6.2.1 单否并置
单否并置，是指并置情形出现在只有一个否定标记的否定语境中。在单否并置这一小类中，并置可以是词语直接连在一起，也可以通过语音上的停顿和书写系统中的逗号来连接，其语言形式可以分别符号化为“否pq”和“否p，q”。
先看词语直接并置的例子。
220）没有父母兄弟，没有本家亲戚，他的唯一的朋友是这座古城。
Having no parents，no brothers or sisters，no family at all，Xiangzi had but one friend：this ancient city.
221）他没有父母兄弟，没有朋友。
He had no parents or siblings，and no friends.
222）……不过是把喜棚改作白棚而已，棺材前没有儿孙们穿孝跪灵，只有些不相干的人们打麻将守夜！
…the tent would become a place of mourning，but there would be no dutiful sons or grandsons in mourning attire kneeling before his coffin，nothing but a few casual acquaintances playing mahjong through the night.
223）但在这个大杂院里，春并不先到枝头上，这里没有一棵花木。
But there were no trees or flowers in their compound to herald spring’s arrival.
224）我打他妈的——嗝！——两点起到现在还水米没打牙！竟说前门到平则门——嗝！——我拉他妈的三个来回了！
I’ve been fucking at it—urp—since two o’clock without a drop of water or a bite to eat，and I’ve taken him from Qianmen—urp—to Pingzemen three fucking times.
225）他的黄金时代已经过去了，既没从洋车上成家立业，什么事都随着他的希望变成了“那么回事”。
His best years were behind him.A rickshaw had not provided him with a family or a lasting trade，and everything he did，along with all his hopes，had turned into：“So what！”
226）恨吧疼吧，他没办法。
But resentment or fondness，what difference did it make？
227）等着，耐心的等着，腿已立酸，还不肯空空回去；前头的不肯走，后面新来的便往前拥，起了争执，手脚不动，专凭嘴战，彼此诟骂，大家喊好。
The waiting crowd endured legs aching from standing so long，unwilling to leave for home，and the latecomers pressing forward，which led to heated confrontations，not with fists or feet but with angry curses，as neighbors egged them on.
228）现在他少受着罪，将来他还可以从这里逃出去；他想自己要是到了老年，决不至于还拉着辆破车去挨饿受冻。
For now，he suffered less than they，and he could leave this life behind him in later years，confident that in his old age he would not be reduced to pulling a decrepit rickshaw in constant fear of starving or freezing to death.
229）只有中间的一段，年轻力壮，不怕饥饱劳碌，还能像个人儿似的。
Only during your middle years，when you’re strong and unafraid of either hunger or hard work，can you live like a human being.
230）So she called softly after it，‘Mouse dear！Do come back again，and we won’t talk about cats or dogs either，if you don’t like them！’
所以她就做着和蔼的声气对它叫道，“耗子，我爱！你回来呀！要是你不爱猫狗，咱们不再讲它们了！”
231）她是唯一的有吃有穿，不用着急，而且可以走走逛逛的人。
As the only resident of the compound who had no need to worry about food or clothing，she was free to take strolls and enjoy life.
232）天不怕，地不怕，绝对不低着头吃哑巴亏。[1]
Fearing neither heaven nor earth，he’d no longer bow down or suffer in silence.
233）祥子的确不错，但是提到儿婿两当，还差得多呢；一个臭拉车的！
There was nothing wrong with Xiangzi as a man，but he fell short of what a son or a son-in-law ought to be—a stinking rickshaw man！
观察例220）至例233）的否定标记、汉语并置词语、英语析取关系标记以及否定标记相对于汉语并置词语或英语析取关系标记的先后位置，可以得出表30。
表30 单否并置时词语并置的相关情形
续表
从表30可以看出，否定语境的构成除了典型的否定标记“没”“没有”“不”“no”“not”之外，还可以是“不至于”“差得多”“without”“unafraid”“no longer”“short of”等表达否定意义的词语。汉语的否定标记可以出现在并置词语的后边，如例224）、例226）、例227）、例231）和例233），而相应的英语，除了例226）借助反问句的形式表达否定意义之外，基本上要求否定标记位于析取关系标记之前。
再看通过语音上的停顿和书写系统中的逗号来连接的例子。
234）大概的他觉出是顺着大路走呢；方向_，地点，都有些茫然。
He had a sense that he was on a highway but could not be sure exactly where he was or in which direction he was walking.
235）我的东西_，你自己的东西都不用管，跳墙就走，省得把你拿了去！
Don’t worry about my things，or yours，for that matter.Just jump over the wall to keep from falling into their hands.
236）刘四爷为这个和棚匠大发脾气，气得脸上飞红。因为这个，他派祥子去催煤气灯_，厨子，千万不要误事。
After arguing with the man until he was red in the face，Fourth Master had Xiangzi go make sure that nothing would hold up delivery of the lanterns or the arrival of the cook.
237）当他跑得顺“耳唇”往下滴汗，胸口觉得有点发辣，他真想也这么办；这绝对不是习气_，作派，而是真需要这么两碗茶压一压。
When Xiangzi ran until sweat dripped from his ears and his chest felt the strain，that’s what he’d have liked to do，not out of habit or to put on airs but because it was what he needed.
238）他的心不能禁止那些事往外走，他的话也就没法停住。没有一点迟疑_，混乱，他好像要一口气把整个的心都拿出来。
He was powerless to keep the events bottled up，and so the words were unstoppable，with no hesitation or confusion.He seemed to want to empty his heart in one prolonged breath.
239）在政治上_，艺术上，他都并没有高深的见解；不过他有一点好处：他所信仰的那一点点，都能在生活中的小事件上实行出来。
While he had no profound views on politics or art，he had the ability to put his modest beliefs into practice in the trivial aspects of daily life.
240）对车座儿_，对巡警_，对任何人，他决定不再老老实实的敷衍。
No longer did he meekly knuckle under to his passengers or to the police or，for that matter，to anyone.
241）不管你怎样卖力气_，要强，你可就别成家，别生病，别出一点岔儿。
No matter how hard you worked or tried to better yourself，you cannot marry，get sick，or make a false move.
242）他想不到作官_，发财_，置买产业；
He did not aspire to become an official，or get rich，or start up a business.
243）不顾得干什么_，想什么，他坐在门洞的石阶上，呆呆的看着断了把的车。
Unable to act，or even think，he sat down on the stone steps and gazed blankly at the black-lacquered rickshaw with its broken shaft.
244）什么故意的绷大价，什么中途倒车，什么死等好座儿，他都没学会。
He refused to employ the tricks some men used；he never demanded exorbitant fares，switched fares midway，or waited for customers that paid well.
245）Alice had no idea what Latitude was，or Longitude either，but thought they were nice grand words to say.
其实阿丽思一点也不懂得纬度是什么件东西_，经度是怎么回事，但是她想那两个名词说在嘴里一定很好听的。
246）他似乎听不见那施号发令的锣声。他更永远不看前后的距离停匀不停匀_，左右的队列整齐不整齐，
He seemed not to hear the signaling gongs and never paid any attention to the distance between him and those in front or back or whether he was aligned in his row.
247）风，土，雨，混在一处，联成一片，横着竖着都灰茫茫冷飕飕，一切的东西都被裹在里面，辨不清哪是树_，哪是地_，哪是云，四面八方全乱，全响，全迷糊。
Wind，earth，and rain mingled in a cold，swirling gray mass that moved in all directions at once，swallowing everything in sight and making it impossible to distinguish trees from the earth or clouds.
例234）至例247）的单否并置情形可以总结为表31。
表31 单否并置时逗号连接的并置成分的相关情形
续表
从表31也可以看出，一些像“茫然”“unable”等非典型否定标记构成了否定性语境。同时，汉语中否定标记可以出现在并置成分之后，如例234）、例235）、例236）、例239）、例240）、例244），而相应的英语中否定标记全部位于析取关系标记之前。逗号连接的并置成分，可以是名词或名词短语，如例234）至例238），可以是介词短语，如例239）和例240），可以是动宾短语，如例241）至例243），也可以是带有疑问性质的小句，如例245）至例247）。例244）将语法结构有差异的“故意的绷大价”“中途倒车”和“死等好座儿”三种事态并联在一起，是借助三个“什么”来实现的。