直播中的主播与出镜记者报道
Lively Anchoring and Reporting in English
24小时直播英语新闻节目主播与出镜记者对接流程（2005级、2006级“英播”）
The live presenting for broadcast can only be done by both anchors at the studios and reporters at the spots.Because of this occupational nature，the broadcast field demands its reporters to have certain occupational competence.In the West，the kinds of reporters are addressed ad broadcast journalists.What audience have been familiar with the broadcast journalists'styles，in fact，are trained on purposes.It is said about the basic qualification of the broadcast journalists：
Entry-level journalists and those working for small radio or television stations may be assigned a variety of tasks including writing headlines，operating equipment such as video cameras，using editing machines and writing editorial news stories in addition to covering all aspects of local news.This is a great environment for a journalist to start in because they learn a broad range of journalistic skills and can decide to specialize in a particular area they enjoy working on the most（http://www.prospects.ac.uk/broadcast_journalist_job_description.htm）.
No doubt，this kind of broadcast journalists'presentation has the similiar characters as what broadcast anchors must do at studios，for instance，they also offer verbal reports and appear on the TV screen，their voices are also heard by the radio listeners.Hence，they can also be addressed as“anchors with reporting orientation on spot”or“the anchors outside of studios”.Here is some words about this side of the broadcast journalists'competence：
Broadcast journalists must be comfortable on camera.Since they are often reporting live from the scene of a news event，they must compose their story on the spot，without any extra takes.This can be quite stressful for those who are either camera shy or nervous therefore，broadcast journalists must love to shine on the camera or have their voices heard on the airwaves.Curious onlookers，police，or other emergency workers can distract those reporting from the scene for radio and television so journalists must be focused on their story and make sure they get the footage and details they need（Ibid.）.
From this introduction，we can be sure that the broadcast journalists'working conditions are more complicated than the anchors at studios.Then，their presenting styles are constructed by the flexibility，their voices can be lower or louder，even shouting.Their verbal speeds can be much slower or quicker，even broken than the anchors at studios.Genernally speaking，their appearances are also not demanded as more beautiful or handsome as possible than common people by audience since their stories are more important than anything else.The words quoted following can offer deeper understanding of their verbal presentations：
The title broadcast journalist is quite broad because journalists do a number of different things：Some cover a“beat”（one news area such as police，city hall or law courts），others report for news services that provide broadcast material to subscribing radio and television stations，while some journalists specialize in fields such as health，business，film，sports，social events，science or religion.For example，a psychiatrist may conduct a call-in radio show that answers caller's intimate questions（Ibid.）.
Such numerous working conditions lead the broadcast journalists to the various verbal presenting styles.In particular，there will be more challenging for the broadcast anchors to do journalists'job，because they have been used to the editorials and read the news copies written by others.In contrast，the broadcast journalists'verbal presenting styles are determined by the journalistic piece：
A journalistic piece must be as unbiased as possible and not favor any viewpoint for the journalist's job is to report on the story in a meaningful and insightful way，but not in an editorial fashion.Editorials are something completely different and deserve their own merits.Broadcast journalists are usually confined by specific time slots and they must have excellent grammar and writing skills.They often cover more than one story a day so they must be on their toes（Ibid.）.
This paragraph has highlighted that the broadcast journalists use the most natural way，that is，the telling tone，to present the reports because they know everything about what they should tell with their own coveing experiences.This style has also emphasized that the broadcast anchors must know how to transfer their style of broadcast reading to the conversational telling.
However，it does not mean that as soon as the broadcast anchors transfer their broadcast reding to the conversational telling is to tell freely rather than accurate in words.We cannot imagine what kind of reaction our audience will have if the broadcast anchors present reports on spot with the style of the broadcast reading used at studios.The opposite is true，in fact.Even for the broadcast journalists，the accuracy is the top priority：
Broadcast journalists are dedicated to providing accurate and impartial news.The reason accuracy is so important is to both to serve the public with correct news and because slanderous and libelous statements can lead to costlylawsuits.It is also important that they know about journalism ethics and laws related to journalism such as defamation law，but those principles are well covered in journalism school.It is crucial that broadcast journalists have a complex understanding of different cultures.Most stories are about diverse and interesting people therefore，journalists must also be culturally sensitive（Ibid.）.
Except for the differences of the verbal presentations between the broadcast journalists and the anchors in English，that is，the broadcast reading and conversational telling，there is a common ground for the both no matter what knid of presenting styles they are holding，that is，cultural sensitivity.It is extremely crucial for EBA members，that is，to the larger extent，for the media stuff who use non mother-tongues as the occupational languages.There would be no discussion on their verbal presentation styles if they are accurate to the focused cultures and social backgrounds with a cross-cultrual encounter perspective：
Broadcast journalists must be naturally curious and have a nose for news.When it comes to interviewing people，they should be interested and respectful about the answers and know what types of questions to ask.Obviously this also requires great people skills and written communication skills.They must be 100 percent accurate in their fact checking therefore people who can pay close attention to details and are scrutinizers would be perfect broadcast journalists.They must also be open-minded，because they have to understand and see a story from both points of view in order to cover a story properly.Journalists also have extensive stamina that helps them cope with the pressures of the industry（Ibid.）.
Touching on the point of broadcast sensitivity with a cross-cultural encounter perspective，the instructing principle and educating goal are emphasized here.I will not unfold this part here in detail，but the EBA members are shaped to be the trinity of broadcast interviewer，editor，translator and anchor & presenter in English.With this educational orientation，the broadcast journalists'competence is the significant reference：
Broadcast journalists must have composure and poise on-camera or in front of a microphone，and some may have formal voice training.
Typical Task
Collect local，national and international news through interviews，investigation and observation
Conduct interviews as part of research using tape recorders and video cameras and carry out background research for stories or features
Cover all the stories for specific subjects such as health，sports or arts
Go live，on-location to provide eyewitness coverage of some events
Write and broadcast editorials and commentaries on topics of current interest to stimulate public interest and express the views of a publication
Broadcast stories on camera for television publication or on the radio
Assist in directing camera operators who are filming news events
Receive，analyze and verify news and other copy for accuracy
Make shorthand notes and/or record information on tape
Discuss work with editors and have them supervise certain stories
May operate video camera and obtain video footage of news events
Broadcast journalists work both indoors and outdoors in a variety of conditions.Their work is usually hectic and stressful.Since they are under great pressure to meet deadlines，reports are often broadcast either with little time for preparation or live on the scene.Successful broadcast journalists may work in comfortable，private offices while others work in large rooms filled with the sound of keyboards and computer printers，as well as the voices of other reporters.Journalists broadcast either from the television or radio studio or on location，covering a story.When on location，they may work in unpleasant situations，such as crime and accident scenes.Similarly，covering wars，political uprisings，fires，floods，and similar disaster events can often be dangerous.
Actual working hours are irregular.Reporters are usually assigned to a day or evening shift and cover stories correspondingly.Sometimes hours fluctuate when a deadline must be meet，or when a story breaks late at night.The work also requires travelling to locations in order to cover stories.For some journalists，the travel can be international.（Ibid.）
With these capabilities，the broadcast anchors and presenters in English should be competent to shoulder these dutities：
Broadcast journalists are responsible for investigating，gathering and reporting on news and current affairs.They are expected to present this information in a fair，balanced and accurate way through news bulletins，documentaries and other factual programmes for radio，television and onlinebroadcast.
Skillset：The Sector Skills Council for Creative Media defines broadcastjournalism as“the collection，verification and analysis of events which affect people”.The work of a broadcast journalist shapes people's perceptions of the world in which they live and therefore has a far-reaching impact.Broadcast journalists can fill a number of roles within the media including editor，reporter，presenter/news anchor，producer and correspondent.
Typical work activities
Although exact duties and responsibilities will vary from role to role and between radio，television and the internet，broadcast journalists will generally be involved in many of the following duties，on a daily basis：
（01）generating ideas for stories/features and following leads from news agencies，the police，the public，press conferences and other sources；
（02）pitching ideas to editors and commissioners；
（03）researching and collating evidence and information to support a story using relevant information sources（internet，archives，databases，etc）；
（04）writing scripts for bulletins，headlines and reports which adhere to legal and contractual guidelines；
（05）selecting appropriate locations，pictures and sound and exercising editorial judgement on the best angle to approach a story from；
（06）identifying necessary resources and deploying/managing technical crews for location shoots，including sound operators and camera crew；
（07）providing directorial input，advising crews on what to film or record；
（08）using portable digital video（DV）cameras and other equipment to record material and appropriate editing software to produce complete packages for broadcast；
（09）preparing and presenting material“on air”for both pre-recorded and live pieces；
（10）identifying potential interviewees，briefing them，preparing interview questions and conducting both live and recorded interviews；
（11）preparing timings for each news item and monitoring these duringbroadcast；
（12）deciding on the running order for bulletins and making any necessary changes during broadcast；
（13）developing and maintaining local contacts and assuming a public relations role.（http://www.prospects.ac.uk/broadcast_journalist_job_description.htm）
All these concrete know-hows for the broadcast anchors and reporters in English have shown the fact that there are standards and rules for them to follow and obey.At the same time，there are heavy responsibilities for them to shoulder both for their jobs and their audience.Live news presenting not only can provide its audience with the fresh sense of the world，but also can offer inspiration to broaden audience's horizon.From the persective of revealing the truce based on the facts，the styles of the anchor's and reporter's verbal presentations are still important，but not the top one.
【笔者论述】
今天的新闻播音已经不仅仅是指坐在直播间里的主播工作了，毕竟，由于直播连线的形式普遍的运用和极受欢迎，使得“新闻播音”已经是由主播和出于新闻现场的记者共同完成的工作了。这样，“新闻播音”就已经是两种风格的结合体了。也正是由于如此的结合，使得直播过程中的“新闻播音”具有鲜明的传播特色了。从而，更加凸显出“主播”与“现场记者”的声音由于角色不同具有的值得一书的几个方面。
如同笔者已经点出的“主播”的“播读”与“记者”的“播报”的概念间的不同，两者的声音呈现出的传播效果也是很不相同的。但是，就是因为这一不同，而形成了“这一处”与“那一处”的“内”和“外”有别的效应。
第一，主播貌似“随性般”的提问。
对于主播而言，尽管是处于直播过程中的连线，毕竟是不在现场，进而，会呈现“以提问”来投入现场的状态。此时，尽管会有“即兴的”问题问出，但还是不需要顾及现场记者能回答与否。所以，可以完全比播读日常新闻时更加放松和“随性”。因此，此时主播的声音状态是“日常说话般”的“提问”，而不是照着稿件或提示器显示的问题而“播读”的状态。自然，切记这时的“随性般”提问，还是要尽量跟进现场记者的各个细节的介绍而逻辑化地提出的。
第二，记者“严谨化”播报。
对于身处新闻现场的连线记者来说，由于是需要清晰地、逻辑地、符合事实地、简明扼要地“报告”所见所历，所以，就要比主播的压力大得多。这时负责完成整个“新闻播音”的这一方，就需要使用“播报”的状态来进行语言效果的呈现了，也就是语流要比日常生活顺畅、语速要快于日常的讲述、语气要具有表现“此时此刻”的氛围。语言质量不一定如同主播般“发音准确无误”，也可带有地方口音，但是，要有现场感。这一感觉，也就是体现“现场记者”的全身心对报道的投入程度。
显而易见，在对新闻化信息传播的过程中，不论是身在直播室的播音员，还是节目录制演播馆的主播，抑或是处于新闻事件发生现场的出镜记者，都不是事先背了几千遍台词的话剧演员，更不是推广标准英语语言发音的教师。所以，以直面新闻事实的心态，来尽可能多方面、多视角地向受众介绍清楚事件的来龙去脉，方是此时此刻直播推进中主播与出镜记者的首要任务。