英语播音的发声——开喉归音
Sounding for Broadcast Announcing in English—“Larynx Opening & Phonic Orientation”
【本章学术探讨点】
“口腔肌肉”的职业再塑：原因与途径。
思考点：·运用非母语形成的独特职业要求；
·英语语言形成的使用者口腔肌肉与汉语肌肉的不同；
·“开喉”是刺激口腔肌肉的方法以再塑口腔肌肉力度；
·“归音”强化出的“肌肉记忆”生成的效应。
职业化语言呈现质量被检验的最直观之处：是否在使用“汉语口腔肌肉”发出职业广播电视新闻播音所要求的英语语音。
本章提要：
当我们经历了运用非母语英语进行广播电视播音主持工作所要求的气息训练后，在基本掌握了“腹胸联合吸气法”规定的标准点后，面对的就是如何用这一口一口的气息，来把英语播音与主持需要输入话筒的声音发出来的阶段了。
对于要从事广播电视播音与主持工作的人来说，权且此刻不分母语和非母语的各自要求和障碍，都是需要有着与我们日常生活中说话时不同的声音质量。这也就是为什么我们的大学教育体系中设置了“播音与主持专业”的原因所在了，但就目前在中国传媒大学开设的、运用我们的母语汉语进行广播电视播音与主持的专业为例，虽然学生们学习如何用汉语播音，但是，这个专业的学生不属于“中文系”的“汉语语言文学专业”。这说明，即使我们的汉语是母语，我们说的汉语绝对能够使任何懂汉语的人听懂，但是，并不意味着我们每一位中国人，都能去从事广播电视节目的播音与主持工作。这也是为什么我们看到，经过高考考进这个专业的优秀高中毕业生们，还须经过四年的严格训练和自己的苦学后，方有可能“出师”的事实。
那么，笔者在此探讨与分析的内容，却是即将或正在运用非母语英语进行广播电视节目的播音与主持工作的人们立足的领域。这一研究领域，是触及如何将我们自己的职业声音效果，达到母语为英语的受众接受标准的水平的相关议题。如同笔者在第一章里探讨英语播音与主持要求的气息这一议题时指出的，我们中国人的口腔肌肉发声发音结构、运作方式与声带的振动韵律，是受到多年的说母语养成的习惯控制的。那么，此时我们要关注的议题核心就变得很清楚了，即如何将我们母语为汉语的中国籍英语播音员与主播的汉语口腔肌肉，锻炼成发出地道的、母语为英语的广播电视播音员与主播要求的声音的肌肉。
笔者在指导“英播”受训者掌握英语播音要求的“开喉归音”方法
可见，我们需要极为清晰地意识到：不是能说一口标准的英语，就可以胜任英语新闻播音员与主播这类职业位置的。有了高水平的英语语言能力后，就需要锻造一副适合英语播音话筒要求的声音了。一句话，“声音”，在这一从业领域，是至关重要的。因而，即便是在母语为英语的国家里对职业广播电视节目播音员与主播的入门标准，也是与“声音”质量紧密相关的，就如Utterback（2000，扉页2）刻意引用一位在美国弗吉尼亚州电视台担任新闻节目制片人的David Cupp的关于声音质量对职业新闻播音员与主播的意义的强调之词：
Voice is probably the#1 criterion used in hiring.When news directors punch the eject button 15 seconds into an applicant's tape，they do it because that applicant sounds like an amateur，not professional.If you are going to make your living with your voice，you should learn to use your voice effectively.It is as basic as learning how to type，and for a broadcaster it is just as important.
显而易见，职业播音员与主播的“声音”效果的达成，已经不仅仅是我们在日常张口说话的自然发声发音标准了，而是它涉及形成“声音的位置”、“声音的表现”和“声音的质量”的方方面面了。
为了使“声音”这一至关重要的要素具有的意义能够被理解得更透彻，笔者将这样一篇颇具启发意义的文字介绍于此。
When You're Presenting，Your Voice Can Be Your Most Important Tool Here Are Five Tips on How to Care for Your Speaking Voice
［http://totalcommunicator.com/vol3_5/voicecare.html］（2005）
Your voice is a powerful but delicate instrument.With the right care，you can both protect your voice and use it to your best advantage.Start by caring for your voice with this five-step approach.
One：Breathe deeply.
You can speak only as well as you breathe.The voice，after all，is a wind instrument.You need to supply it with ample air in order to power your talk.Before getting up to speak，find a place where you can pause quietly for awhile.Do a few breathing exercises.Take deep（diaphragmatic）breaths to supply your voice with air.
Beginning speakers often hurt their voices because they aren't breathing deeply enough.When you breathe in，your stomach should push out.When you breathe out，your stomach should push in.Place your hand on your stomach when you're practicing your presentation.See if you're bringing air all the way down into your diaphragm.
Breathe deeply even as you make your way to the front of the room.Pause for a few seconds and breathe as you look around the room.Taking even one additional deep breath will help your air supply and give your voice more support.
Two：Learn to relax.
Tension in your upper body diminishes the power of your voice and can cause hoarseness.Over time，it can adversely affect your throat and can lead to vocal chord damage that is sometimes serious enough to require surgical repair.Through vocal warm-up exercises，you reduce tension in your shoulders，neck，and throat.As you exercise，allow your body to breathe naturally.Relax your body and let whatever tautness is there flow out each time you exhale.
Three：Condition your voice.
Try some tender loving care on your voice.Try gargling，which helps assure that your voice is in the best possible condition.This is especially helpful if you happen to have a cold on the day you're presenting.A teaspoonful of salt and a teaspoonful of baking soda dissolved in a cup of warm water make a simple solution that will wash away phlegm，allergens，and other irritants.After you gargle，coat and soothe your throat with a cup of herbal tea or decaffeinated tea，with plenty of honey.
Four：Hydrate.
Drink plenty of water before and 15 minutes after your talk.Talking for long periods can dry out your vocal apparatus，making it more prone to damage and fatigue.
Avoid foods and beverages that impair your voice.
Avoid spicy foods，which can increase the production of stomach acids.
Avoid alcohol，which dehydrates.
Alcohol，of course，can also impair your performance（not to mention your judgment.）And avoid caffeine，which also dehydrates.Besides，it's a diuretic，and as such can cause other problems.
Be aware of any medications you may be taking，such as allergy pills，which can dry out your throat.If you must take your medications without exception，it becomes even more important to hydrate before you speak.
Five：Empower Your Voice.
There are several ways you can do this.One of the best things you can do is to get a good night's sleep.You'll have more vocal energy and will avoid sounding tired.
Once you've begun speaking，open your mouth wide.You can't have a big sound unless，to put it bluntly，you have a“big mouth”.And do use large gestures.Besides helping you to emphasize a point，large gestures from your shoulders actually reduce upper body tension and empower your voice.
毋庸讳言，“声音”本身就是产生于我们身体上一个极为脆弱器官的产物。而广播电视节目播音与主持职业位置要求的“声音”，又是属于职业化工具。这一工具的达标使用效果，却是需要经过严格打磨而生成的。那么，运用非母语英语进行广播电视节目的播音与主持工作需要的“声音”，就必须是要经历一个“从无到有”的“重新诞生”的过程才会拥有的结果。
要拥有这样的“声音”，就需要经历最基本的三个过程的训练与锻造。这就是在本章笔者要逐一展开探讨和论述的三个小节，即发声位置、开喉方法、开喉归音。