第四节 结 语
从技术教育化的视角来看,信息技术与学校教育融合的过程实际上就是信息技术进入学校教育,并逐步“消融”为学校教育一部分的过程,其最终的结果就是信息技术成为学校教育中的一个很自然的存在。例如,在网络教育的初期,网络是作为一种独特的方式被强调,但随着相关技术的发展以及对网络的深度运用推广,网络开始“消融”为教育的一部分,并开始出现诸如基于网络的教师发展、基于网络的教研活动等新的教育形式,此时的网络已不再是需要特别强调的内容了。
大量研究发现,信息技术与学校教育融合的过程并不是一个自主、自发的过程,实际上这一过程是在内外部力量的推动下发生的。推动信息技术与学校教育融合的外部力量主要来自技术的“社会必然性”以及相关的研究结果,而推动力信息技术与学校教育融合的内部力量则主要来自技术的“相对优势”,也就是个体对于新技术所具有的足够优势的认识。当然,在信息技术与学校教育融合的过程中也同样会遭遇强有力的抵制力。这种抵制力大致可以分为三大因素:技术的因素、组织的因素以及教师的因素。许多研究表明,教师的因素是信息技术与学校教育融合的最大抵制力所在,其核心在于教师对技术运用的自我不足感。这种自我不足感既与教师自身缺少运用技术的知识与技能相关,也与教师缺少组织的支持与技术的支持相关。从力场分析理论来看,在信息技术与学校教育融合的过程中减少抵制力比加大推动力更加有效。因此,在实践过程中,减少抵制力并将这些抵制力转化为推动力将更有助推进信息技术与学校教育的融合。
此外,从技术教育化的视角来看,信息技术与学校教育融合的过程同样也是“自然状态”的信息技术转化为“教育中”的信息技术的过程,是信息技术向教育的性质或状态转变的过程,也就是信息技术的教育化过程。在此过程中,教育主体运用其智慧,通过选择、应用与改造信息技术,使信息技术具有了教育的某些本质属性,或者说表现为教育的状态。[117]“走向教育”是这个过程的终极目的。因此,信息技术的教育化过程并不是信息技术的内在逻辑自然地展开过程,而是信息技术的自然属性接受教育属性的改造过程。对于这一改造过程,国内外有大量的研究成果提出了技术运用三阶段或五阶段模型。尽管这些模型对信息技术融合学校教育的过程有不同的划分,但基本上都可以用技术教育化的三阶段过程(选择、应用与创造)进行概括。因此,本书采用三阶段模型进行信息技术与学校教育融合的模型建构。
从苹果公司的“教学演进阶段”模式、胡珀和里伯的技术运用五阶段模型以及苏里河伊利的技术运用三阶段模型的研究中可以发现,信息技术与学校教育融合的过程既发生于学校层面,也发生于教师个体层面。因此,本书从学校层面与个体层面对信息技术与学校教育融合的模型进行了建构,并在具体案例中分析讨论了这两个模型。这两个融合模型不但从学校层面与个体层面对信息技术与学校教育融合的过程进行了统一划分,同时也根据相关的研究确定了各阶段的主要推动力和抵制力,在此基础上建构起学校层面的信息技术融合模型,以及教师个体层面的信息技术融合模型。
当然,本书研究信息技术与学校教育融合的运作机制的最终目的并不停留于建构一个信息技术与学校教育融合的运作模型,而在于通过对信息技术与学校教育融合的运作模型的研究了解信息技术如何进入学校教育,并如何推动学校教育的变革。因此,在本章从技术教育化的视角完成对信息技术与学校教育融合的运作机制的探讨后,下一章本书将从教育技术化的视角聚焦信息技术的融合如何推动学校教育的变革。
【注释】
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