◉16.层递(Gradation Climax and Anticlimax)
英语里经常使用渐升和渐降的修辞方法。
16.1 渐升法(Climax)
该词源自希腊语,意为ladder(梯子),它所表示的是所叙述或描写的事物其程度或意义递次上升,一个比一个更强烈、更重要、更深刻,最后达到高潮。由于句子或句子中相关的部分是用层进的趋势安排的,最大的着力度和最主要的关注点自然就落在末尾的句子或末尾的相关部分上。
在运用层进时也应注意以下方面:
第一,层进辞格可以用于各种文体,根据作品内容和形式的需要用在任何地方。但一般是用在感情充沛、重点表义的地方,以利于发挥层进的修辞功能。
第二,层进结构的组成部分之间在内容上要有紧密的内在联系,一般是同范畴的,语义上一定要存在着可以推进的空间,否则只是并列式的罗列和在一个语义层面上的叠加。
1.由一系列的词形成层进结构
汉译英
●小沈阳:大爷,你真敞亮,你太帅了,你太厉害了。
Shen Yang You do understand the world.You are handsome.You look cool,Uncle.
——小品《不差钱》
“真”“太”的连续使用,表现了小沈阳在收到小费后的高兴之情,一连串的赞美就送给了老汉。
●岁月不饶人,尤其不饶女人,想做什么,该做什么,必须争分夺秒;机会不等人,尤
其不等男人,能做什么,能做成什么,千方百计地去做。
Time and tide wait for no men,especially for females,so you should race against the clock to do what you want to do and what you should do.Occasion and opportunity wait for no one,especially for males,so you should make every effort to do what you can do and what you can manage to.
●每个近视眼的悲哀:脱掉眼镜世界就是个平面,30米开外雌雄同体,50米开外人畜不分。
The sadness of every nearsightedness taking off their glasses,the world becomes a flat one;30 meters away,they could not tell the female from the male;50 meters away,they could not tell the human beings from animals.
——2012网络流行语
英译汉
●The audience smiled,chuckled,and finally howled.
听众微笑,窃窃而笑,最后捧腹大笑。
●We could find peacocks here,there,everywhere.
我们在这里、那里、到处都能看到孔雀。
2.由一系列短语形成层进结构
汉译英
●那一天
那一天,
我闭目在经殿的香雾中,
蓦然听见你诵经中的真言;
That Day
That day,
I prayed till sunset,
Notaskingforenlightenmentbutthefeel of your compassion.
那一月,
我摇动所有的经筒,
不为超度,
只为触摸你的指尖;
那一年,
磕长头拥抱尘埃,
不为觐见,
只为贴着你的温暖;
那一世,
转山转水转佛塔,
不为修来世,
只为途中与你相见。
That month,
I turned all prayer wheels,not in quest for nirvana but the tenderness of your fingertips.
That year,
I prostrated to embrace the dirt along my pilgrimage,
Not for worshiping the Buddha but a touch of your warmth.
That whole life I had,
I searched ten thousand mountains,
Not for a path to reincarnation but the chance to meet you on the paths.
——仓央嘉措诗歌
英译汉
●Power tends to corrupt,and absolute power corrupts absolutely;greatman are almost always bad manThere is no worse heresay than that the office sactifies the holder of it.
权力导致腐败,绝对权力绝对导致腐败。伟人几乎都不是完人……再也没有比神化
掌权者更坏的异端邪说了。
——英国历史学家阿克顿爵士
●Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested.
有些书只需浅尝即可,有些书却要囫囵吞下,只有少数的书才值得咀嚼和消化。
——培根散文《论读书》
3.由一系列的句子形成层进结构(句子结构可以相同,也可以不同)
汉译英
●佟湘玉:额服了you,额尊敬you,额的内心崇拜you。
Tong Xiangyu I admire you.I respect you.I really adore you.
——电视剧《武林外传》
●一分钟可以让人心碎,一小时可以喜欢上一个人,一天可以爱上一个人,但用一生的时间才可以忘掉一个人。
It takes only one minute to break someone’s heart,an hour to like someone,and a day to love someone,but the whole life time to forget a person.
——2012年网络流行语
英译汉
●Love all,trust a few,do wrong to none.爱所有人,相信一部分人,不对不起任何人。
——英国文学家莎士比亚
●Plato is dear to me,but dearer still is truth.吾爱吾师,吾更爱真理。
——古希腊哲学家亚里士多德
●He has gone;he has escaped;he has broken away.他走了,他逃跑了,他挣脱了。
●A good marriage is like an incredible retirement fund.You put everything you have into it during your productive life,and over the years it turns from silver to gold to platinum.
美满婚姻就像一笔丰厚得难以置信的退休基金。盛年时你将一切所得存入基金中,经过积年累月,它便会从白银变成黄金,再从黄金变成白金。
渐升法常同排比法兼合使用,语义层层递进,给人印象深刻,修辞效果十分强烈。
●Let him that would be happy for a day,go to the barber;for a week,marry a wife;for a month,buy him a new horse;for a year,build him a new house;for all his life,be an honest man.
理了发,乐一天;娶媳妇,乐一周;买匹马,乐一月;建新房,乐一年;做个老实人,足可乐一生。
●You can fool some of the people all the time,and all of the people some of the time;but you can’t fool all of the people all the time.
你可以一直愚弄一些人,或者可以在某个时期愚弄所有的人;但你不可能一直愚弄所有的人。
——美国节目经纪人巴纳姆P.T.
●The Toadeater
What of Earls with whom you have supped,
And of Duckes,that you dined with yestreen?
A louse,sir,is still but a louse,
Though it crawls on the curls of a Queen.
马屁精
你伴伯爵进餐吃到啥?
昨陪公爵又把什么尝?
虱子嘛,先生,终究是虱子,
哪怕它爬到女王的卷发上。
——英国作家 罗伯特·彭斯
(诗中yestreen=yesterday。)诗人把趋炎附势、阿谀权贵之徒比作依附在他人身上的虱子,对其进行了辛辣的讽刺。尽管他从伯爵巴结到公爵,甚至巴结上至高无上的女王,他的本质仍然是虱子。全诗读来幽默诙谐,令人忍俊不禁。
16.2 渐降法/突降法(Anticlimax)
在形式上把一串话由重到轻、由高到低、由大到小地递减。
汉译英
●老子置产业,儿子盖新房,孙子卖家产,重孙子去讨饭。
The father buys,the son bigs,the grandson sells,and his son thigs.
●没有天哪有地?没有地哪有家?没有家哪有你?没有你哪有我?
How can you have the land without the sky?How can you have the home without the land?
How can I have the home without you?How can I live without you?
——歌曲《酒干倘卖无》
●慕容嫣:施人恩惠却不动声色,把所有感激化于无形,如此博大的胸怀,怎能不让人钦佩?惜郭靖杨过,不通文采;乔峰段誉,略嫌老套。一代宗师,东方不败,只识深闺绣花鸟。
Mu Rongyan Offering favor in anonym,transforming all gratefulness in still.How come one not being shocked at so broad⁃minded?What a pity it is that Guo Jing and Yang Guo are not witty and Qiao Feng and Duan Yu somewhat old⁃fashioned.The master of a generation,in⁃vincible Eastern,only knows boudoir embroidered flowers and birds in the mansion.
——电视剧《武林外传》
这段台词是对毛泽东《沁园春·雪》中“惜秦皇汉武,略输文采;唐宗宋祖,稍逊风骚。一代天骄,成吉思汗,只识弯弓射大雕。”这几句诗词的戏仿。剧中,慕容嫣再三强调她自己是一个自律的撰稿人,可是在访谈吕秀才的过程中,她却一再夸大其词、歪曲事实,并用众多极具煽动性的辞藻去堆砌文章。《武林外传》经常用这种通俗甚至庸俗的话语模仿高雅的经典作品,通过这种强烈的反差,加强了讽刺意味,完成了对经典的重新建构。
英译汉
●The big fish eat little ones,the little ones eat the shrimps and the shrimps are forced to eat mud.
大鱼吃小鱼,小鱼吃虾米,虾米只好吃泥巴。
●We had plenty of company in the way of wagon⁃loads and mule⁃loads tourists and dust.
同路的有许多游客,有乘马车的,有骑骡子的,还有滚滚尘土。
文中的dust与wagon⁃loads and mule⁃loads of tourists反差极大,不可相提并论,所以此例中所用辞格为典型的anticlimax,极具幽默色彩。
●For God,for America,for Yale.
为了上帝,为了美国,为了耶鲁大学。
——耶鲁大学的口号
●Religion,credit and the eye are not to be touched.
宗教、信用和眼睛,都碰不得。
——谚语
●It is true that you may fool all the people some of the time;you can even fool some of the people all the time;but you can’t fool all of the people all the time.
你可以一时骗过所有的人,也可以在所有时间里骗过一些人,但不能在所有时间里骗过所有的人。
——亚伯拉罕·林肯