxford University Press,1963),138-39.
52.Cecil Headlam ed.，Calendar of State Papers Colonial，America and West Indies，Vol.38 （London，1938），55.ii.该宣称的法律背景见Benton，Search for Sovereignty，112-16。
53.Richard Pares,War and Trade in the West Indies,1739-1763(London:Frank Cass,1963),1-64;Kathleen Wilson,“Empire,Trade and Popular Politics in Mid-Hanoverian Britain:The Case of Admiral Vernon,”Past and Present 121(1988):74-109;Gerald Jordan and Nicholas Rogers,“Admirals as Heroes:Patriotism and Liberty in Hanoverian England,”Journal of British Studies 28(1989):210-24.
54.可参见New York Weekly Journal，August 7，1738。
55.Boston Evening Post,April 14 and 28,1740.
56.Richard Harding,Amphibious Warfare in the Eighteenth Century:The British Expedition to the West Indies,1740—742(Woodbridge:Royal Historical Society,1991),70-77;David Syrett,“The Raising of American Troops for Service in the West Indies during the War of Austrian Succession,1740-1,”Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 73(2000):20-32;Gary Nash,The Urban Crucible:Social Change,Political Consciousness,and the Origins of the American Revolution(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1979),169-70.
57.Philip D.Morgan and Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy,“Arming Slaves in the American Revolution,”inArming Slaves,ed.Brown and Morgan,180-208,184.
58.Harding,Amphibious Warfare in the Eighteenth Century,205.
59.Gary Nash,“Urban Wealth and Poverty in Pre-Revolutionary America,”Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6(1976):545-84,576.
60.Anthony McFarlane,Columbia before Independence:Economy,Society and Politics under Bourbon Rule (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1993),109,113;Geoffrey J.Walker,Spanish Politics and Imperial Trade,1700-1789(London:Palgrave,1979),208,216-17.
61.Tobias Smollett,A Compendium of Authentic and Entertaining Voyages (2d ed.,London,1766),5:338.
62.Landers,“Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose,”19-20;Plank,“Deploying Tribes and Clans,”236-39.
63.Plank,Unsettled Conquest,106-09.
64.Pritchard,Anatomy of a Naval Disaster.
65.见Stephen Conway，Britain，Ireland，and Continental Europe in the Eighteenth Century （Oxford：Oxford University Press，2011），266-91。
66.Journal of Conrad Weiser，Colonial Records of Pennsylvania，Vol.5，pp.348-58，350.见White，Middle Ground，201。
67.White,Middle Ground,196.
68.James L.A.Webb Jr.,“The Mid-Eighteenth-Century Gum Arabic Trade and the British Conquest of Saint-Louis de Sènègal,1758,”Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 25(1997):37-58;James F.Searing,West African Slavery and Atlantic Commerce:The Senegal River Valley,1700-1860(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1993),129-62.
69.Allan J.Kuethe,Cuba,1753-1815:Crown,Military and Society (Knoxville:University of Tennessee Press,1986),3-20;Evelyn Powell Jennings,“War as the‘Forcing House of Change’:State Slavery in Late Eighteenth-century Cuba,”William and Mary Quarterly 62(2005):411-40;Daniel E.Walker,“Colony Versus Crown:Raising Black Troops for the British Siege on Havana,1762,”Journal of Caribbean History 33(1999):74-83.
70.Webb,“Mid-Eighteenth-Century Gum Arabic Trade.”
71.Christopher Leslie Brown,Moral Capital:Foundations of British Abolitionism(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2006),274-77.
72.总体状况可见Kuethe，Cuba；Jennings，“War as the ‘Forcing House of Change’.”
73.Christopher Brown,“Empire Without Slaves:British Concepts of Emancipation in the Age of the American Revolution,”William and Mary Quarterly 56(1999):273-306;David Weber,The Spanish Frontier in North America (New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,1992),198-203.
74.John Woolman,“The substance of some conversation with Paponahoal the Indian Chief at AB in presence of Jo.W-n AB Etc.,”Pemberton Papers,13:23,Historical Society of Pennsylvania.See Richard W.Pointer,“An Almost Friend:Papunhank,Quakers,and the Search for Security amid Pennsylvania's Wars,1754-1765,”Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 138(2014):237-68.
75.Archibald Loudon,A Selection of the Most Interesting Narratives of Outrages Committed by the Indians in their Wars with the White People (Carlisle,PA,1808),273.
76.Dowd,War Under Heaven.
77.Anthony F.C.Wallace,“Revitalization Movements,”American Anthropologist 58(1956):264-81.See also Gregory Evans Dowd,A Spirited Resistance:The North American Indian Struggle for Unity,1745-1815(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1992);Alfred A.Cave,Prophets of the Great Spirit:Native American Revitalization Movements in Eastern North America (Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,2006);Lee Irwin,Coming Down from Above:Prophecy,Resistance,and Renewal in Native American Religions (Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,2008).
78.见Brown，“Empire Without Slaves”。
79.Anthony Benezet,Observations on the Inslaving,Importing and Purchasing of Negroes (Germantown,PA,1759),2.
80.Edith Philips,The Good Quaker in French Legend (Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,1932).On French abolitionism see Marie-Jeanne Rossignol,“The Quaker Antislavery Commitment and How it Revolutionized French Antislavery through the Crèvecoeur-Brissot Friendship,1782-1789,”in Quakers and Abolition,ed.Brycchan Carey and Geoffrey Plank (Urbana:University of Illinois Press,2014),180-93.
81.Robert Niklaus,“The Pursuit of Peace in the Enlightenment,”in Essays on Diderot and the Enlightenment in Honor of Otis Fellows,ed.John Pappas (Geneva:Droz,1974),231-45.
82.Montesquieu,The Spirit of Laws,trans.and ed.Anne Cohler,Basia Miller and Harold Stone (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1989),132.
83.Haydn Mason,“Voltaire and War,”British Journal for Eighteenth-century Studies 4(1981):125-38.
84.Voltaire,Candide,or Optimism,trans.Burton Raffel (New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,2005),94.
85.Christian Ayne Crouch,Nobility Lost:French and Canadian Martial Cultures,Indians,and the End of New France (Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,2014).
86.Gould,Persistence of Empire.
87.可参见Fred Anderson，Crucible of War：The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America，1754-1766 （New York：Knopf，2000）。
88.Thomas Paine,Common Sense,2nd ed.(Philadelphia,1776),18,29.
89.A Lover of Peace [Thomas Paine],“Thoughts on Defensive War,”Pennsylvania Magazine 1(July 1776):313-14.
第十一章
1.“Memoirs of Mr.Boston King,”Methodist Magazine (March 1798):105-10;(April 1798):157-61;(May 1798):209-13;(June 1798):261-65;Phyllis R.Blakeley,“Boston King:A Negro Loyalist Who Sought Refuge in Nova Scotia,”Dalhousie Review 48(1968):347-56.
2.Sylvia R.Frey,Water from the Rock:Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age(Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1991),113.
3.“Memoirs of Mr.Boston King,”107.
4.“Memoirs of Mr.Boston King,”107.
5.“Memoirs of Mr.Boston King,”108.
6.“Memoirs of Mr.Boston King,”109.
7.Blakeley,“Boston King,”350.
8.“Memoirs of Mr.Boston King,”157.
9.“Memoirs of Mr.Boston King,”157.
10.John G.Reid,“Pax Britannica or Pax Indigena? Planter Nova Scotia (1760-1782) and Competing Strategies of Pacification,”Canadian Historical Review 85(2004):669-92,673.
11.“Memoirs of Mr.Boston King,”159.
12.“Memoirs of Mr.Boston King,”209.
13.“Memoirs of Mr.Boston King,”264.
14.“Memoirs of Mr.Boston King,”261.
15.Ward Stavig and Ella Schmidt,trans.and ed.,The Tupac Amaru and Catarista Rebellions:An Anthology of Sources (Cambridge:Hackett Publishing,2008),21-22.
16.Charles F.Walker,The Tupac Amaru Rebellion (Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2014),30-31.
17.Nicholas A.Robins,Native Insurgencies and the Genocidal Impulse in the Americas (Bloomington:Indiana University Press,2005),38-39;Walker,Tupac Amaru Rebellion,169.
18.Walker,Tupac Amaru Rebellion,3-4;Robins,Native Insurgencies,40.
19.Walker,Tupac Amaru Rebellion,146.
20.Ward Stavig,The World of Tupac Amaru:Conflict,Community,and Identity in Colonial Peru (Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,1984),226.
21.Walker,Tupac Amaru Rebellion,66.
22.Robins,Native Insurgencies,41;Walker,Tupac Amaru Rebellion,137-38,176,191.
23.Robins,Native Insurgencies,40
24.Walker,Tupac Amaru Rebellion,104;Stavig,World of Tupac Amaru,242-43.
25.Walker,Tupac Amaru Rebellion,151.
26.Walker,Tupac Amaru Rebellion,175.
27.Stavig and Schmidt,trans.and ed.,Tupac Amaru and Catarista Rebellions,224-25.
28.Stavig and Schmidt,trans.and ed.,Tupac Amaru and Catarista Rebellions,68.
29.Walker,Tupac Amaru Rebellion,132;Leon G.Campbell,“Social Structure of the Túpac Amaru Army in Cuzco,1780-1781,”Hispanic American Historical Review 61(1981):675-93.
30.Walker,Tupac Amaru Rebellion,104,144,150,176,186.
31.Walker,Tupac Amaru Rebellion,165.
32.Walker,Tupac Amaru Rebellion,185.
33.Walker,Tupac Amaru Rebellion,258.
34.Constantin-François Volney,quoted in David A.Bell,The First Total War:Napoleon's Europe and the Birth of Modern Warfare (London:Bloomsbury,2007),203.
35.Jérôme Pétion de Villaneuve,quoted in Bell,First Total War,102.
36.Jacques Jallet,quoted in Bell,First Total War,98.
37.Wayne Lee,Crowds and Soldiers in Revolutionary North Carolina:The Culture of Violence in Riot and War (Gainesville:University Press of Florida,2001);John Markoff,“Violence,Emancipation,and Democracy:The Countryside and the French Revolution,”American Historical Review 100(1995):360-86;Brian J.Singer,“Violence in the French Revolution:Forms of Ingestion/Forms of Expulsion,”Social Research 56(1989):263-93.
38.Wim Klooster,Revolutions in the Atlantic World:A Comparative History (New York:New York University Press,2009),84-88.
39.John D.Garrigus,“Catalyst or Catastrophe? Saint-Domingue's Free Men of Color and the Battle of Savannah,1779-1782,”Review/Revista Interamericana 22(1992):109-25,116.
40.Laurent Dubois,Avengers of the New World:The Story of the Haitian Revolution(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2005),67-68.
41.Free Citizens of Color,“Address to the National Assembly,October 22,1789,”inSlave Revolution in the Caribbean 1789-1804:A Brief History with Documents,ed.Laurent Dubois and John D.Garrigus (Boston:Bedford/St.Martins,2006),69.
42.《费城广告通报》，引自Dubois，Avengers of the New World，116。
43.Dubois and Garrigus,eds.,Slave Revolution in the Caribbean,158.
44.Etienne Polverel and Léger Félicité Sonthanax,quoted in Dubois,Avengers of the New World,159.
45.David Patrick Geggus,Slavery,War,and Revolution:The British Occupation of Saint Domingue,1793-1798(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1982),203;John K.Thornton,“‘I Am the Subject of the King of Congo’:African Political Ideology and the Haitian Revolution,”Journal of World History 4(1993):181-214,207.
46.Geggus,Slavery,War,and Revolution,315.
47.路易·迪费，引自Klooster，Revolutions in the Atlantic World，103。
48.Thornton,“ ‘I Am the Subject of the King’,”213;Dubois and Garrigus,eds.,Slave Revolution in the Caribbean,282.
49.Dubois and Garrigus,eds.,Slave Revolution in the Caribbean,273.
50.Dubois and Garrigus,eds.,Slave Revolution in the Caribbean,291-92.
51.Philip G.Dwyer,“Violence and the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars:Massacre,Conquest,and the Imperial Enterprise,”Journal of Genocide Research 15(2013):117-31,122.
52.Klooster,Revolutions in the Atlantic World,111.
53.Gad Heuman,“From Slavery to Freedom:Blacks in the Nineteenth-century British West Indies,”inBlack Experience and the Empire,ed.Philip D.Morgan and Sean Hawkins (Oxford:Oxford University Press,2004),141-65,145.
54.Thomas Clarkson,The True State of the Case Respecting the Insurrection in St.Domingo (Ipswich,1792),3.
55.Christopher Fyfe,A History of Sierra Leone (Oxford:Oxford University Press,1963),105-24,136-39.
56.John Grace,Domestic Slavery in West Africa,with Particular Reference to the Sierra Leone Protectorate,1896-1927(London:Frederick Muller,1975),220-62.
57.Barcia,West African Warfare;Reid,Warfare in African History,111.
58.见Lovejoy，Transformations in Slavery，chapters 7 and 8。
59.Tim Matthewson,“Jefferson and Haiti,”Journal of Southern History 61(1995):209-48,217.
60.Charles J.Esdaile,The Wars of Napoleon (New York:Longman,1995),300.
61.D.McCoy,The Elusive Republic:Political Economy in Jeffersonian America(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1980),209-35;J.C.A.Stagg,Mr.Madison's War:Politics,Diplomacy,and Warfare in the Early American Republic,1783-1830(Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1983),22-25.
62.Klooster,Revolutions in the Atlantic World,151-55.
63.John Lynch,The Spanish American Revolutions,1808-1826(London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson,1973),342-47.
64.Robert Semple,Sketch of the Present State of Caracas (London,1812),147.
65.Lynch,Spanish American Revolutions,202-06.
66.Klooster,Revolutions in the Atlantic World,128-29;Lynch,Spanish American Revolutions,39-40.
67.Peter Winn,“British Informal Empire in Uruguay in the Nineteenth Century,”Past and Present 73(1976):100-26.On the longstanding rivalry between Buenos Aires and Montevideo,see Fabricio Prado,Edge of Empire:Atlantic Networks and Revolution in Bourbon Rio de la Plata (Berkeley:University of California Press,2015).
68.Troy Bickham,The Weight of Vengeance:The United States,the British Empire,and the War of 1812(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2012),245.
69.See Chet,Ocean is a Wilderness.
70.弗朗西斯科·费雷拉·戈梅斯的故事可见Roquinaldo Ferreira，Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Atlantic World：Angola and Brazil in the Era of the Slave Trade（Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，2012），chapter 6。
71.Ferreira,Cross-Cultural Exchange,203.
72.Ferreira,Cross-Cultural Exchange,204.
73.Ferreira,Cross-Cultural Exchange,240.
结 语
1.总体状况可见Mark Levene，The Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide（New York：I.B.Taurus，2005）。
2.Reid,Warfare in African History,107-46.
3.一个尤为重要的例证可见Merritt Roe Smith，Harpers Ferry Armory and the New Technology：The Challenge of Change （Ithaca，NY：Cornell University Press，1980）。
4.Aaron S.Fogleman,“From Slaves,Convicts,and Servants to Free Passengers:The Transformation of Immigration in the Era of the American Revolution,”Journal of American History 85(1998):43-76.
5.就这一分化展开的学术辩论可见Robert C.Allen，Tommy E.Murphy，and Eric B.Schneider，“The Colonial Origins of the Divergence in the Americas：A Labor Market Approach，”Journal of Economic History 72 （2012）：863-94。
6.Fred Anderson and Andrew Clayton,The Dominion of War:Empire and Liberty in North America (New York:Viking,2004),247-73.
7.同化项目相关材料可见Frederick E.Hoxie，A Final Promise：The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians，1880-1920 （Lincoln：University of Nebraska Press，2001）。
8.John Woolman,“The substance of some conversation with Paponahoal the Indian Chief at AB in presence of Jo.W-n AB Etc.,”Pemberton Papers,13:23,Historical Society of Pennsylvania.See Richard W.Pointer,“An Almost Friend:Papunhank,Quakers,and the Search for Security amid Pennsylvania's Wars,1754-1765,”Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 138(2014):237-68.
9.Thomas Fowell Buxton,The African Slave Trade and its Remedy (New York,1840),268-69.
10.Andrew Porter,“Trusteeship,Anti-slavery,and Humanitarianism,”in The Oxford History of the British Empire,Volume IV:The Nineteenth Century,ed.Andrew Porter and William Roger Lewis (Oxford:Oxford University Press,1999),198-221.