◉4.反语/倒反(Irony)

4.反语/倒反(Irony)

英国语言学家利奇(G·Leech)说:“反语外表上是赞扬或中性词语,骨子里却是批判或贬低(某人某事),这也是反语的本质。因而,反语的重要性就在于它是讽刺的手段。”从修辞学的角度来说,反语就是说反话,即使用与原来意思相反的语句来表达本意,词面意义所表达的与实际的情感态度截然相反,含有嘲弄、讽刺的意思。值得注意的是,说反话固然常常用来进行讽刺,但有时却只是一种善意的幽默,毫无讽刺的意味。这种修辞手法叫作反语。反语也叫倒反,就是正话反说,使用同本语相反的词语以表达本意。反语的作用是产生幽默感与讽刺性,有时比正说更有力量。运用反语手法,能更好地包含深刻的思想和激昂的感情。反语就是正话反说,反话正说,需要借助特定的上下文才能正确解读,通常直译,当可能引起误会的时候,就意译。

反语的主要形式有:反话(正话反说)、反讥(反话正说)、骂话(明褒暗贬)、气话(明褒实贬)、俏皮话(反规则幽默)等。

例如,网民对于反讽的运用体现出了玩世不恭及喜欢突出个性的特点。一些网络词汇充分体现了网民对现实世界和网络世界的讽刺,而这种讽刺又时时带着幽默、风趣的色彩。汉语网络用语中把计算机称作“鸡”,把Windows操作系统称作“瘟到死”,把个人主页称作“烘焙鸡”(英语中讽刺的说法是vanitypage),Win95称作“瘟酒屋”,Win98称作“瘟酒吧”,社会精英称作“白骨精”(白领+骨干+精英)、“偶像”(令人呕吐的对象),天生的蠢材称作“天才”,等。英语网络用语也不乏类似的词汇:电子邮件是e⁃mail,而传统邮件则被称作snail mail,讽刺其慢;电脑里有hardware,人脑则是wetware,meat jail,fatware;虚拟社区是virtual community,现实世界则被戏称为carbon community,meat space;等。

汉译英

●郭:说我们小区住着俩日本人,夫妇俩,个儿都挺高的。

于:多高啊?

郭:男的一米四,女的一米二。

于:这还叫高啊。

郭:哎,你这人这就不对了啊,这在日本就算高的了。

Guo:There are a Japanese couple in my neighbor⁃hood.They are pretty tall.

Yu:How tall?

Guo:The man is 1.4 meters tall and the woman is1.2 meters.

Yu:You call that tall?

Guo:Be kind,man.It’s what they think tall in Japan.

刚开始,郭说他们小区住着两个日本人,个子都挺高的,可后来当问到他们有多高时,郭却说“男的一米四,女的一米二”。这话听起来似乎有些讽刺的意味,因为我们知道,小孩子的身高都要高过一米四和一米二,更何况成年人呢。当然郭这么说是为了讽刺日本人身材矮小使幽默效果更加强烈。

●丫蛋:您要真能把我领上道了,我感谢你八辈祖宗。

Yader I’ll be very thankful if you can take me to your Broadway.I’ll thank your ancestors.

——小品《不差钱》

“八辈祖宗”不是往上算到第八辈,这里只是被用来表示深深的感激之情,虽然用得不恰当,是反话正用,达到了意外的幽默效果。

●钱可以买房子但买不到家,可以买婚姻但买不到爱情,可以买钟表但买不到时间。钱不是一切,反而是痛苦的根源。把你的钱给我,让绍兴英才网一个人承担痛苦吧!

Money can buy houses but not home;money can buy marriages but not love;money can buy watches but not time.Money is not everything,instead,it is the root of all evil.Give all your money to http://www.sxrc.com.cn,and let her suffer alone!

——猫扑论坛

该段话前半部分庄重、严肃,似乎在探讨哲学问题,很有感染力,但最后一句话与前半部分构成一种滑稽的不协调效果。通过虎头蛇尾的表述,不动声色而又十分巧妙地暗示出钱不是万能的,但钱对于每个人来说又是生活中必不可少的。

●我们小学毕业非典了,我们初中毕业禽流感了,我们高中毕业甲流了,我们大学毕业2012了。

The time we finished our elementary school,SARS occurs.The time we finished our junior high school,Bird Flu occurs.The time we finished our senior high school,H1N1 occurs.The time we finished our college,2012,the end of the world comes.

——天涯社区

制造词与词之间的不协调,说者将不同范畴的词巧妙搭配,不加修饰,造成一种形式连贯但词语意义完全不同的效果。把名词当动词使用,陈述事件发生的时间,强调时间发生的同时,更深的是表达一种对于“生不逢时”的感叹和无奈。

●孔子曰:中午不睡,下午崩溃!

孟子曰:孔子说的对!

Confucius said:No nap noon,breakdown afternoon.

Mencius said:Confucius is right!

——2010俏皮话大全

所指意义指向愉悦性反语。愉悦性反语的目的在于追求一种幽默、轻松的情趣。如:说话人利用词汇、语法手段等最简单的反语形式表示出明显的反义。用古文言的话语形式轻松幽默地说明午睡的必要性。

●郭芙蓉:我的伟大志愿就是能变成像吕先生那样的人。

吕秀才:变成我有什么用呢,百无一用是书生。

郭芙蓉:那你还有九十九用嘛,全方位人才啊。

Guo:Furong My greatest ambition is to be a man like you,Mr.Liu.

Liu:Xiucai Like me,good for nothing is a scholar.

Guo:Furong Beside nothing,you have got every⁃thing.

——电视剧《武林外传》

●他浑身上下毫无缺点,连肚脐眼都没有!

He doesn’t have a single defect in his whole body.Why,he doesn’t even have a belly⁃button!

●“那老太太长得比你还难看呢!啊,不是,我说她没有你难看,你呀,比她难看!”

“That old woman is uglier than you.Ah,it’s not like that.I mean she is not as ugly as you.Whoops,no,I really mean that you are uglier than her!”

——小品《钟点工》

●瞧小张干的好事!

Look!What a good thing Xiao Zhang has done!

——一个初学汉语的老外写的表扬信

●你这一次到矿上去,也是学着你父亲的英雄榜样,把一个真正明白你、爱你的人丢开不管么?

And the reason why you are going away to the mine is that you’re following your father’s heroic example and throwing over the person who really understands and loves you?

——曹禺戏剧《雷雨》

●我认为这个问题我们已经解决得非常圆满。我们在下游的城市里布置了大量类似富士康之类的企业,一旦三峡决堤,城市被淹,全世界都将无法享用到中国廉价劳动力带来的恩惠。最关键的是,美帝将无法生产苹果手机,光这一点,外敌就不敢对三峡大坝发动攻击。

My opinion is that we have already perfectly solved this problem.We have set up numerous enterprises such as Foxconn in the cities on the lower reach of the river.In the case of the breaching of the Dam,the cities would be flooded,and the whole world would no longer enjoy the benefit from the cheap Chinese laborers.The most crucial problem for the American imperialists is that they would be unable to produce the Apple mobile phones under that situation.Only for this reason the foreign enemies dare not attack the Three Gorge Dam.

——韩寒杂文《三峡是个好大坝》

●北京可以让您一年四季走在时尚的前沿。北京的大风可以把您的发型从二八分吹成三七分,最后到中分,从中分直接吹成大背。无论男女老少,北京大风竭诚为您服务。总有一款适合你……

Beijing may enable you to lead the fashion all year round.The heavy wind in Peking can change your hairstyle from an eighty⁃twenty ratio to a seventy⁃thirty ratio,then to a divisionfromthemiddle,thefromthemiddletoforeheadexposure.Whoeveryouare,the heavy wind in Peking serves you well.There is no repetition in your hairstyle,and there must be one suitable for you978-7-111-51691-0-Chapter03-18.jpg

●寒假作业就是:你写一个月,老师写一个阅。

Finishing winter vacation homework means you spent one month doing it well,and what your teacher does is writing a WELL DONE.

英译汉

●Anything is possible!

一切皆有可能!

●The whole outfit could be purchased for about$5 and Gandi’s sins,at least his fleshly in the world would make the same sort of appearance if placed all in one heap.A few cigarettes,a few mouthful of meat978-7-111-51691-0-Chapter03-19.jpg

全部家当用五英镑左右就可以买到。而甘地的罪孽,至少是他的世俗罪孽,如果全部堆在一起也会像他的财产一样微不足道。吸过几支香烟,吃过几小块肉……

这里所谓的“罪孽”,其实讲的是甘地的诸如“抽烟”“吃肉”等生活上的琐事,这正反过来说明甘地一生充满嘉言德行。

●This watch goes 24 seconds slow per year.Please think over before taking it.

这款手表每年走慢24秒,购买前请考虑好。

●The shortcoming of the computer is that it can not make coffee for you.

电脑的缺点是不能为您冲咖啡。

●It would be a fine thing indeed if I miss the last bus for work tomorrow morning.

要是明天早晨误了上班的末班车,那才妙呢。

这句话的语境是:一位新工人第一次上班的前一晚上对女朋友说了以上的话。第一次上班就误车迟到,那当然是糟极了,但他却说是“妙极了”,这里是用反语表幽默。

●How is your son getting on at school?

Splendidly,he is so thorough he stays two years in every class.

你儿子在学校学得怎么样?好极啦,他学得很透,在每个班都要待两年。

这里用splendidly和thorough非常幽默地回答了问话:儿子每个班都要待上两年。其实学习情况很不好。

●She talked about great people as if she had the fee⁃simple of May Fair,and when the court went into mourning,she always wore black.

她一开口就是某某勋爵、某某大人,那口气竟好像她生来就是贵族。宫里有了丧事,她没有一回不穿孝。

●They went away as wise as they came.

他们一无所获。