◉20.省略(Ellipsis)

20.省略(Ellipsis)

汉译英

●外星人空降国内某城,问:“有道德法律吗?”答:“有,在书本里。”问:“有榜样吗?”答:“有,在电视里。”问:“有时装吗?”答:“有,在批发市场里。”问:“有爱情吗?”答:“有,在房子里。”问:“有美丽的动物吗?”答:“有,在锅里。”问:“有幸福感吗?”答:“有,在梦里。”

An alien landed in a domestic city and asked “Is there the moral law here?”“Yes,there is,in the book.”“Is there an good example?”“Yes,there is,on the TV.”“Is there fashion clothes?”“Yes,there is,in the wholesale market.”“Is there love?”“Yes,there is,in the house.”“Is there a beautiful animal?”“Yes,there is,in the pan.”“Is there happiness?”“Yes,there is,in the dream.”

●如果买衣服的时候,营业员鄙夷地说:“这个衣服很贵的,不买不要乱碰。”不怕,你就回答她说:“好像你很有钱?你有钱就不会出来卖了!!”

If you buy the clothes,the assistant say with disdain “The clothes are very expensive.No buy,no touch.”Do not be afraid.You may answer,“As if you were very rich,eh?If you had the money,you would not come out to sell!!”

——周立波

●A:劳驾,大爷,美国怎么走?

B:问村长去。

A:Excuse me,sir,how to get to the United States of America?

B:Ask the village head.

在对话中,B针对A的问题没有给出足够的信息。A问B“美国怎么走”,A若知道完全可以告诉他怎样走,不知道也可以实话实说,一句“问村长去”正是幽默效果产生的根本原因,B很无知,把美国当成一个小村庄了。

●薛宝钗住了衡芜院,林黛玉住了潇湘馆,贾迎春住了缀锦楼,探春住了秋爽斋,惜春住了缪风轩,李氏住了稻香村,宝玉住了怡红院。

Baochai was to have A1pinia Park,Daiyu Bamboo Lodge,Yingchun the Pavilion of Variegated Splendour,Tanchun the Studio of Autumn Freshness,Xichun Smartweed Breeze Cot,Li Wan Paddy⁃Sweet Cottage,and Baoyu Happy Red Court.

——曹雪芹小说《红楼梦》

“此处省略……个字”已经被列为2011年春晚流行语。这句话在一个小品中总共出现四次,具体语境如下:

1.小沈阳:“琴,这么多年我都在找你,我一直想找个机会对你说三个字……此处略去三个字。”

Xiao Shenyang:“Qin,I have been looking for you for so many years.I wanted to find a chance to say three words to you978-7-111-51691-0-Chapter03-36.jpgthe three words are omitted here.”

2.小沈阳(继续念):“我梦见咱俩走在放学的路上,路过一片小树林……此处略去27个字儿。”

Xiao Shenyang:“I dreamed that we two were on the way back home after school.When we passed by a small woods978-7-111-51691-0-Chapter03-37.jpgtwenty⁃seven words are omitted here.”

3.小沈阳(继续念):“回家的时候天已经黑了,路过一片苞米地的时候……此处略去78个字儿。”

Xiao Shenyang:“It was already dark when we got back home.When we passed by a corn field978-7-111-51691-0-Chapter03-38.jpgseventy⁃eight words are omitted here.”

4.赵本山:“我也想给我的同桌写一封信,就写个名,此处略去一万字,让她想吧!”

Zhao Benshan:“I want to write a letter to my deskmate,too,in which with the sign of my name only and add that one million words are omitted here.Just let her imagine!”

在这四个语境中,话语(台词)的字面意思都很直观明了,但话语的隐含意需要借助非语言语境方可得出。作为观众,在得出话语隐含意的过程中,需要结合一系列的非语言语境:交际的方式,在这里是通过书信,根据小品的塑造,应该是一封类似于“情书”的书信;交际双方的关系,在小品中交际双方是老同学、老同桌;交际发生的社会文化背景,根据小品中故事发生的时代,应该是20或30年前,至少当时人们写信的语言没有像现在如此直白,这也是为什么信中多次使用“此处省略……个字”。

●学校调进一位年轻教师,校长语重心长地对他说:“考100分的学生你要对他好,以后他会成为科学家;考80分的学生你要对他好,以后他可能和你做同事;考试不及格的学生你要对他好,以后他会捐钱给学校的;考试作弊的学生你也要对他好,他将来会当官的。”

A school headmaster gives sincere words and earnest advice to a newly transferred young teacher “Be nice to a student who gets 100 points because he would become a scientist;be nice to student who gets 80 points because he would become your colleague;be nice to a student who has failed in exams because he would donate money to the school in the future;be nice to a student who cheats in the exam because he would become an official.”

●某国际学校的老师出了一道开放性问题:“你对其他国家的食物短缺有什么自己的看法?”非洲学生问:“什么叫食物?”欧洲学生问:“什么叫短缺?”美国学生问:“什么叫其他国家?”中国学生问:“什么叫自己的看法?”

An international school teacher raised an open question “What do you think about other countries’food shortages?”Africa students asked “What is food?”The European students asked “What is shortage?”American students asked “What are other countries?”Chinese students asked “What is your own opinion?”

英译汉

●Jim Are you going to the lecture?

Mary It’s about linguistics.

吉姆:你去上课吗?

玛丽:是语言学课。

上面的这则对话要求Mary根据自己对当时语境的了解,对Jim问话的真正含义做出正确的理解和推断,从而给出合适的回答。关于Mary的回答,可以有多种不同的理解。其中一种理解是,Mary不喜欢linguistics,Mary也知道Jim对linguistics不感兴趣,因此Mary的回答可以看作是:“Of course I’m not going.I don’t like linguistics.”然而还有一种可能的理解:如果Jim和Mary都喜欢linguistics,并且每次有关于linguistics的讲座,她们都会去听。这个时候,Mary的回答则可以理解为:“Of course I’m going.It must be interesting.”从该例中可见,同样的一句话,放在不同的语境中,可能会有不同的解释。

再如,海明威的《老人与海》中有如下的对话:

“What did you catch?”

“One the first day.One the second and two the third.”

“Very good.”

“Now we fish together again.”

“No.I am not lucky.I am not lucky anymore.”

“The hell with luck,”the boy said.“I’ll bring the luck with me.”

“What will your family say?”

“I do not care.I caught two yesterday.But we will fish together now for I still have much to learn.”

“你们捕了多少鱼?”

“头一天一条,第二天一条,第三天两条。”

“挺好的。”

“现在我们又可以一起打鱼了。”

“不要,我不走运,我再不会转运了。”

“让好运见鬼去吧,”孩子说。“我会带来好运的。”

“你家人会怎么说呢?”

“我才不管呢。我昨天抓了两条。不过我们现在要一起钓鱼,我还有好多东西要学呢。”

海明威善于运用语言的节奏来刻画人物。读者可以从孩子和老人的这段对话中体会出,这里有语言节奏上微妙的变化。孩子说“头天一条,第二天两条,第三天三条”,老人接着补充说“挺好的”,孩子又说“以后我们又可以一起打鱼啦”,老人搭讪道“不要,我不走运。我再不会转运了”。二人简短对白中的节奏变化包含了人物的情绪,让读者能在这种暗示的节奏中把握大师的真实思想,这比用直白具体的语言描述更能折射出一种隐含的魅力。这是海明威小说创作的一大特色。

●On your mark,get set,go!

各就各位,预备,跑!(连词省略)

●By birth he was an Englishman;by profession,a sailor;by instinct and training,a rebel.

就出生来说,他是英国人;就职业来说,他是海员;就本性和教育来说,他是叛逆者。

●Histories make men wise;poems witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.读史使人明智;读诗使人灵秀;数学使人周密;科学使人深刻;伦理学使人庄重;逻辑修辞之学使人善变。

——培根《论读书》

●The librarian went over to the small noisy boy,“People near you can’t read.”“Then what are they doing here?”

图书管理员走过去对那个老爱发出声响的小男孩警告说:“你周围的人都不能读书!”

“那他们在这里干什么?”

管理员的话里省略了“请保持安静”,而小男孩也浑然不觉,所以才会发生理解上的歧义。