◉3.省略法
在翻译中往往有所取舍才能确切地表达原意,任何一种语言和其他语言都不可能是对等的,因此译文需要有所取舍才能融会贯通。我们可以运用省略技巧将原文中的某些词省略掉,以使译文更加严谨、精练和明确。所省去的词,在英语中是必不可少的,但译成汉语时则是多余的,这些词在英语中多半是为了语法上的需要而存在的,汉语讲究文以简为贵。
减词是指将原文中需要而译文中又不需要的词语省去。减省的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使行文累赘啰嗦,且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。减词一般用于以下两种情况。一是从语法角度进行减省:英汉两种语言在语法上差异较大,因此,英译汉时可根据具体情况将冠词、连接词、介词、代词略去,使译文练达畅晓。例如:英语有冠词,而汉语却没有;英语重形合、连接词较多,汉语重意合、连接词较少;英语中介词丰富,多达280多个,汉语中介词则较少,只有30来个;英语中经常使用代词,尤其是经常使用人称代词、关系代词等,而汉语中代词则用得较少。二是从修饰角度进行减省:有些词语在英语里是必不可少的,但在汉语中却并非如此,如直译成汉语则往往显得累赘。为了使译文简洁、“文约而意丰”,这样的词语必须省去或是精简。
汉译英
●别拿自己不当回事,也别拿自己太当回事。
Take yourself seriously but do not go too far.
——网络流行语
●杀人不犯法我也杀不了人,伤天害理了自己良心也备受摧残,命中注定想学坏都当不了大坏蛋。
Even if it is not illegal to kill,I wouldn’t kill anyone.My conscience will be tortured by the guilt if I do anything cruel to others.I am meant not to be a villain,even if I try to be one.
——电影《非诚勿扰》
●袋里没钱,心里也没有钱的人,最潇洒;袋里没钱,心里却有钱的人,最痛苦;袋里有钱,心里也有钱的人,最烦恼;袋里有钱,心里却没钱的人,最幸福。
A man who has no money neither in his pocket nor in heart is the most carefree;no money in the pockets but on the minds,the most painful;a heavy purse and a heavy mind,the most troubled;a heavy purse but no heavy mind the happiest.
——任志强
●老师:小明,别的同学讨论发言都很积极,你怎么吱都不吱一声?
小明:吱!
Teacher Xiaoming,all the students are quite active in my class except you.Cannot you say a word?
Xiaoming A word!
●娘娘您是人中之凤,奴婢只是常鳞凡介,试问又怎能猜得到娘娘的蕙质兰心呢?
You’re so distinguished,but I’m just an ordinary person.I’m incapable of getting even a hint of what you’re thinking.
(精简才是硬道理,“人中之凤”“常鳞凡介”“蕙质兰心”,与其用又长又蹩脚的短语破坏句子的完整性,倒不如用简单又准确的单词来表达。)
——电视剧《金枝欲孽》
●我听说你们的那个世界里有大城、小街、大街、小巷,有男人,有女人。你们那个世界里,女孩是什么样的,他们吃什么,穿什么,喜欢什么?
I heard you have cities,towns,streets,alleys,men and women.Right,what do girls look like in your world?What do theyeat,wear,and like?
——电影《画壁》
●夺取这个胜利,已经是不要很久的时间和不要花费很大的气力了;巩固这个胜利,则是需要很久的时间和要花费很大的气力的事情。
To win this victory will not require much more time and effort,but to consolidate it will.
(原文里重复出现的词语,译文没有重复,一个小小的will就替代了原文中二十多个字表达的意思。)
●不管你信不信,反正我是信了。
Whether you believe it or not,I am convinced.
——网络流行语
●要想皮肤好,早晚用大宝。
A fair skin now?Dabao knows how.
——大宝广告
●我有一段情呀,唱给诸公听。
I have a story,and let me put it into a song.
——电影《金陵十三钗》插曲
●世界是我们的,也是儿子们的,但最终是那些孙子们的。
The world belongs to us,but also(belongs)to our children,but eventually will belong to our grandchildren.
——网络流行语
●由于时间仓促,作者水平有限,书中疏漏在所难免,欢迎广大读者批评指正。
Any advice and criticism is warmly welcome about this book.
——图书前言用语
●今天你偷菜了吗?
Did you steal it today?
——网络流行语
●少年好色,壮年好打架,老年好利。
Theyoungareliabletofeellustful,the middle⁃aged to pick fights and the elderly to become greedy.(省译“好”字)
——钱钟书《写在人生边上》
●喔,算了吧,就这样忘了吧。
Oh,let it go,and get him off your mind.
(省略语气词)
——歌曲《心太软》
●见过不要脸的,我咋没见过你这么不要脸的。
Your shameless way is beyond my imagination.
(这也是汉语中常见的夸张,不过太口语化,翻译起来比较棘手,因此省去了夸张部分,但是缺少幽默。)
——电影《饭局也疯狂》
●人家有的是背景,而我有的只是背影。
The others have their background,while what I have is the sight of my back.
——网络流行语
●唐微微:从小到大,除了我父母之外,没人这么疼我,都是我哄别人。
杨年华:你就是个操心的命。
Tang Weiwei Since I was born,except for my parents,no one loved me like you did.I always make others happy.
Yang Nianhua That’s your fate.
——电影《我愿意》
●各回各家,各找各妈。
Go back home,and find your mom.
——电视剧《武林外传》
●门前大桥下,游过一群鸭,
快来快来数一数,二四六七八,
嘎嘎嘎嘎真呀真多呀。
A group of ducks swam under the bridge in front of my house,
Come to count how many they are.
Quack,quack,quack.
Oh,they are so many.
——歌曲《数鸭子》
●白:妹娃要过河,是哪个来推我吗?答:我来推你嘛。
Said I am going to the other bank of the river and who is willing to fare me there?Answer It is nobody but me.
——歌曲《龙船调》
●这家伙是一个卑鄙的小人。
●A girl said to his boyfriend “Say you love me.Say it.Say it!”
The boy thought for a while and said “It.”
一个女孩对他的男朋友说:“说你爱我。说呀,说呀!”
男孩想了一下说道:“说。”
●He never stops,he never stays,and he never asks to be thanked.
他从不停止,从不停留,从不要求感恩。
——英剧《神秘博士》
●Charms strike the sight,but merit wins the soul.
美色中看,美德感人。
——英国诗人 蒲伯A.
●The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.
老人教会了这孩子捕鱼,孩子爱他。(符合汉语习惯,若翻译成连词“并且,因此”都很牵强,不如不译。)
——海明威《老人与海》
●Other men live to eat,while I eat to live.别人为吃饭而生存,我为生存而吃饭。(省略连词。)
——苏格拉底
This fellow is a mean person.
——电影《功夫》
●生意一火,得意忘形;稍显冷清,顿失淡定。
You can’t get wild when business is good,and get depressed once it’s down.
(英语中条件后置很常见,将主句和状语顺序调整;“忘形”、“顿失”表示程度,英语中可以减掉不译。)
——电影《饭局也疯狂》
●You may fall from a mountain,you may fall from a tree,but the best way to fall,is fall in love with me.
你可能会从山上掉下来,也可能会从树上掉下来,但是,最好的方式,是你爱上我。
——短信
●The best life is no more than chatting and laughing out load during the day,and having a good sleep at night.
最好的生活:无非就是白天可以有说有笑,晚上还能睡个好觉。(省略名词、介词。)
●“We have seven days in a week,”said the teacher to pupils.
老师对小学生说:“一周有七天。”(省略代词。)
●—I’m sorry I’m late.
—Why?
—Nothing.I just didn’t wanna come.
——对不起,我来晚了。
——为什么来晚了?
——没原因,就是不想来。
——美剧《生活大爆炸》
●We live and learn.
活到老,学到老。
●It’s good to rub and polish our brain against that of others.
他山之石,可以攻玉。
●We never meet without a parting.
有聚就有散。
(省略主从复合句和并列复合句中的连词。)
●The door opened and the audiences came crowding in.
门开了,观众一拥而入。
●Never get on or off the bus before it comes to stand still.
车未停妥,请勿上下。
●Waste not,want not.
不浪费,不愁缺。
●Victory won’t come to me unless I go to it.
胜利是不会向我走来的,我必须自己走向胜利。
——英国诗人M.穆尔
●We never know the love of the parents until we become parents ourselves.
不养儿不知父母恩。
——美国牧师、演说家 比沏H.W.
●Follow your own course,and let people talk.
走自己的路,让人家去说吧。
——意大利诗人 但丁