英语新闻全天候直播类
Forms of Round Clock Rolling Lively Broadcast News Service
Broadcast News service has been treated as the leading role for the mass media transmission industry.The main reason is that the industry is so aware of the fact that the public needs information，even though the contents of the information are not from their own daily lives.Because the broadcast information can generate the mentality of belonging for the public，the industry has built up the flow of information to meet the need of the public.
However，except for the information about accidents，that is hard-news，other kind of information can be coloured by the cultural sense and definitions.This factor can become an obstacle for the pulic to understand certain contexts that loaded by the culture，so the industry categorize its information into two parts，that is，hard-news and soft-news.For today's global media transmission，the industry gives its priority of service to hard-news，because it is much easier to cross the cultural barriers.Put it to the simple way，one car-accident can be understood by all different kinds of cultures.
According to the explanation from Wikipedia，the free encyclopedia，“The 24-hour news cycle arrived with the advent of television channels dedicated to news，［1］and brought about a much faster pace of news production with increased demand for stories that can be presented as news，as opposed to the day-by-day pace of the news cycle of printed daily newspapers.［2］A high premium on faster reporting would see a further increase with the advent of online news.［3］
A complete news cycle consists of the media reporting on some event，followed by the media reporting on public and other reactions to the earlier reports.The advent of 24-hour cable and satellite television news channels and，in more recent times，news sources on the World Wide Web（including blogs），have considerably shortened this process.
Because of this characteristic of hard-news，the industry has designed numerous forms of presenting hard-news.These forms carry the information of hard-news to the public endless as a pattern of an around clock rolling service.For using this pattern effectively，the various forms of presenting the hard-news have been established.
24小时直播英语新闻节目播音员的倒班整点播读流程（2005级、2006级“英播”）
一、Breaking News
24小时直播英语新闻节目播音员对突发新闻的单播工作流程（2005级、2006级“英播”）
The contents of Breaking News are the most attractive parts for the most of the audience，because it has satisfied their needs of following the social trend.So，it has become a fixed and popular broadcast show.According to the overall explanation from Wikipedia，the free encyclopedia，I think it is worthwhile to introduce the paper here：term for events which occurred months before.
Breaking news，also known as a special report or news bulletin，is a current event that broadcasters feel warrants the interruption of scheduled programming and/or current news in order to report its details.Many times，breaking news is used after the news network has already reported on this story.When a story has not been reported on previously，the graphic and phrase Just In is sometimes used instead.Its use is often loosely assigned to the most significant story of the moment or a story that is being covered live.It could be a story that is simply of wide interest to viewers and has little impact otherwise.
Contents
1 Formats
1.1 Television
1.2 Radio
2 Usage
3 Criticism
4 See also
5 References
Formats.The format of a special report or breaking news event on television commonly consists of a reverse countdown from 5 or 10 seconds to allow any affiliated stations to switch to the network news feed.Then，there is an opening graphic，featuring music（such as NBC's“The Pulse of Events”，composed by John Williams）which adds an emphasis on the importance of the event.This is usually followed with the introduction of a news anchor，who welcomes the viewer to the broadcast and introduces the story at hand.Lower thirds and other graphics may also be coloured differently than normal to convey a sense of urgency.
Once the story is introduced，the network may if possible choose to continue to show a live shot of the anchor or may cut away to video or images of the story that is being followed during the broadcast.Additionally，the coverage may be passed to a reporter at the location of the breaking event，possibly sharing more information about the story as it breaks.
Depending upon the story being followed，the report may last only a few minutes，or continue for multiple hours at a time.If coverage continues for an extended amount of time，the network may integrate analysis about the story through analysts in-studio，via phone，satellite，broadband（B-GAN）or through other means of communication.Depending on the severity of the event regular commercial advertising may be completely suspended for sustained coverage，and network affiliates will be required to insert their station identification in at the top of the hour overlaid during the report rather than through the usual means of a station imaging promo or program reminder.
When the coverage comes to a close，the network may either resume programming that was occurring prior to the event or begin new programming，depending upon the amount of time spent on the coverage.The anchor willusually remind viewers to check the network's website，or watch any cable news channels it may own for more information.If the story breaks during daytime programming，the anchor will usually remind viewers that there will be or might be more details on their local news that day and a full wrap-up on the network's evening news program.Usually regular daytime programming is joined in progress and segments may be missed.
If the event occurs during prime time，the anchor will usually remind viewers that there will be more details on their late local news（if applicable）and on the network's breakfast news program the next morning.Programming at this time is either joined in progress or started back up at the point of the interruption，depending on whether the program is new to air，highly rated or has time left in its time slot to finish airing.
On radio，the process of a breaking news story is somewhat the same，though some different considerations are made for the medium.For instance，a breaking news theme is required by default to have an urgent tenor and be used only for the purpose of true breaking news or bulletins.This is obvious on the local all-news radio stations of CBS Radio，which very rarely use a breaking news theme for all but the most urgent and dire of breaking news and is purposefully structured to give a sense of attention for the listener，almost sounding like an alarm.For local events continuous coverage may be imposed，or else the station may wait until they have a reporter at the scene and will promise more details of the event as they become available.
National news over a radio network requires constant monitoring by station employees to allow the network coverage to air，although many stations will take the“urgent”signal sent by the network and break into programming immediately.Again，continuous coverage from a national radio network depends on the severity of the event，and often the network may just pass down the coverage by their local affiliate with spare commentary by thenetwork's anchors.
Other considerations are made also；FM music stations rarely relaybreaking news unless it is an event of grave national concern，though local weather warnings are always given.［dubious-discuss］Less urgent events allow a network to feed updates to stations at∶20，∶30，and∶50 after the hour to give a summary of events.Stations are also careful about what stories are relayed during play-by-play broadcasts of professional and college sports，as those are the programs most listened to on radio，so breaking news coverage is limited to only commercial breaks.
Usage.While in the past programming interruptions were restricted to extremely urgent news，such breaks are now common at 24-hour news channels which may have an anchor available for live interruption at any time.Some networks，such as Sky News，largely emphasize this，even advertising the station as being“first for breaking news”.
In various countries and at various news outlets，terms such as“breaking，”“urgent，”“flash，”“bulletin，”and“alert”may accompany breaking news reports.The term breaking news has come to replace the older use of news bulletin，with the latter term relegated to only the most extraordinary of events.There has been widespread use of breaking news at the local level，particularly when one station in a market wants to emphasize the exclusivity of coverage.Not all viewers agree that stories assigned breaking news rise to the significance or level of interest that warrant such a designation.American network news divisions still use the term special report for either a breaking news story，a developing news story or both，but tend to use the term breaking news on their morning news and evening news programs.Most local stations across the United States that interrupt regular program for a news story use the breaking news and special report terms，with a voice-over stating either“This is a breaking news special report”or“This is a special breaking news report”or“This is a（network name）News Special Report”，followed by adisclaimer for viewers who would like more information to see the network's news division website.
Criticism.In early coverage of a breaking story，details are commonlysketchy，usually due to the limited information available at the time.For example，during the Sago Mine disaster，initial reports were that all 12 miners were found alive，but news organizations later found only one actuallysurvived.
Another criticism has been the diluting of the importance of breaking news by the need of 24-hour news channels to fill time，applying the title to soft news stories of questionable importance and urgency，for example car chases.Others question whether the use of the term is excessive，citing occasions when the term is used even though scheduled programming is not interrupted.［1］Some programs，such as HLN's Nancy Grace have even used the
Obviously，“Breaking News”has become the most attractive part of the broadcast contents since its audience's information-demanding can be realized directly.
From the micro perspective，the information-flow constructed by“Breaking News”provides its audience with the fresh and live air about their daily life；
From the meso perspective，the constant-focused reports presented lively by anchors at studio and reporters at spot offer the vivid and natural description about the on-time events，its audience can trust the reports at least because the contents has not been edited with man-made selections，this broadcast effect can show certain part of the social context where the mediahave concentrated on.
From the macro perspective，“Breaking News”can build up the global horizon for its audience since the live-presenting can shorten the time-space distance internationally.
So，the“Breaking News”anchors'styles seem to be just simple as the minute to minute event telling，but it must be effective with the broadcastattraction.I will illustrate it in detail in next section.
【笔者论述】
对于“突发新闻”的播报，可以说是对新闻主播与身处新闻现场的记者考验最大的时间段，尽管各家媒体对新闻事件聚焦的程度由所提供的时间长度来显示的，但是，直播时间的长短对于主播和记者双方，都是没有太大区别的。毕竟，双方在此一时段，都需要完成至少一次的连线互动。在这一互动过程中，双方的播报状态是需要依赖一定的职业心态来支撑的。总结起来，有以下几个方面：
第一，主播声音状态。
面对“突发事件”的直播，已经“眼见不见”的“提示器”屏幕上可能根本没有编辑准备好的文稿字幕，也没有排列好的、逻辑缜密的提问问题，但是，头上的耳机还是可以提供连接自己与导播台的帮助作用的。然而，这也并不是说主播就会很好地完成任务。这主要是因为“突发事件”的聚焦，使得导播台也无法预知新闻现场到底会传来怎样的报道内容。
这时的主播声音状态，可能会因为“突发事件”带来的“好奇”、“紧张”及“兴奋”，会变得起伏明显、气息上移、语速加快。这些都是自然的反应，但是，还是需要进行一定程度的控制。简单而言，控制的程度就是主播的语流仍要顺畅；语速可以比日常播音要快一些，但不能有吞音和含混不清状况发生；提问时可以不流畅、重复和打结巴，但不能出现无意义或牵强的问题。
第二，主播的播读状态。
在等待与新闻现场记者连线的时间点前的“突发事件”背景介绍时，对于播读的速度可以是比平常时快“半拍”或“一拍”，这样不仅可以传递给受众“突发事件”所具有的“即时”和“突然”，以及“即将来临”的由连线现场记者带到面前的一切“不可想象”的第一手信息介绍。尤其是对于灾难性的“突发事件”的播读，更是需要主播的情绪全情投入，而不是还秉持所谓“客观”的心态而带出的“冷眼旁观”的“播读机器”般的声音来。
第三，主播的情绪展示。
掌控对“突发事件”进行直播的主播，会面临两类状况：一是自己在播音台上按照头上耳机传来的指令，直接读出由责任编辑送到手上的纸板新闻稿件；二是通过导播指令与身处现场的记者进行连线，完成具有“有问有答”式的互动播报。就后一方式来说，主播的负担没有前一方式重，因为可以有自由发挥的空间，也有与己互动的记者进行回答而带来的“思考时段”，加之没有手中文字稿件的限制，自由的思维带出的声音状态是自然的。
而前一方式会引发主播的情绪发生明显的波动，这主要是由于突然到来的纸板文字稿件是完全陌生的，稿件中可能出现的单词、语言文化背景形成的意群，对于使用非母语英语的主播而言，是极具挑战的。更有为了尽量避免播读的不顺畅而形成的“读”，使新闻意义不够或新闻点不明显，都会使得情绪带来声音和状态的僵硬、死板。
处理这一状况的唯一方式，一是在平时大量积累英语新闻常用的新闻固定意群；二是在主播台上当低头开始播读手中纸版稿件时，深吸一口气，进而使播读的句子能够顺畅播完，熟练运用对于例如“三个名词连在一起时”、“三个形容词同时出现时”以及“人名+动词”语句时的声调及“单斜杠”和“双斜杠”的使用规则。这样，就会在没有完全陌生的单词的情况下，基本顺利、正常地完成对“突发事件”的播读。