7.6 总结

7.6 总结

本文讨论并回答了以下问题:①量子计算及其相关技术在美国的现状和未来前景如何?②这些技术带来的新情况是否需要通过新的政策、法律和监管措施对个人和社会进行保护?③为达到此目的,美国的政治、法律和经济体系可采取哪些治理措施?量子技术的发展尚处于早期阶段。这些技术将来有望成为主要力量,但现在就判断其应用对人类社会是利是弊仍为时尚早。

“它是随着每项新技术而变化的框架,而非仅是画框中的图片。”

——马歇尔·麦克卢汉

【注释】

[1]Hawking,S.(2010).The Grand Design.New York:Bantam Books,2010.

[2]Hawking,S.(2010).The Grand Design.New York:Bantam Books,2010.

[3]Hawking,S.(2010).The Grand Design.New York:Bantam Books,2010.

[4]Hawking,S.(2010).The Grand Design.New York:Bantam Books,2010.

[5]Cox,B.and Jeff Forshaw(2011).The Quantum Universe.Boston:Da Capo Press,2011.

[6]Jha,A.(2013).“What is Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle?”The Guardian,November 10,2013.Accessible at https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/10/what-is-heisenbergs-uncertainty-principle.

[7]Seife,C.(2007).Decoding the Universe.New York:Penguin Books,2007.

[8]Cox,B.and Jeff Forshaw(2011).The Quantum Universe.Boston:Da Capo Press,2011.

[9]Seife,C.(2007).Decoding the Universe.New York:Penguin Books,2007.

[10]Jones,T.(2007).“What is Decoherence?”Accessible at:https://www.physics.drexel.edu/~tim/open/main/node2.html.

[11]Nadeau,R.and Menas Kafatos(1999).The Non-Local Universe.New York:Oxford University Press,1999.

[12]Seife,C.(2007).Decoding the Universe.New York:Penguin Books,2007.

[13]Jones,A.(2017).“Quantum Entanglement in Physics”.ThoughtCo,July 10,2017.Accessible at https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-quantum-entanglement-2699355.

[14]Dattaro,L.(2018).“The Quest to Test Quantum Entanglement”.Symmetry Magazine,November 6,2018.Accessible at https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/the-quest-to-test-quantum-entanglement.

[15]Chu,J.(2018).“Light from Ancient Quasars Helps Confirm Quantum Entanglement”.MIT News,Big Think,August 19,2018.Accessible at https://bigthink.com/mit-news/light-from-ancient-quasars-helps-confirm-quantum-entanglement.

[16]Wolchover,N.and Quanta(2017).“The Universe is as Spooky as Einstein Thought”.The Atlantic,February 10,2017.Accessible at https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/02/spooky-action-at-a-distance/516201/.

[17]Ghose,T.(2015).“Spooky Action is Real:Bizarre Quantum Entanglement Confirmed in New Tests”.Live-Science,November 17,2015.Accessible at https://www.livescience.com/52811-spooky-action-is-real.html.

[18]Dattaro,L.(2018).“The Quest to Test Quantum Entanglement”.Symmetry Magazine,November 6,2018.Accessible at https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/the-quest-to-test-quantum-entanglement.

[19]Hypernet(2018).“Quantum Computing vs.Hypercomputing:Which is More Powerful”.Hypernet.Accessible at https://medium.com/@hypernet/quantum-computing-vs-hypercomputing-which-is-more-powerful-b48d465c8a3b.

[20]Bonsor,K.and Jonathan Strickland(2019).“How Quantum Computers Work”,HowStuff Works.com.,December 8,2000.Accessible at https://computer.howstuffworks.com/quantum-computer.htm.

[21]Jones,B.(2016).“Quantum computing will make your PC look like a graphing calculator”.Digital Trends,Sept.19,2016.Accessible at https://www.digitaltrends.com/features/dt10-quantum-computing-will-make-your-pc-looklike-a-graphing-calculator/.

[22]Gregory,P.(2018).“Quantum Computing:A Primer”.Medium Corporation,April 10,2018.Accessible at https://medium.com/@priyathgregory/quantum-computing-79d0e168a1ce.

[23]Carter,J.(2016).“How do we Create a Quantum Internet?”Techradar,Sept.19,2016.Accessible at https://www.techradar.com/news/internet/how-do-we-create-a-quantum-internet-1328520.

[24]Jones,B.(2016).“Quantum computing will make your PC look like a graphing calculator”.Digital Trends,Sept.19,2016.Accessible at https://www.digitaltrends.com/features/dt10-quantum-computing-will-make-your-pc-looklike-a-graphing-calculator/.

[25]Jones,A.(2018).“Five Great Problems in Theoretical Physics”.ThoughtCo.com,March 7,2018.Accessible at https://www.thoughtco.com/five-great-problems-in-theoretical-physics-2699065.

[26]Loeffler,J.(2018).“5 Intractable Problems Quantum Computing Will Solve”.Interesting Engineering.December 15,2018.Accessible at https://interestingengineering.com/5-intractable-problems-quantum-computing-willsolve.

[27]U.S.,National Strategic Overview for Quantum Information Science(2018).https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/National-Strategic-Overview-for-Quantum-Information-Science.pdf.

[28]U.S.,National Strategic Overview for Quantum Information Science(2018).https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/National-Strategic-Overview-for-Quantum-Information-Science.pdf.

[29]Marks,A.(2017).“Trumps 5 Most‘Anti-Science’Moves”.Scientific American,January 18,2017.Accessible at https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/trumps-5-most-ldquo-anti-science-rdquo-moves/.

[30]Taylor,R.(2017).“The Next Stage of U.S.Communications Policy:the Emerging Embedded Infosphere”.Telecommunications Policy,Vol.41,Issue 10,November 2017,pages 1039-1055.Accessible(pay)at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308596116302488.

[31]Hastings Center(2018).“Governance of Emerging Technologies:Aligning Policy Analysis with Social Values”.Phys.org,February 21,2018.Accessible at:https://phys.org/news/2018-02-emerging-technologies-aligning-policy-analysis.html#jCp.

[32]Bradsher,K.and Katrin Bennhold(2019).“World Leaders at Davos Call for Global Rules on Tech”.New York Times,January 23,2019.Accessible at https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/23/technology/world-economic-forum-data-controls.html.

[33]Quantum Law(2018).“Quantum Law:An Interdisciplinary Exploration of Quantum Theory,Law and Ethics”.Call for Conference papers.Accessible at https://quantumlaw2018.wordpress.com/.

[34]Jayakar,K.(2019).Personal Communication to the author,March 7,2019.

[35]Frankel,E.(2015).“The Reality of Quantum Weirdness”.New York Times,February 20,2015.Accessible at https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/22/opinion/sunday/the-reality-of-quantum-weirdness.html.

[36]Carter,J.(2016).“How do we Create a Quantum Internet?”Techradar,Sept.19,2016.Accessible at https://www.techradar.com/news/internet/how-do-we-create-a-quantum-internet-1328520.

[37]Galeon,D.(2017).“IBM Just Announced a 50-Qubit Quantum Computer”.Futurism,November 10,2017.Accessible at https://futurism.com/heres-a-look-at-what-experts-think-our-martian-homes-will-look-like.

[38]Baig,E.(2017).“IBM's New Q Division to Commercialize Quantum Computing”.USA Today,March 6,2017.Accessible at https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/columnist/baig/2017/03/06/ibms-new-q-division-commercialize-quantum-computing/98805172/.

[39]Baig,E.(2017).“IBM's New Q Division to Commercialize Quantum Computing”.USA Today,March 6,2017.Accessible at https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/columnist/baig/2017/03/06/ibms-new-q-division-commercialize-quantum-computing/98805172/.

[40]Boyle,A.(2018).“Why Microsoft,IBM,Google and Boeing are Taking a Giant Leap into Quantum Computing”.Geekwire,October 18,2018.Accessible at https://www.geekwire.com/2018/microsoft-ibm-google-boeing-leaping-quantum-computing/.

[41]McCluskey,B.(2018).“The Herculean Tasks of Quantum Computing”.Technologist,October 29,2018).Accessible at https://technologist.eu/the-herculean-tasks-of-quantum-computing/.

[42]Economist(2018).“Quantum Computers Will Break the Encryption that Protects the Internet”.Economist,October 20,2018).Accessible at https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2018/10/20/quantum-computers-will-break-the-encryption-that-protects-the-internet.

[43]Lucy,M.(2018).“The Quantum Internet is Already Being Built”.Cosmos,April 13,2018.Accessible at https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/the-quantum-internet-is-already-being-built.

[44]Lucy,M.(2018).“The Quantum Internet is Already Being Built”.Cosmos,April 13,2018.Accessible at https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/the-quantum-internet-is-already-being-built.

[45]Deighton,B.(2017).“Envisioning a Future Quantum Internet”.Horizon:The EU Research&Innovation Magazine,May 4,2017.Accessible at https://phys.org/news/2017-05-envisioning-future-quantum-internet.html.

[46]Masters,K.(undated).“Does Quantum Entanglement Imply Faster than Light Communication?”Cornell University:Ask an Astronomer.Accessible at http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/137-physics/general-physics/particles-and-quantum-physics/810-does-quantum-entanglement-imply-faster-than-light-communication-intermediate.

[47]Dodson,B.(2013).“Quantum‘spooky action at a distance’travels at least 10,000 times faster than light”.New Atlas,March 10,2013.Accessible at https://newatlas.com/quantum-entanglement-speed-10000-faster-light/26587/.

[48]Martinez,E.(2018).“Quantum Technologies can be applied on a Standard Telecommunications Network”.Phys.org,Oct.4,2018.Accessible at https://phys.org/news/2018-10-quantum-technologies-standard-telecommunications-network.html.

[49]Martinez,E.(2018).“Quantum Technologies can be applied on a Standard Telecommunications Network”.Phys.org,Oct.4,2018.Accessible at https://phys.org/news/2018-10-quantum-technologies-standard-telecommunications-network.html.

[50]Lucy,M.(2018).“The Quantum Internet is Already Being Built”.Cosmos,April 13,2018.Accessible at https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/the-quantum-internet-is-already-being-built.

[51]Lucy,M.(2018).“The Quantum Internet is Already Being Built”.Cosmos,April 13,2018.Accessible at https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/the-quantum-internet-is-already-being-built.

[52]Gent,E.(2018).“From Quantum Computing to a Quantum Internet:A Roadmap”.Singularityhub.com,October 22,2018.Accessible at https://singularityhub.com/2018/10/22/from-quantum-computing-to-a-quantum-interneta-roadmap/.

[53]Gohd,C.(2017).“China is Paving the Way to Quantum Internet”.Futurism.com,August 28th,2017.Accessible at https://futurism.com/china-is-paving-the-way-to-quantum-internet/.

[54]Economist(2018).“Quantum Computers Will Break the Encryption that Protects the Internet”.Economist,October 20,2018).Accessible at https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2018/10/20/quantum-computers-will-break-the-encryption-that-protects-the-internet.

[55]Castelvecchi,D.(2018).“Here's What the Quantum Internet Has in Store”,Scientific American,Oct.27,2018.Accessible at https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/here-rsquo-s-what-the-quantum-internet-has-in-store/.

[56]NWO:Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research(2017).“One Step Closer to the Quantum Internet by Distillation.”NWO website,June 2,2017.Accessible at https://www.nwo.nl/en/news-and-events/news/2017/enw/one-step-closer-to-the-quantum-internet-by-distillation.html.

[57]Mandelbaum,R.(2018).“Scientists Worldwide are Getting Serious About Quantum Internet”.Gizmodo.com,October 25,2018.Accessible at https://gizmodo.com/scientists-worldwide-are-getting-serious-about-quantum-1829993238.

[58]Business Wire(2018).“Quantum Xchange Launches the First Quantum Network in the United States to Provide Quantum-Safe Encryption Over Unlimited Distances”.Business Wire,June 26,2018.Accessible at https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180626005289/en/Quantum-Xchange-Launches-Quantum-Network-United-States.

[59]Chen,S.(2017).“Quantum Internet is 13 Years Away.Wait,What's Quantum Internet?”Wired.com,August 15,2017.Accessible at https://www.wired.com/story/quantum-internet-is-13-years-away-wait-whats-quantum-internet/.

[60]Billings,L.(2017).“China Shatters‘Spooky Action at a Distance”Record,Preps for Quantum Internet”.Scientific American.com,June 15,2017.https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/china-shatters-ldquo-spooky-actionat-a-distance-rdquo-record-preps-for-quantum-internet/.

[61]Billings,L.(2017).“China Shatters‘Spooky Action at a Distance”Record,Preps for Quantum Internet”.Scientific American.com,June 15,2017.https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/china-shatters-ldquo-spooky-actionat-a-distance-rdquo-record-preps-for-quantum-internet/.

[62]Galeon,D.(2017).“The‘Quantum Internet’Is Just a Decade Away.Here's What You Need to Know.”Futurism.com,August 17th,2017.Accessible at https://futurism.com/the-quantum-internet-is-just-a-decade-away-hereswhat-you-need-to-know/.

[63]Chen,S.(2017).Could ghost imaging spy satellite be a game changer for Chinese military?”South China Morning Post,November 27,2017.Accessible at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2121479/couldghost-imaging-spy-satellite-be-game-changer-chinese.

[64]Quantum Internet Alliance(2018).“For the Future of the Quantum Internet”.Homepage.Accessible at http://quantum-internet.team/.

[65]Carter,J.(2016).“How do we Create a Quantum Internet?”Techradar,Sept.19,2016.Accessible at https://www.techradar.com/news/internet/how-do-we-create-a-quantum-internet-1328520.

[66]Marr,B.(2017).“How Quantum Computers Will Revolutionize Artificial Intelligence,Machine Learning and Big Data”.Forbes,Sept.5,2017.Accessible at https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2017/09/05/how-quantum-computers-will-revolutionize-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning-and-big-data/#4612d0415609.

[67]Bhatia,R.(2018).“How Quantum Computing Will Change the Face of Artificial Intelligence”.Analytics India Magazine,July 11,2018.Accessible at https://www.analyticsindiamag.com/how-quantum-computing-will-change-theface-of-artificial-intelligence/.

[68]Bhatia,R.(2018).“How Quantum Computing Will Change the Face of Artificial Intelligence”.Analytics India Magazine,July 11,2018.Accessible at https://www.analyticsindiamag.com/how-quantum-computing-will-change-theface-of-artificial-intelligence/.

[69]Friedman,T.(2018).“While You Were Sleeping”.New York Times,January 16,2018.Accessible at https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/16/opinion/while-you-were-sleeping.html.

[70]IBM Research(undated).“Quantum Teleportation”.Accessible at https://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/view_group.php?id=2862.

[71]IBM Research(undated).“Quantum Teleportation”.Accessible at https://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/view_group.php?id=2862.

[72]Deighton,B.(2017).“Envisioning a Future Quantum Internet”.Horizon:The EU Research&Innovation Magazine,May 4,2017.Accessible at https://phys.org/news/2017-05-envisioning-future-quantum-internet.html.

[73]IBM Research(undated).“Quantum Teleportation”.Accessible at https://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/view_group.php?id=2862.

[74]IBM Research(undated).“Quantum Teleportation”.Accessible at https://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/view_group.php?id=2862.

[75]Wikipedia(2019).“Quantum Teleportation”.Wikipedia article,last edited January 5,2019.Accessible at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_teleportation.

[76]Lucy,M.(2018).“The Quantum Internet is Already Being Built”.Cosmos,April 13,2018.Accessible at https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/the-quantum-internet-is-already-being-built.

[77]IBM Research(undated).“Quantum Teleportation”.Accessible at https://researcher.watson.ibm.com/researcher/view_group.php?id=2862.

[78]Mandelbaum,R.(2018).“Scientists Worldwide are Getting Serious About Quantum Internet”.Gizmodo.com,October 25,2018.Accessible at https://gizmodo.com/scientists-worldwide-are-getting-serious-about-quantum-1829993238.

[79]Thompson,A.(2017).“How Quantum Teleportation Actually Works”.Popular Mechanics,March16,2017.Accessible at https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a25699/how-quantum-teleportation-works/.

[80]Emspak,J.(2017).“Chinese Scientists Just set the Record for the Farthest Quantum Teleportation”.Space.com,July 15,2017.Accessible at https://www.space.com/37506-quantum-teleportation-record-shattered.html.

[81]Mosher,D.(2017).“China has pulled off a‘profound’feat of teleportation that may help it‘dominate”the way the world works”.Business Insider,July 20,2017.Accessible at https://www.businessinsider.com/china-teleportation-space-quantum-internet-2017-7.

[82]Mosher,D.(2017).“China has pulled off a‘profound’feat of teleportation that may help it‘dominate”the way the world works”.Business Insider,July 20,2017.Accessible at https://www.businessinsider.com/china-teleportation-space-quantum-internet-2017-7.

[83]Wikipedia(2018).“Quantum Sensor”.Wikipedia article,last edited March 19,2018.Accessible at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_sensor.

[84]Newland,S.(2018).“NASA-Industry Team Creates and Demonstrates First Quantum Sensor for Satellite Gravimentry”.AOSense,December 20,2018.Accessible at https://aosense.com/nasa-industry-team-creates-and-demonstrates-first-quantum-sensor-for-satellite-gravimetry/.

[85]Physics.org(undated).“What is superposition?”Institute of Physics.Accessible at:(http://www.physics.org/article-questions.asp?id=124).

[86]U.S.Department of Energy,Office of Science(2016).“Quantum Sensors at the Intersections of Fundamental Science,Quantum Information Science&Computing”.Report of the DOE Roundtable,February 25,2016.Accessible(.pdf)at https://www.science.energy.gov/~/media/hep/pdf/Reports/DOE_Quantum_Sensors_Report.pdf.

[87]UK Research and Innovation Board(2013).“Quantum Sensors Workshop Outputs”.Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council,Department for Business,Energy and Industrial Strategy,31 October 2013.Accessible at https://epsrc.ukri.org/newsevents/pubs/quantum-sensors-workshop-outputs/.

[88]Wikipedia(2018).“Quantum Radar”.Wikipedia article,last edited October 19,2018.Accessible at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_radar.

[89]Wang,B.(2017).“More technical details about China's Quantum Radar claims and quantum radar lab work.”Next Big Future,February 28,2017.Accessible at https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2017/02/more-technical-details-about-chinas.html.

[90]UK National Quantum Technology Hub(undated).“Imaging”.Accessible at https://www.quantumsensors.org/innovation/work-packages/imaging/.

[91]U.S.,Department of Defense(2014).“The Newest Thing in Quantum Imaging”.Armed with Science,January 24,2014.Accessible at science.dodlive.mil/2014/01/03/the-newest-thing-in-quantum-imaging/.

[92]University of Vienna(2014).“Picturing Schrodinger's Cat:Quantum physics enables revolutionary imaging method”.Phys.org,August 28,2014.Accessible at https://phys.org/news/2014-08-picturing-schrodinger-cat-quantum-physics.html.

[93]Chen,S.(2017).Could ghost imaging spy satellite be a game changer for Chinese military?”South China Morning Post,November 27,2017.Accessible at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2121479/couldghost-imaging-spy-satellite-be-game-changer-chinese.

[94]Fingas,J.(2018).“Quantum‘compass’promises navigation without using GPS”.Engadget.com,November 11,2018.Accessible at https://www.engadget.com/2018/11/11/quantum-compass/.

[95]Kumar,M.(2014).“‘Quantum Compass’:Navigation technology that might replace GPS'”.Geo Awesomeness,May 18,2014.Accessible at https://geoawesomeness.com/quantum-compass-navigation-technology-might-replace-gps/.

[96]Crane,W.and Lance Joneckis,Hannah Acheson-Field,Iain Boyd,Benjamin Corbin,Xueying Han and Robert Rozansky(2017).“Assessment of the Future Economic Impact of Quantum Information Science”.IDA Science and Technology Policy Institute,August,2017.Accessible at https://www.ida.org/idamedia/Corporate/Files/Publications/STPIPubs/2017/P-8567.pdf.

[97]Crane,W.and Lance Joneckis,Hannah Acheson-Field,Iain Boyd,Benjamin Corbin,Xueying Han and Robert Rozansky(2017).“Assessment of the Future Economic Impact of Quantum Information Science”.IDA Science and Technology Policy Institute,August,2017.Accessible at https://www.ida.org/idamedia/Corporate/Files/Publications/STPIPubs/2017/P-8567.pdf.

[98]Crane,W.and Lance Joneckis,Hannah Acheson-Field,Iain Boyd,Benjamin Corbin,Xueying Han and Robert Rozansky(2017).“Assessment of the Future Economic Impact of Quantum Information Science”.IDA Science and Technology Policy Institute,August,2017.Accessible at https://www.ida.org/idamedia/Corporate/Files/Publications/STPIPubs/2017/P-8567.pdf.

[99]Crane,W.and Lance Joneckis,Hannah Acheson-Field,Iain Boyd,Benjamin Corbin,Xueying Han and Robert Rozansky(2017).“Assessment of the Future Economic Impact of Quantum Information Science”.IDA Science and Technology Policy Institute,August,2017.Accessible at https://www.ida.org/idamedia/Corporate/Files/Publications/STPIPubs/2017/P-8567.pdf.

[100]Crane,W.and Lance Joneckis,Hannah Acheson-Field,Iain Boyd,Benjamin Corbin,Xueying Han and Robert Rozansky(2017).“Assessment of the Future Economic Impact of Quantum Information Science”.IDA Science and Technology Policy Institute,August,2017.Accessible at https://www.ida.org/idamedia/Corporate/Files/Publications/STPIPubs/2017/P-8567.pdf.

[101]Krishnan,S.(2017).“11 Quantum Computing Startups to Watch”.Analytics Insight,November 28,2017.Accessible at https://www.analyticsinsight.net/11-quantum-computing-startups-to-watch/.

[102]Crane,W.and Lance Joneckis,Hannah Acheson-Field,Iain Boyd,Benjamin Corbin,Xueying Han and Robert Rozansky(2017).“Assessment of the Future Economic Impact of Quantum Information Science”.IDA Science and Technology Policy Institute,August,2017.Accessible at https://www.ida.org/idamedia/Corporate/Files/Publications/STPIPubs/2017/P-8567.pdf.

[103]National Research Council,Canada(2018).“Economic Impact of Quantum Technologies”.NRC website,April 9,2018.Accessible at(https://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/solutions/collaborative/quantum/qc_economic_impact.html).

[104]National Research Council,Canada(2018).“Economic Impact of Quantum Technologies”.NRC website,April 9,2018.Accessible at(https://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/solutions/collaborative/quantum/qc_economic_impact.html).

[105]National Research Council,Canada(2018).“Economic Impact of Quantum Technologies”.NRC website,April 9,2018.Accessible at(https://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/solutions/collaborative/quantum/qc_economic_impact.html).

[106]National Research Council,Canada(2018).“Economic Impact of Quantum Technologies”.NRC website,April 9,2018.Accessible at(https://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/solutions/collaborative/quantum/qc_economic_impact.html).

[107]National Research Council,Canada(2018).“Economic Impact of Quantum Technologies”.NRC website,April 9,2018.Accessible at(https://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/solutions/collaborative/quantum/qc_economic_impact.html).

[108]National Research Council,Canada(2018).“Economic Impact of Quantum Technologies”.NRC website,April 9,2018.Accessible at(https://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/solutions/collaborative/quantum/qc_economic_impact.html).

[109]Han,J.(2018).“The Race for Quantum Supremacy”.Conduit,March 21,2018.Accessible at https://medium.com/conduitcomputing/the-race-for-quantum-supremacy-46aa64fe478a.

[110]Market Research Media(2018).“Quantum Computing Market Forecast 2017-2022”.Market Research Media,June 10,2018.Accessible at https://www.marketresearchmedia.com/?p=850.

[111]Research and Markets(2017).“$495.3 Million Quantum Computing Market by 2017 by Revenue Source,Application,Industry,and Geography-Global Forecast to 2023”.Research and Markets,August 17,2017.Accessible at https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/4953-million-quantum-computing-market-2017-by-revenue-source-application-industry-and-geography—global-forecast-to-2023-300505922.html.

[112]Markets and Markets(2017).“Quantum Computing Market by Revenue Source,etc.-Global Forecast to 2023”.Markets and Markets,August 2017.Accessible at https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/quantum-computing-market-144888301.html.

[113]Market Analysis.com(2018).“Hybrid Quantum-HPC Market Forecast 2019-2024”.Market Analsys.com,Sept.12,2018.Accessible at https://www.marketanalysis.com/?p=8913.

[114]Technologies.org(2017).“Market Insight:Quantum Meets HPC in the Cloud”.Technologies.org,October 24,2017.Accessible at https://www.technologies.org/?p=1624.

[115]Synek,G.(2018).“Intel is now capable of producing full silicon wafers of quantum computing chips”.Techspot,June 11,2018.Accessible at https://www.techspot.com/news/75020-intel-now-capable-producing-full-silicon-wafers-quantum.html.

[116]Market Research Media(2018).“Quantum Computing Market Forecast 2017-2022”.Market Research Media,June 10,2018.Accessible at https://www.marketresearchmedia.com/?p=850.

[117]Bajpai,P.(2018).“Quantum Computing:What it is and Who the Major Players Are”.NASDAQ.com,March 26,2018.Accessible at https://www.nasdaq.com/article/quantum-computing-what-it-is-and-who-the-major-players-arecm939998.

[118]Wikipedia(2019).“List of Companies Involved in Quantum Computing or Communication”.Last edited January 11,2019.Accessible at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_involved_in_quantum_computing_or_communication.

[119]Qaphy.com(undated).“Quantum Cryptography”.Qaphy.com.Accessible at https://qaphy.com/.

[120]Marketresearchfuture.com(2018).“Quantum Cryptography Market 2017 Trends,Size,Segments and Growth by Forecast to 2023”.Marketresearchfuture,March 14,2018.Accessible at https://technology4292.wordpress.com/2018/03/14/quantum-cryptography-market-2017-trends-size-segments-and-growth-by-forecast-to-2023-2/.

[121]Infoholic Research(2018).“Global Quantum Cryptography Market”.Infoholic Research,March 2018.Accessible at https://www.infoholicresearch.com/report/quantum-cryptography-market/.

[122]Singha,K.(2017).“How Big are the quantum sensors by 2017?”Quora,Sept.29,2017.Accessible at https://www.quora.com/How-big-are-the-quantum-sensors-by-2017;see also https://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/market-research/quantum-sensors-market.asp.

[123]Singha,K.(2017).“How Big are the quantum sensors by 2017?”Quora,Sept.29,2017.Accessible at https://www.quora.com/How-big-are-the-quantum-sensors-by-2017;see also https://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/market-research/quantum-sensors-market.asp.

[124]Glass,P.(2018).“Congress's Quantum Science Bill May not Keep the US Military Ahead of China”.Defenseone,Sept.17,2018.Accessible at https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2018/09/congresss-quantum-sciencebill-may-not-keep-us-military-ahead-china/151319/.

[125]Kania,E.and John Costello(2018).“Quantum Hegemony?China's Ambitions and the Challenge to U.S.Innovation Leadership”.Center for a New American Security,Sept.12,2018.Accessible at https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/quantum-hegemony.

[126]Hurd,W.(2017).“Quantum Computing is the Next Big Security Risk”.Wired online,December 7,2017.Accessible at https://www.wired.com/story/quantum-computing-is-the-next-big-security-risk/.

[127]Ricks,T.(2017).“The Quantum Gap with China”.Foreign Policy online,November 28,2017.Accessible at https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/11/28/the-quantum-gap-with-china/.

[128]ISARA(undated).“Enable A Seamless Migration to Quantum-Safe Security”.ISARA website,undated.Accessible at https://www.isara.com/.

[129]National Institute of Standards and Technology(undated).“What's happening with Post-Quantum Cryptography at NIST?”NIST,undated.Accessible at https://quantumcomputingreport.com/our-take/whats-happening-withpost-quantum-cryptography-at-nist/.

[130]Schneier,B.(2015).“NSA Plans for a Post-Quantum World”.Blog,Schneier on Security(2015).Accessible at https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2015/08/nsa_plans_for_a.html.

[131]Biercuk,M.and Richard Fontaine(2017).“The Leap into Quantum Technology:a Primer for National Security Professionals”.Warontherocks.com,November 17,2017.Accessible at https://warontherocks.com/2017/11/leapquantum-technology-primer-national-security-professionals/.

[132]Biercuk,M.and Richard Fontaine(2017).“The Leap into Quantum Technology:a Primer for National Security Professionals”.Warontherocks.com,November 17,2017.Accessible at https://warontherocks.com/2017/11/leapquantum-technology-primer-national-security-professionals/.

[133]Biercuk,M.and Richard Fontaine(2017).“The Leap into Quantum Technology:a Primer for National Security Professionals”.Warontherocks.com,November 17,2017.Accessible at https://warontherocks.com/2017/11/leapquantum-technology-primer-national-security-professionals/.

[134]Biercuk,M.and Richard Fontaine(2017).“The Leap into Quantum Technology:a Primer for National Security Professionals”.Warontherocks.com,November 17,2017.Accessible at https://warontherocks.com/2017/11/leapquantum-technology-primer-national-security-professionals/.

[135]Biercuk,M.and Richard Fontaine(2017).“The Leap into Quantum Technology:a Primer for National Security Professionals”.Warontherocks.com,November 17,2017.Accessible at https://warontherocks.com/2017/11/leapquantum-technology-primer-national-security-professionals/.

[136]U.S.,National Strategic Overview for Quantum Information Science(2018).https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/National-Strategic-Overview-for-Quantum-Information-Science.pdf.

[137]Biercuk,M.and Richard Fontaine(2017).“The Leap into Quantum Technology:a Primer for National Security Professionals”.Warontherocks.com,November 17,2017.Accessible at https://warontherocks.com/2017/11/leapquantum-technology-primer-national-security-professionals/.

[138]NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology(undated).“Quantum Supremacy”.NIST website,undated.Accessible at https://www.nist.gov/topics/physics/introduction-new-quantum-revolution/quantum-supremacy.

[139]Skoff,G.(2018).“The role of tech companies in achieving quantum supremacy”.Project Q,Sept.6,2018.Accessible at https://projectqsydney.com/2018/09/06/the-role-of-tech-companies-in-achieving-quantum-supremacy/.

[140]Nicholson,S.(2018).“Google's New 72-Qubit Processor Could Help Quantum Computing go Mainstream”.Interesting Engineering,March 9,2018.Accessible at https://interestingengineering.com/googles-new-72-qubit-processor-could-help-quantum-computing-go-mainstream.

[141]Simonite,Tom(2018).“Google,Alibaba Spar Over Timeline for‘Quantum Supremacy’”.Wired.com,May 18,2018.Accessible at https://www.wired.com/story/google-alibaba-spar-over-timeline-for-quantum-supremacy/.

[142]Kania,E.and John Costello(2018).“Quantum Hegemony?China's Ambitions and the Challenge to U.S.Innovation Leadership”.Center for a New American Security,Sept.12,2018.Accessible at https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/quantum-hegemony.

[143]Patinformatics(2017).“Quantum Information Technology Patent Landscape Reports-Innovation at the Speed of Light”.Patinformatics,LLC,2017.Accessible at https://patinformatics.com/quantum-computing-report/.

[144]Patinformatics(2017).“Quantum Information Technology Patent Landscape Reports-Innovation at the Speed of Light”.Patinformatics,LLC,2017.Accessible at https://patinformatics.com/quantum-computing-report/.

[145]Science News Staff(2019).“Trump Once Again Requests Deep Cuts in U.S.Science Spending”.Science,March 11,2019.Accessible at https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/03/trump-once-again-requests-deep-cuts-usscience-spending.

[146]Rogers,K.(2019).“Trump on Tech:Planes Are‘Too Complex to Fly,’and‘What Is Digital?’New York Times,March 13,2019.Accessible at https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/13/us/politics/trump-technology.html.

[147]Cordell,C.(2018c).“Trump signs National Quantum Initiative into Law”.Fedscoop,December 26,2018.Accessible at https://www.fedscoop.com/trump-signs-national-quantum-initiative-law/.

[148]Ramesh,P.(2018).“The US to invest over$1B in Quantum Computing;President Trump signs a law”.Packt,December 24,2018.Accessible at https://hub.packtpub.com/the-us-to-invest-over-1b-in-quantum-computingpresident-trump-signs-a-law/.

[149]AP(2018).“Quantum Stimulus:Congress sends computing proposal to Trump”.AP,December 20,2018.Accessible at https://apnews.com/67ae52890c674d628ec1ffad11fe7835.

[150]Greene,Tristan(2018).“White House Earmarks over$1B for quantum technology research”.The Next Web,July 2018.Accessible at https://thenextweb.com/politics/2018/07/09/white-house-earmarks-over-1b-for-quantum-technology-research/.

[151]Cordell,C.(2018).“OSTP forms new subcommittee to Focus on Quantum Technology”.Fedscoop,June 22,2018.Accessible at https://www.fedscoop.com/ostp-forms-new-subcommittee-focus-quantum-technology/.

[152]Chen,S.(2018).“China's quantum development plan is aggressive,and Donald Trump wants one just like it”.South China Morning Post,Sept.28,2018.Accessible at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/2166077/chinas-quantum-development-plan-aggressive-and-donald-trump-wants.

[153]Kania,E.and John Costello(2018).“Quantum Hegemony?China's Ambitions and the Challenge to U.S.Innovation Leadership”.Center for a New American Security,Sept.12,2018.Accessible at https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/quantum-hegemony.

[154]U.S.,Army Research Lab(2014).“The Newest Thing in Quantum Imaging”.Armed with Science,January 3,2014.Accessible at http://science.dodlive.mil/2014/01/03/the-newest-thing-in-quantum-imaging/.

[155]Chen,S.(2017).Could ghost imaging spy satellite be a game changer for Chinese military?”South China Morning Post,November 27,2017.Accessible at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2121479/couldghost-imaging-spy-satellite-be-game-changer-chinese.

[156]Giles,Martin(2018).“Keeping America First in Quantum Computing means Avoiding these Five Big Mistakes”.MIT Technology Review online,June 18,2018.Accessible at https://www.technologyreview.com/s/611442/keeping-america-first-in-quantum-computing-means-avoiding-these-five-big-mistakes/.

[157]U.S.,National Security Agency/Central Security Service(2016).“Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite and Quantum Computing FAQ”.Information Assurance Directorate,January 2016.Accessible(.pdf)at https://cryptome.org/2016/01/CNSA-Suite-and-Quantum-Computing-FAQ.pdf.

[158]U.S.,National Security Agency/Central Security Service(2016).“Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite and Quantum Computing FAQ”.Information Assurance Directorate,January 2016.Accessible(.pdf)at https://cryptome.org/2016/01/CNSA-Suite-and-Quantum-Computing-FAQ.pdf.

[159]U.S.,Office of Science and Technology Policy(undated).“NSTC”.OSTP website,undated.Accessible at https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/nstc/.

[160]Cordell,C.(2018).“OSTP forms new subcommittee to Focus on Quantum Technology”.Fedscoop,June 22,2018.Accessible at https://www.fedscoop.com/ostp-forms-new-subcommittee-focus-quantum-technology/.

[161]Cordell,C.(2018).“OSTP forms new subcommittee to Focus on Quantum Technology”.Fedscoop,June 22,2018.Accessible at https://www.fedscoop.com/ostp-forms-new-subcommittee-focus-quantum-technology/.

[162]U.S.,White House(undated).“Office of Science and Technology Policy”.OSTP website,undated.Accessible at https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/.

[163]Ambrose,M.(2018).“Science Committee Seeks to Launch a National Quantum Initiative”.American Institute of Physics,May 29,2018.Accessible at https://www.aip.org/fyi/2018/science-committee-seeks-launch-national-quantum-initiative.

[164]National Science Foundation(undated).“National Science Foundation”.NSF website,undated.Accessible at https://www.nsf.gov/.

[165]National Science Foundation(undated).“National Science Foundation”.NSF website,undated.Accessible at https://www.nsf.gov/.

[166]Boyle,A.(2018).“White House Issues Quantum Computing Strategy and Hosts Public-Private Summit”.Geekwire,Sept.24,2018.Accessible at https://www.geekwire.com/2018/white-house-issues-quantum-computingstrategy-hosts-public-private-summit/.

[167]Johnston,H.(2018).“US invests$249m in quantum information science as White House unveils strategic overview”.Physics World,September 28,2018.Accessible at https://physicsworld.com/a/us-invests-249m-in-quantum-information-science-as-white-house-unveils-strategic-overview/.

[168]Vipond,A.(2018).“Visions of a Quantum Future:US Takes the Long View”.Project Q,October 4,2018.Accessible at https://projectqsydney.com/2018/10/04/visions-of-a-quantum-future-us-takes-the-long-view/.

[169]Vipond,A.(2018).“Visions of a Quantum Future:US Takes the Long View”.Project Q,October 4,2018.Accessible at https://projectqsydney.com/2018/10/04/visions-of-a-quantum-future-us-takes-the-long-view/.

[170]U.S.,Executive Office of the President(2008).“A Federal Vision for Quantum Information Science”.Office of Science and Technology Policy,National Science and Technology Council,December 2008.Accessible(.pdf)at https://www.nist.gov/document-14414.

[171]U.S.,National Science and Technology Council,Committee on Science and Committee on Homeland and National Security(2016).Advancing Quantum Information Science:National Challenges and Opportunities.Report produced by the Interagency Working Group on Quantum Information Science of the Subcommittee on Physical Sciences.Washington,D.C.Accessible(.pdf)at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/images/Quantum_Info_Sci_Report_2016_07_22%20final.pdf.

[172]U.S.,National Science and Technology Council,Committee on Science and Committee on Homeland and National Security(2016).Advancing Quantum Information Science:National Challenges and Opportunities.Report produced by the Interagency Working Group on Quantum Information Science of the Subcommittee on Physical Sciences.Washington,D.C.Accessible(.pdf)at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/images/Quantum_Info_Sci_Report_2016_07_22%20final.pdf.

[173]U.S.,National Strategic Overview for Quantum Information Science(2018).https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/National-Strategic-Overview-for-Quantum-Information-Science.pdf.

[174]U.S.,National Strategic Overview for Quantum Information Science(2018).https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/National-Strategic-Overview-for-Quantum-Information-Science.pdf.

[175]Rash,W.(2019).“Why Quantum-Resistant Encryption Needs Quantum Key Distribution for Real Security”.eWeek,January 12,2019.Accessible at https://www.eweek.com/security/why-quantum-resistant-encryption-needsquantum-key-distribution-for-real-security.

[176]Ambrose,M.(2017).“US Place in Quantum Race Probed at House Hearing”.American Institute of Physics,November 2,2017.Accessible at https://www.aip.org/fyi/2017/us-place-quantum-race-probed-house-hearing.

[177]Thomas-Noone,B.(2018).“Is China Set to Dominate over America in Quantum Computing and Artificial Intelligence?)The National Interest,July 17,2018.Accessible at https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/china-set-dominateover-america-quantum-computing-and-artificial-intelligence-25976.

[178]Ambrose,M.(2017).“US Place in Quantum Race Probed at House Hearing”.American Institute of Physics,November 2,2017.Accessible at https://www.aip.org/fyi/2017/us-place-quantum-race-probed-house-hearing.

[179]Boyle,A.(2018).“Trump signs legislation to boost quantum computing research with$1.2 billion”.Geek-Wire,December 21,2018.Accessible at https://www.geekwire.com/2018/trump-signs-legislation-back-quantum-computing-research-1-2-billion/.

[180]Wills,S.(2018).“The National Quantum Initiative:What's Next?”Optical Society of America,Optics and Photonics,September 20,2018.Accessible at https://www.osa-opn.org/home/newsroom/2018/september/the_national_quantum_initiative_what_s_next/.

[181]Optics.org(2017).“U.S.National Photonics Initiative Urges Quantum Investment”.Optics.org,October 25,2017.Accessible at http://optics.org/news/8/10/37.

[182]Greene,Tristan(2018).“White House Earmarks over$1B for quantum technology research”.The Next Web,July 2018.Accessible at https://thenextweb.com/politics/2018/07/09/white-house-earmarks-over-1b-for-quantum-technology-research/.

[183]Bloomberg(2018).“Is China Winning race with the US to develop quantum computers?”Bloomberg News,April 9,2018.Accessible at https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2140860/china-winning-race-us-develop-quantum-computers.

[184]Jayakar,K.(2019).Personal Communication to the author,March 7,2019.

[185]Binkley,S.(undated).“DOE Quantum Information Science Funding($millions)”Presentation by DOE Deputy Director for Programs Steve Binkley,undated.Accessible at https://www.aip.org/file/doe-qis-funding-2017-2019jpg.

[186]Giles,M.(2018).“Quantum research in the US was just handed a$250 million boost”.MIT Technology Review,The Download,Sept.26,2018.Accessible at https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/612199/quantum-research-in-the-us-was-just-handed-a-250-million-boost/.

[187]Giles,M.(2018).“Quantum research in the US was just handed a$250 million boost”.MIT Technology Review,The Download,Sept.26,2018.Accessible at https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/612199/quantum-research-in-the-us-was-just-handed-a-250-million-boost/.

[188]IARPA(Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity),(undated).“Quantum Programs at IARPA”.Office of the Director of National Intelligence,undated.Accessible at https://www.iarpa.gov/index.php/research-programs/quantum-programs-at-iarpa.

[189]National Photonics Initiative(2019).“Sponsors&Partners”.National Photonics Initiative website homepage.Accessible at https://www.lightourfuture.org/home/sponsors-partners/sponsors/.

[190]Harvard University(2018).“A Quantum Science Initiative at Harvard”.Department of Physics,November 14,2018.Accessible at https://www.physics.harvard.edu/node/902.

[191]University of Colorado(2019).“Cubit Quantum Initiative”.Program website.Accessible at https://www.colorado.edu/initiative/cubit/about.

[192]National Science Foundation(NSF)(2018).“NSF announces new awards for quantum research,technologies”.News Release,Sept.24,2018.Accessible at https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=296699.

[193]National Institute of Standards and Technology(2018).“Mini toolkit for measurements:New NIST chip hints and quantum sensors”.Phys.org,April 10,2018.Accessible at https://phys.org/news/2018-04-mini-toolkit-nist-chiphints.html.

[194]Chen,S.(2018).“Quantum Computing Will Create Jobs.But Which Ones?”Wired,August 6,2018.Accessible at https://www.wired.com/story/national-quantum-initiative-quantum-computing-jobs/.

[195]U.S.News and World Report(2019).“Best Quantum Programs”.January 17,2019.Accessible at https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-science-schools/quantum-physics-rankings.

[196]Wikipedia(last edited Jan.8,2019).“U.S.Department of Energy National Laboratories”.Wikipedia.Accessible at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_national_laboratories.

[197]Cordell,C.(2018).“The message for national labs:Advances in quantum computing are about people,too”.Fedscoop,Sept.26,2018.Accessible at https://www.fedscoop.com/national-labs-quantum-computing-workforce-ifransiddiqi/.

[198]Binkley,S.(undated).“DOE Quantum Information Science Funding($millions)”Presentation by DOE Deputy Director for Programs Steve Binkley,undated.Accessible at https://www.aip.org/file/doe-qis-funding-2017-2019jpg.

[199]Burt,J.(2019).“IBM Unveils Latest System in its Quantum Computing Lineup”.eWeek,January 9,2019.Accessible at https://www.eweek.com/innovation/ibm-unveils-latest-system-in-its-quantum-computing-lineup.

[200]D-Wave(2019).“Meet D-Wave:Our Vision and History”.D-Wave website.Accessible at https://www.dwavesys.com/our-company/meet-d-wave.

[201]Jayakar,K.(2019).Personal Communication to the author,March 7,2019.

[202]Mohseni,M.et al.(2017).“Commercialize quantum technologies in five years”.Nature,March 3,2017.Accessible at https://www.nature.com/news/commercialize-quantum-technologies-in-five-years-1.21583.

[203]Mohseni,M.et al.(2017).“Commercialize quantum technologies in five years”.Nature,March 3,2017.Accessible at https://www.nature.com/news/commercialize-quantum-technologies-in-five-years-1.21583.

[204]Mohseni,M.et al.(2017).“Commercialize early quantum technologies”.Comment,March 2017.Accessible(.pdf)at https://storage.googleapis.com/pub-tools-public-publication-data/pdf/45919.pdf.

[205]Mohseni,M.et al.(2017).“Commercialize early quantum technologies”.Comment,March 2017.Accessible(.pdf)at https://storage.googleapis.com/pub-tools-public-publication-data/pdf/45919.pdf.

[206]Hervey,A.(2017).“Quantum Computing for the Mildly Curious”.FutureCrunch,May 17,2017.Accessible at https://medium.com/future-crunch/quantum-computing-for-the-mildly-curious-2474c92c1f05.

[207]Juskalian,R.(2017).“Practical Quantum Computers”.MIT Technology Review,March/April 2017.Accessible at https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603495/10-breakthrough-technologies-2017-practical-quantum-computers/.

[208]Patinformatics(2017).“Quantum Information Technology Patent Landscape Reports-Innovation at the Speed of Light”.Patinformatics,LLC,2017.Accessible at https://patinformatics.com/quantum-computing-report/.

[209]Brachmann,S.(2017).“U.S.Leads World in Quantum Computing Patent Filings with IBM Leading the Charge”.IPWatchdog.com,December 4,2017.Accessible at http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2017/12/04/u-s-leadsworld-quantum-computing-patent-ibm/id=90304/.

[210]Patinformatics(2017).“Quantum Information Technology Patent Landscape Reports-Innovation at the Speed of Light”.Patinformatics,LLC,2017.Accessible at https://patinformatics.com/quantum-computing-report/.

[211]Carter,A.,Marcel Lettre,and Shane Smith(2001)."Keeping the Technological Edge."Keeping the Edge:Managing Defense for the Future.Ed.Ashton B.Carter and John P.White.MIT Press,2001,129-164.Accessible at https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/keeping-technological-edge.

[212]Project Q,(2018).“The Role of Tech Companies in Achieving Quantum Supremacy”.Project Q,Sept.6,2018.Accessible at https://projectqsydney.com/2018/09/06/the-role-of-tech-companies-in-achieving-quantum-supremacy/.

[213]Conger,K.(2018).“Google Employees Resign in Protest Against Pentagon Contract”.Gizmodo,May 14,2018.Accessible at https://gizmodo.com/google-employees-resign-in-protest-against-pentagon-con-1825729300.

[214]Project Q,(2018).“The Role of Tech Companies in Achieving Quantum Supremacy”.Project Q,Sept.6,2018.Accessible at https://projectqsydney.com/2018/09/06/the-role-of-tech-companies-in-achieving-quantum-supremacy/.

[215]Project Q,(2018).“The Role of Tech Companies in Achieving Quantum Supremacy”.Project Q,Sept.6,2018.Accessible at https://projectqsydney.com/2018/09/06/the-role-of-tech-companies-in-achieving-quantum-supremacy/.

[216]Project Q,(2018).“The Role of Tech Companies in Achieving Quantum Supremacy”.Project Q,Sept.6,2018.Accessible at https://projectqsydney.com/2018/09/06/the-role-of-tech-companies-in-achieving-quantum-supremacy/.

[217]Project Q,(2018).“The Role of Tech Companies in Achieving Quantum Supremacy”.Project Q,Sept.6,2018.Accessible at https://projectqsydney.com/2018/09/06/the-role-of-tech-companies-in-achieving-quantum-supremacy/.

[218]Project Q,(2018).“The Role of Tech Companies in Achieving Quantum Supremacy”.Project Q,Sept.6,2018.Accessible at https://projectqsydney.com/2018/09/06/the-role-of-tech-companies-in-achieving-quantum-supremacy/.

[219]Araya,D.(2019).“China's Grand Strategy”.Forbes,January 14,2019.Accessible at https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielaraya/2019/01/14/chinas-grand-strategy/#3895c1441f18.

[220]de Wolf,R.(2017).“The Potential Impact of Quantum Computers on Society”.Ethics and Information Technology,19(4):271-276,2017.Accessible(.pdf)at https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.05380.

[221]Snyder,A.(2018).“The race to build a quantum economy”.Axios,June 24,2018.Accessible at https://www.axios.com/quantum-computing-computers-economy-china-0ce94671-fda6-410c-a895-4d891e5e7391.html.

[222]Talton,E.and Remington Tonar(2018).“Quantum Computing Can Reshape Our Physical Infrastructure If We Let It”.Forbes online,Nov.26,2018.Accessible at https://www.forbes.com/sites/ellistalton/2018/11/26/quantumcomputing-can-reshape-our-physical-infrastructure-if-we-let-it/#2653d7dc9b46.

[223]Snyder,A.(2018).“The race to build a quantum economy”.Axios,June 24,2018.Accessible at https://www.axios.com/quantum-computing-computers-economy-china-0ce94671-fda6-410c-a895-4d891e5e7391.html.

[224]Pretz,K.(2018).“Q&A:Quantum computing's Researcher Shortage”.IEEE:The Institute,December 12,2018.Accessible at http://theinstitute.ieee.org/career-and-education/career-guidance/qa-quantum-computings-researcher-shortage.

[225]Markets and Markets(2017).“Quantum Computing Market by Revenue Source,etc.-Global Forecast to 2023”.Markets and Markets,August 2017.Accessible at https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/quantum-computing-market-144888301.html.

[226]Snyder,A.(2018).“The race to build a quantum economy”.Axios,June 24,2018.Accessible at https://www.axios.com/quantum-computing-computers-economy-china-0ce94671-fda6-410c-a895-4d891e5e7391.html.

[227]Metz,C.(2018).“The Next Tech Talent Shortage:Quantum Computing Researchers”.The New York Times,October 21,2018.Accessible at https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/21/technology/quantum-computing-jobsimmigration-visas.html.

[228]Snyder,A.(2018).“The race to build a quantum economy”.Axios,June 24,2018.Accessible at https://www.axios.com/quantum-computing-computers-economy-china-0ce94671-fda6-410c-a895-4d891e5e7391.html.

[229]Cordell,C.(2018).“The message for national labs:Advances in quantum computing are about people,too”.Fedscoop,Sept.26,2018.Accessible at https://www.fedscoop.com/national-labs-quantum-computing-workforce-ifransiddiqi/.

[230]Cordell,C.(2018).“The message for national labs:Advances in quantum computing are about people,too”.Fedscoop,Sept.26,2018.Accessible at https://www.fedscoop.com/national-labs-quantum-computing-workforce-ifransiddiqi/.

[231]Cordell,C.(2018).“The message for national labs:Advances in quantum computing are about people,too”.Fedscoop,Sept.26,2018.Accessible at https://www.fedscoop.com/national-labs-quantum-computing-workforce-ifransiddiqi/.

[232]Cordell,C.(2018).“The message for national labs:Advances in quantum computing are about people,too”.Fedscoop,Sept.26,2018.Accessible at https://www.fedscoop.com/national-labs-quantum-computing-workforce-ifransiddiqi/.

[233]Pretz,K.(2018).“Q&A:Quantum computing's Researcher Shortage”.IEEE:The Institute,December 12,2018.Accessible at http://theinstitute.ieee.org/career-and-education/career-guidance/qa-quantum-computings-researcher-shortage.

[234]Kaebnick,G.and Elizabeth Heitman,James Collins and Jason Delborne(2016).“Precaution and Governance of Emerging Technologies”.Science 354(6313):710-711,November 2016.Accessible(link to.pdf)at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309965160_Precaution_and_governance_of_emerging_technologies.

[235]Taylor,R.(2017).“The Next Stage of U.S.Communications Policy:the Emerging Embed ded Infosphere”.Telecommunications Policy,Vol.41,Issue 10,November 2017,pages 1039-1055.Accessible(pay)at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308596116302488.

[236]Lewis,A.,et al.(2018).“The Impact of Quantum Technologies on the EU's Future Policies”.European Commission,JRC Science for Policy Report,Part 3,Perspectives for Quantum Computing,2018.Accessible(.pdf)at https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/impact-quantum-technologies-eusfuture-policies-part-3-perspectives-quantum-computing.

[237]Lewis,A.,et al.(2018).“The Impact of Quantum Technologies on the EU's Future Policies”.European Commission,JRC Science for Policy Report,Part 3,Perspectives for Quantum Computing,2018.Accessible(.pdf)at https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/impact-quantum-technologies-eusfuture-policies-part-3-perspectives-quantum-computing.

[238]Zhang,B.(2019).Personal communication with the author.January 14,2019.

[239]Wikipedia(last edited February 18,2019).“Post-quantum Cryptography”.Accessible at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-quantum_cryptography.

[240]Boyle,A.(2018c).“Experts say it's high time to create new cryptography for quantum computing age”.Geek-Wire,December 4,2018.Accessible at(https://www.geekwire.com/2018/experts-say-high-time-create-new-cryptography-quantum-computing-age/.

[241]Korolov,M.and Doug Drinkwater(2019).“What is quantum cryptography?It's no silver bullet,but it could improve security”.CSOonline,March 12,2019).Accessible at https://www.csoonline.com/article/3235970/what-isquantum-cryptography-it-s-no-silver-bullet-but-could-improve-security.html.

[242]Grimes,R.(2018).“How Quantum Computers will destroy and[maybe]save cryptography”.CSOonline,August 2,2018.Accessible at https://www.csoonline.com/article/3293938/how-quantum-computers-will-destroy-andmaybe-save-cryptography.html.

[243]Zhang,B.(2019).Personal communication with the author.January 14,2019.