英语新闻事件评析节目个案
Study-case for Broadcast Social Issues Commentating English
在此，笔者选择的是经过“英播”学习的受训者为进一步理解所学理论，而设计的一档用于实践的节目文档。这档节目的设计，就是按照“英播”所要求的“英语新闻事件评析节目”原理完成的。其中，节目中设计了两位主播和一位节目受邀嘉宾。
［Lead in & Background］
Anchorwoman：Good evening ladies & gentlemen.Welcome to this edition of Tonight Show！I'mYQY.
Anchorman：I'm LCR.Our guest for today is an American journalist who is anchor and managing editor of CBS Evening News，anchor of 48 Hours，and correspondent for 60 Minutes Ⅱ.
Anchorwoman：He is also the author of such bestsellers as Deadlines &Datelines，The Camera Never Blinks，and The Palace Guard.He once was one of the 3 popular anchormen in the US，with Peter Jennings and Tom Brokaw.
Anchorman：He is now managing editor and anchor of a television news magazine，Dan Rather Reports on the cable channel HDnet.He has received virtually every honor in broadcast journalism，including numerous Emmy Awards and the Peabody Award.
Anchorwoman：Now ladies and gentlemen，please welcome，Mr.Dan Rather（acted by LJJ）.
Guest：Good evening，ladies & gentlemen.Good evening，YQY & LCR.
Anchorman：We're so honored to have you here tonight.
Guest：Thank you.And it's also a honor for me to be your guest.
Anchorwoman：And now，we are gonna have a little chat with Mr.Rather.Mr.Rather，shall we？
Guest：Well，yes，please.
［Main body］
Anchorwoman：So，Mr.Rather，in September 1961，you reported live from the Galveston Seawall as Hurricane Carla threatened the Texas coastline.And your reporting has been imitated by countless other reporters and indeed impressed the network executives at CBS who finally hired you as a CBS News correspondent in 1962.Tell us more about what happened back then.What effort have you made to make the report so successful？
Guest：Well，first of all，the Hurricane was so awful.It turned everything into ruins and a lot of people became homeless.That day，I was at the eye of the hurricane.I could hardly stand but I still need to focus on the camera and organize my languages.Before the live report at the scene，my colleagues tried to stop me.One of my friends even said I was out of my mind since it was extremely dangerous.And it also put my whole team in an unnecessary dangerous situation.But I think only when we reported live from the actual scene that I could convince the audiences and provide them the real images of the disaster.You know，at that time，our graphics were a little unpolished，but that day we did something that had never been done before，that is put a live radar image of a hurricane on television.Because people respond to visual evidence a lot more than their vocal evidence，so when a big hurricane is approaching，if we can show that picture on TV，it prompts a much better action.
［Background］
Anchorman：Mr.Rather refused CBS'first offer，but accepted their second offer which came three months later.On February 28，1962，Mr.Rather left Houston for New York City for a six-month trial initiation.He didn't easily fit in on the East Coast，as among your first reports for CBS included coverage to the crash of American Airlines Flight 1 in Jamaica Bay，and a less memorable event on the suffocation of children at a hospital in Binghamton.
Anchorwoman：Shortly after，he was made chief of CBS's Southwest bureau in Dallas.In 1963，he was appointed chief of the Southern bureau in New Orleans，responsible for coverage of news events in the South，Southwest，Mexico and Central America.It would be only time before Rather reported on one of the most tragic events in American history.
［Main body］
Anchorman：You were the first network television journalist to report that U.S.President John F.Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas.You also claimed to be one of the first to see the Zapruder film showing the assassination and the first to describe it on television.The film was not itself shown on television to the general public，and your reported the fatal headshot as forcing Kennedy's head to be thrown violently forward，when actually it was thrown backwards.We all wonder why there existed a discrepancy like that？
Guest：Well，I would like to mention that I was there when the assassination took place.In November 1963，I was assigned to cover President John Kennedy's trip to Dallas，Texas.Then I was in Dallas on Nov.22，for what we all thought would be a reasonably routine day.We were waiting for the motorcade to pass by，when suddenly it was clear something was very wrong.Later we found out that shots had been fired at the motorcade.It happened so fast that we couldn't catch the details.But later，we found out that the Zapruder film might have the visual details of the assassination.I was the New Orleans bureau chief for CBS at that time.As soon as we found out that the Zapruder film was extremely precious，we tried every effort to win the bidding war for the rights to the film.As part of the negotiations，in order to see what I might be buying，I was shown the film by Zapruder's lawyer Sam Passman，just once，and it was a really quick flip.Then I leged it to the CBS radio studio and told the hosts what I'd seen on air.That is I saw President Kennedy's head to be thrown forward.Then I repeated this description on the TV report for Walter Cronkite.I was obviously mistaken on the detail since I had only taken a glimpse on the Zapruder film.I have to say that it was an honest mistake on the part of watching the film under pressure and then trying to recall all the details of what I'd seen.
Anchorwoman：On September 8，2004，you reported on 60 Minutes Wednesday that a series of memos critical of President George W.Bush's Texas Air National Guard service record had been discovered in the personal files of Lt.Bush's former commanding officer，Lt.Col.Jerry B.Killian.However，the authenticity of these documents was quickly called into question by a small group of bloggers，and in a 2010 issue of TV Guide，your report was ranked 3rd on a list of TV's ten biggest“blunders”.And the controversy was often referred to as“Rather gate”.Would you mind telling us what is the truth about this incident？
Guest：Well，the documents were initially based on their being proportionally printed and displaying other modern typographic conventions with limited availability on military typewriters of the time.This led to claims that the memos were forgeries.The accusations then spread over the following days into mainstream media outlets including The Washington Post，The New York Times，and the Chicago Sun-Times.Well，I have to say the documents had been authenticated by experts.But later we were contradicted by some of the experts we originally cited.And their source for the documents had misled the network about how I had obtained them.
Anchorman：You tell WCBS reporter Marcia Kramer that using questionable memos about President Bush's service record was a journalistic mistake.People are saying that newsman no longer has confidence in authenticity of Bush guard documents.What's your point of view？
Guest：Back then，amid increasing questions about the authenticity of documents used in support of a“60 Minutes Wednesday”story about President Bush's time in the Texas Air National Guard，CBS News vowed to re-examine the documents in question-and their source-vigorously.And we promised that we would let the American public know what this examination turned up，whatever the outcome.After extensive additional interviews，I no longer had the confidence in these documents that would allow us to continue vouching for them journalistically.I found we have been misled on the key question of how our source for the documents came into possession of these papers.That，combined with some of the questions that had been raised in public and in the press，led me to a point where-if I knew then what I know now-I would not have gone ahead with the story as it was aired，and I certainly would not have used the documents in question.But we did use the documents.We made a mistake in judgment，and for that I am sorry.It was an error that was made，however，in good faith and in the spirit of trying to carry on a CBS News tradition of investigative reporting without fear or favoritism.Nothing is more important to us than people's trust in our ability and our commitment to report fairly and truthfully.
Anchorwoman：Following the controversy of the Killian documents，you filed a$70 million lawsuit against CBS，including its former parent company Viacom，CBS President and CEO Leslie Moonves，Sumner Redstone，chairman of both Viacom and CBS and Andrew Heyward，former president of CBS News.And the lawsuit prompted your departure from the CBS.Could you tell us more about the situation？
Guest：Well，back then the CBS network and its ownership and management made me a“scapegoat”in the Killian story.On September 21，2009，my lawyers stated that Bush's military service would be proven to be a sham and I would be vindicated.Later on September 29，2009，the New York state appeals court dismissed my lawsuit against CBS.Then on January 12，2010 New York's top court refused to reinstate my$70 million breach-of-contract lawsuit against CBS Corp.I leave CBS News with tremendous memories.But I leave now most of all with the desire to once again do regular，meaningful reporting.My departure before the term of my contract represents CBS's final acknowledgement，after a protracted struggle，that they had not lived up to their obligation to allow me to do substantive work there.As for their offers of a future with only an office but no assignments，it just isn't in me to sit around doing nothing.So I will do the work I love elsewhere，and I look forward to sharing details about that soon.
Anchorman：Well，after discussing so many issues，we could tell that your career as a journalist was full of incidents，a notable one was the Chicago cab ride.Could you describe what happened？
Guest：On November 10，1980 I arrived at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport and got into a cab.I asked the cab driver to take me to the home of Studs Terkel.I was going to interview him for 60 Minutes.However，the cab driver couldn't locate the address.I felt that I was being ripped off.When I asked him to let me out of the cab，the driver asked for the fare.That was not even reasonable.So I refused to pay.Then the driver sped off through the streets of downtown Chicago looking for the police.I was so annoyed that I shouted out the window that I was being kidnapped and eventually the police pulled over the cab.Finally，I refused to press charges against the cab driver and CBS paid the$12.55 fare.Meeting an unreasonable cab driver，what would you do？Well，I think at least he took me to the right place so that the fare was reasonable.
Anchorwoman：Another incident worth talking about was the Dead Air.
Anchorman：Right.
Anchorwoman：In which you walked off the set during live broadcast.Would you mind telling us what the all was about？
Guest：On September 11，1987，I walked off the set just before a remote Evening News broadcast from Miami，where Pope John Paul II began a rare U.S.tour，when a U.S.Open tennis match was being broadcast into the time scheduled for the newscast.I was very upset that the news was being cut into to make room for sports and discussed it with the sports department.I was unreasonable back then and I felt so sorry.And the next day，I apologized for leaving the anchor desk.
［Background］
Anchorman：Dan Rather announced that he would leave CBS as anchor and managing editor of the“CBS Evening News”on March 9，2004，24 years to the day after his first broadcast as the network's anchor.
Anchorwoman：Rather's 24 years at the“CBS Evening News”is the longest run of any evening news anchor in history and is a singular achievement in broadcast journalism.He has been an eyewitness to the most important events for more than 40 years and played a crucial role in keeping the American public informed about those events and their larger significance.
［Main body］
Anchorman：You step down as anchor and managing editor of“CBS Evening News”.The move came two months after you acknowledged fundamental flaws in a broadcast report that raised questions about President Bush's National Guard service.What cause you to make this decision，what's the process and background of this whole event？
Guest：My last broadcast was on March 9，the 24th anniversary of the night he succeeded Walter Cronkite.I wish it were not happening while this panel is looking into the“60 Minutes”weekday story，one reason I wanted to do this was to make the truth clear-this is separated from that.The most intense round of conversations among my agent Richard Leibner，Mr.Moonves and me began at Mr.Moonves's office at Viacom's headquarters in Times Square.This job and CBS News mean a lot to me.It was a very hard decision for me.I'd like to do this on my own terms.I'm just crazy enough to get up every morning saying to myself with great enthusiasm.I'm sure the next big story，the biggest story I'll ever cover，is right there around the corner.
Anchorwoman：Having stepped down from CBS，how you suffered and got your present job？
Guest：CBS and I were close to an agreement that would end my tenure.Then I would develop and be the host of a weekly interview program on a highdefinition television channel known as HDNet.The offer had come directly from the unbridled owner of the National Basketball Association's Dallas Mavericks，who was a co-founder of HDNet in 2001.I had been weighing several other offers for work.But what I expect to do，what I hope to do，is bring this HDNet thing to fruition.Actually I had formed a company—News and Guts，and it's the pillars of my professional life.Well，see，the 15 months since I had left the evening news，and joined“60 Minutes”，had been among the most frustrating periods of my career.Anybody who knows me knows that's not the way I like to work.
Anchorman：What's your feeling about CBS after so many of years？
Guest：There's a lot I have yet to figure out.My first choice would have been to remain a correspondent on“60 Minutes”.But CBS was uninterested，offering me only a contract that would have entitled me to an office and assistant，but no affiliation with any CBS program.I am as hungry for important stories as I've ever been.In fact，I think my hunger might be，if anything，greater.I guess I'd like to think that's saying something.
Anchorwoman：In 2002，your book The American Dream：Stories from the Heart of Our Nation has become a bestseller，what are you going to convey in the book？
Guest：Well，you know，for some，the American dream is simply to own a home or rise out of poverty.Some wish to serve God，country，or community.There are those who want to learn to read or run their own business.Still others simply wish to exercise fundamental American rights：to openly practice their religion and to speak what is in their minds and hearts.The American Dream illustrates that the basic American desire for“life，liberty，and the pursuit of happiness”is alive and well.It also confirms what our founding fathers always believed：that we are a country of visionaries，in ways big and small.
［Lead Out］
Anchorwoman：Well，I wish we could discuss more，but time is limited and I'm afraid that today's program is approaching to the end.
Anchorman：Once again，thank you Mr.Rather for joining us.
Guest：Always my pleasure.
Anchorwoman：Well，ladies & gentlemen，with that we conclude this edition of Tonight Show.I'mYQY.
Anchorman：I'm LCR.Thank you for being with us.See you on next edition of Tonight Show.Good night.
Anchorwoman：Good night.
在这档节目里，以两位主播为主要演播者，配以一位受邀嘉宾。在此档节目里该嘉宾是以新闻事件当事人的身份出现的。这档节目的主播播音特点可以概括为这样几点：
第一，双播交替。
在新闻事件评析类节目的设计过程中，必须使我们注意到的就是播出效果。而其恰当效果的形成，完全是由节目的语言呈现的设计构成决定的。就这档节目而言，因为触及引发国际注意的一个事件，而恰好节目又难能可贵地把事件当事人请到了（当然，这是一档用于受训者实践的模拟设计——笔者按），那么，构成受众对节目语言结构的期待值，就缘于主播能否向事件当事人提出受众关心的问题以引导当事人说出相关的背景及细节来。毕竟，如此受注目的事件，早已被平面媒体用文字的形式或深或浅地报道了。但是，受众还是希望能亲耳听到亲眼看到事件当事人的说法。所以，设计为双播来交替介绍和提出问题与当事人交流，就会减少单播提问不充分或给事件当事人有“一对一”的“被审问”之感。
第二，“三位一体”式“聊天儿”互动。
采用“三位一体”式互动播音风格，一是可以形成声音上的丰富感，二是可以对节目的韵律形成“张弛有余”效果，三是可以通过两位主播间的“对话”而给嘉宾以“喘口气”的心理空间，使得节目整体演播效果一直呈现在“背景+询问+释疑+评析”的话语“气场”里。首先，在事件“背景”的介绍过程中，主播是以根据现有得到的它类媒体报道的信息，而进行“中规中矩”的“播读”式来完成，中间可以用“询问”的语气来连接嘉宾（事件当事人）的解释或反馈；其次，在双播“对话”的时间段里，可以使用相互“提问”的方式来把自己或代表受众的疑惑点“摆”出来。而此时的“摆事实”，不是惯常的“铁证如山”或“板上钉钉”的语气说出，而是通过“问题亟待反馈”的心态来“说”出。此时主播的话语方式是“说”而不是“播读”了。
笔者在EBTV英语“软新闻”节目体现主播与嘉宾的“播讲”互动方式（2010年）
首先，互动中的“释疑”。
主播在向面对的事件当事人“说”出自己或代表受众的“疑惑”后，就是嘉宾的反馈时间了。一般情况下，只要事件当事人决定以节目受邀嘉宾的身份出现，就完全说明其已决定面对大部分的“提问”和受众，来说明一些对其对公众有益的信息来。所以，当嘉宾就主播“摆出”的某一个“疑惑”给出“反馈”后，如果令两位主播有“明了”此一“疑惑”的解释或说明的话，主播就应以“对话”的方式来把这份“恍然大悟”感以强调的声音处理方式表达出来，例如：主播-1：“Oh！That's it！What an original background it is！【噢！竟然是这样的背景啊！】”主播-2：“Yes，that's why we outsiders couldn't follow and felt lost totally！【难怪我们局外人会完全摸不着头脑呐！】”。这样的“播讲（Broadcast Talking）”话语方式所形成的氛围，是形成与嘉宾和受众有效沟通的唯一途径。因为，就嘉宾而言，他/她感到了其提供的“反馈”有效；就受众来说，他们可以通过主播的“强调化”的语调而形成“被提醒”或“被告知”的效果。
其次，总结转场化的“评析”。
主播在听完嘉宾的一个“反馈”完成“递给”嘉宾和受众的一个“释疑”后，就需要立刻转场而尽快摆出另一个“疑惑”给嘉宾。但是，最佳的驾驭方式是给嘉宾一个“缓冲”时间段，也就是不要立刻提出一个新的“疑惑”给嘉宾。在这个转场的时间段里，最好的方式是主播以“对话”的方式来对形成第一个“疑惑”的原因，以“关键词”的罗列方式逐一强调出来。这时的播音掌控底线是“总结”，即可用主播-1：“From this explanation，we can notice obviously that the first key point is‘misleading’generating by distorting the facts if I have gotten the correct understanding of your telling.”主播-2：“Sure，the first key point must be‘misleading’generated by some media reports.The second key point is‘guessing’from socalled common sense.Aren't we right？Mr.XXX.”此时的对话既是简练的，又是清晰的，更是带着“强调化”的语气与嘉宾进行互动，然后，为了完成转场，主播-1可以立刻向嘉宾和受众说：“It's so wonderful，we have cleared up the misunderstanding of this point.”接着主播-2继续道：“Yes，now we can pick up the second confusing point to you，Mr.XXX.It goes like this：...We are sure this point is also so concerned by our audiences.”主播-3：“Absolutely，we are so eager to listen to your experiences about it.”
总之，就新闻事件评析类节目所需要使用的话语方式“背景+询问+释疑+评析”而形成的主播播音风格是多重的，也就是说，既有接近处理“英语硬新闻”的“播读”（Broadcast Reading），又有驾驭“英语谈话节目”的“播述”（Broadcast Narrating），还需有介乎于“谈话节目”和生活中日常“聊天儿”间的“播讲”（Broadcast Talking）。所以，这类节目的主播播音呈现方式是综合的，也是以把节目内容所需的韵律和受邀嘉宾的话语风格融会贯通地串连起来为前提的。因此，此类列出的这类节目的播音风格定位是形成和凸显节目特点和韵律的最基本要求，但是，并不意味主播就只是刻板地照办而不能有灵活表现。事实恰恰相反，主播的播音风格定位是决定节目达到有效传播效果的最重要因素之一。