EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES:A GUIDE TO GOOD PRACTICE IN TH...

EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES:A GUIDE TO GOOD PRACTICE IN THE USE OF LANGUAGE平等机会:语言使用良好习惯指南英国桑德兰大学(University of Sunderland)

玛丽·塔尔博特供稿

冯芃芃翻译 艾晓明校对

1.Policy

The University of Sunderland seeks to support its commitment to its policy of equal access to opportunity by advocating a usage of language,both oral and written,which does not offend,demean or disparage people because of factors such as their sex,cultural background,race,ethnicity,sexual orientation,impairment/disability or age.

1.方针

英国桑德兰大学力求履行人人机会平等的承诺,为支持这一方针,学校倡导无论何人在使用口语或书面语时,都不能因其性别、文化背景、种族、族裔、性取向、残疾/残障或年龄等原因而冒犯、贬低或者歧视他人。

The University also seeks to promote a cultural environment where communication with and about people of all kinds fosters a sense of equality and personal dignity.

学校还希望创设这样的文化环境,在这种文化环境中,人与人之间的交谈能增强平等和个人尊严感。

2.General statement

Language is the prime means for the transmission of culture and its power structures.As we learn our language as babies and develop it throughout our lives,we imbibe,with and through the forms of language which we inherit from others,attitudes towards the world which become part of us.

2.总则

语言是文化及权力结构传播的主要方式。我们从婴儿时开始学习语言,语言能力的发展贯穿一生。在使用语言的过程中,我们继承了他人的语言形式,也接受了其看待世界的态度观点,这些构成我们自身的一部分。

The University believes that it is incumbent upon each individual member to make themselves aware of strategies to combat discriminatory structures and practice and to attempt to adopt behaviours and language which at the very least will not reinforce discrimination and at best will help to eradicate it.

校方认为,人人都有义务认识反对歧视性制度和歧视行为的策略;人人有义务力争使自己的言谈举止最好有助于消除歧视,至少,不应该强化歧视。

The University does not intend to act as censor but seeks rather to encourage and promote positive uses of language which will enhance the self-esteem of all and accord to each person,student or University employee,their own personal dignity,whatever part they play in the institution.

学校的目的并非在对个人言论进行审查,而是力求鼓励和提倡积极使用语言,以增强所有人的自尊,保证每一师生员工的个人尊严,无论其在学校的身份如何。

3.Areas of Concern

3.关注范围

3.1 Gender

3.1 性别

3.1.1 Gender-biased or sexist language is more endemic in English than most of us are aware of.Language both reflects cultural values and also plays a crucial part in constructing them.

3.1.1 具有性别偏见或性别歧视的语言在英语中普遍存在,我们中的大多数人远非意识到了这一问题。语言反映文化价值,在文化价值的建构中,语言也发挥着至关重要的作用。

3.1.2 Sexist language is any language,whether written or oral,which by its use,form or structure demeans people on account of their gender.It is,for example,language which makes the assumption that the male in society or the male view of society is the norm.

3.1.2 性别歧视语言指因性别不同通过语言的用法、形式或结构来贬低他人的语言,无论它存在于口语还是书面语。如果一种语言理所当然地假定一切应以社会上的男性或者社会上男性的观点为规范标准,这种语言就是性别歧视语言。

3.1.3 Sexist language can have the effect of making women feel belittled,either personally or in society.It may trivialise,demean,irritate or insult women.Research evidence shows that language use affects the ways in which people view themselves and others.In particular:

3.1.3 性别歧视语言会使妇女感到被蔑视,无论受影响者是个别女性还是社会上所有妇女。它会轻视、贬低妇女,引起她们的反感或构成对她们的侮辱。研究证据表明,语言使用影响人们看待自己和他人的方式。我们尤其要注意的事项有:

●try to use vocabulary which is non-gender-specific(The office is staffed NOT The office is manned).

●尽量使用非特定性别的词汇(如说“办公室配备了人员”要用“staffed”,不要用“manned”)。

●try to use a non-gender-specific noun if you have the choice(They are camera-operators NOT They are cameramen).

●如果有别的词汇可做选择,尽量使用非特定性别的名词(如说“他们是摄影工作者”时用“camera-operators”,不要用“cameramen”)。

●use a generic term if you can(John is a nurse NOT John is a male nurse).

●如果可以,使用泛指而非特指名词(如说“约翰是护士”,而不是说“约翰是男护士”)。

●do not treat women as though they were immature reflections of men by referring to them as‘girls’.

●不要把女人称为“女孩”,这样她们就会认为,仿佛她们未曾达到男人那种成熟程度。

●do not use man,men or mankind to refer to people in general.

●不要用“男人”、“男人们”或者“人类”来指称所有人。

●try to avoid using the pronoun‘he’to refer to people of both sexes.Instead,try putting the sentence in the plural(All students must hand in theirwork on time NOT Every student must hand in his work on time)or using the non-gender-specific forms they/them/their/theirs/themselves.

●提到男女两性人群时要避免仅用代词“他”(he)来指称。应该将句子变成其复数形式(如说“所有学生必须按时交作业”,而不是说“每个学生必须按时交他的作业”),或者使用非特定性别的形式,如用they,them,their,theirs,themselves。

3.2 Culture,‘race’,ethnicity

3.2 文化,“种族”,少数族裔

3.2.1 Examination of modem English usage shows that it reinforces the institutionalised racism which exists in society,even when the user claims that they are non-or anti-racist.The purpose of this section is to draw to your awareness certain principles which should govern your usage,backed up by examples of terminology which should be avoided and suggestions for more positive terminology.

3.2.1 对现代英语惯用法的考察显示,英语的习惯用法强化了社会上存在的制度化的种族歧视,即使其使用者声称他们是非种族歧视者或是反种族歧视者的情况下也依然如此。本章的目的是,提供实例说明有些用语本应避免,并建议采用更具正面涵义的名词术语,以引起大家注意,并在语言用法上以下列原则作为指导。

3.2.2 When referring to people who come from a background different to one's own,the first and main principle is to be sensitive to their sensitivities.Refer to people in the terms with which they feel comfortable.Don't use terms like‘ethnics’or‘immigrants’to refer to Asian British or Black British people.

3.2.2 提到与自己背景不同的人时,首要原则是对他们敏感的事物保持敏感。谈到他人应注意措辞,使人感觉舒适自在。不要用类似“少数族裔”(ethnics)或者“外来移民”(immigrants)这类词汇称呼亚裔英国人或非裔英国人。

3.2.3 Avoid the reinforcement of racial stereotypes.Do not,for example,use the term‘tribe’with the connotation that the societal structure which one is describing is‘primitive’;if the Kikuyu are a tribe,then so are the Scots and other European social/cultural/linguistic groups.Nor should your language imply that the standard from which cultures are described is White(middle-class)British(the‘us’/‘them’assumption).

3.2.3 避免强化有关种族的刻板印象。例如,在使用“部落”(tribe)时,避免让该词带有“被描述的社会组织是‘原始的’”含义;如果说肯尼亚的吉库尤人是一个部落,苏格兰以及欧洲其他社会/文化/语言群落其实也都是部落。在说话者的语言中也不应该暗含这样的意味,即用英国白人(中产阶级)的标准来描述其他文化(采用“我们”/“他们”的假设)。

3.3 Sexual orientation

3.3 性取向

3.3.1 As equal members of society,lesbians and gay men should be described in terms that do not trivialise or demean them,do not encourage discrimination or distorted images of their lives,do not sensationalise their activities,or imply illegality.Nor should they be excluded:by omitting their experiences-where different-course and other materials do not validate them,and imply that they are not worth including.Don't introduce issues of sexual orientation gratuitously;but,where it is relevant,include it in a fair and objective way.

(Open University(1993),p18)

3.3.1 女同性恋者和男同性恋者与社会上其他成员一样享有平等,在描述这些人时,应该避免使用轻视或贬低同性恋者的词汇;应避免使用倡导歧视或歪曲同性恋者生活的词汇;避免刻意渲染同性恋者的活动,或者暗示其非法性。用语不应将同性恋者排斥在外,如因同性恋者有不同的经验而对其忽略不计,课程或者教材不可因此不认可同性恋以及暗示同性恋者的经验不值得包括在内。不要在引入性取向的议题时信口开河;如果有必要讨论,应该以公正和不带个人偏见的方式进行探讨。(公开大学,1993,第18页)

3.3.2 It follows therefore that you should avoid assumptions of heterosexuality when describing or conversing with people.Don't use language which implies that heterosexuality is‘natural’and to be gay or lesbian is to be‘perverted’.

3.3.2 这也意味着在描述他人或者与他人交谈时,应该避免理所当然地假定人人都是异性恋。在使用语言时不要暗示异性恋是“正常的”,而男同性恋或女同性恋是“反常的”。

3.4 Disability

3.4 残障

3.4.1 Be careful to avoid patronising or marginalising disabled people or making them invisible.Avoid emotive terms such as afflicted/sufferer/victim.Avoid describing people in terms of their medical conditions;to do so,or to enquire,‘And what's wrong with you?’,is as intrusive and inappropriate as for a white person to ask a Black colleague,‘And where do you come from?’

3.4.1 应该注意,不要用屈尊俯就的态度对待残障人士,避免将他们边缘化,或者对他们视而不见。避免使用情绪化的说法,如“残废”/“受害人”/“牺牲品”(afflicted/sufferer/victim)等。不要就体格状况来描述人,如果这样描述他人或者询问:“你出什么问题了?”(And what's wrong with you?)既不得体,也不礼貌;其无礼程度正如白人问黑人同事“你是哪里人”一样。

3.4.2 Note that the preferred term is disabled people,because society has indeed led to their dis-abling by the way in which it places physical and social dis-abling barriers in the environment.One should never use the term the handicapped(or the deaf,the blind and such like).

注意,提到残疾人,更宜用“残障/能力欠缺者”(disabled people)这个说法;的确是社会给这部分人的物质和社会生活环境带来了障碍,使他们在能力上有所欠缺。决不可使用“残废”(the handicapped)的说法(类似不可使用的还有如“聋子”、“瞎子”等)。

Obviously,elaborate euphemisms such as physically challenged or differently abled are to be avoided:they are patronising and facile and people who use them are often trying to be facetious.

此外,如“身体受到挑战”或“别有能力者”这样一些刻意为之的委婉表达显然也应避免;这类表达居高临下,有缺乏诚意之嫌,人们这么说常常不过是自以为有趣而已。

3.4.3  When referring to those who are not disabled,the preferred term is non-disabled people rather than able-bodied.

3.4.3 谈到没有残疾的人时,宜用“非残障人士(non-disabled people)”,不要用“体格健全(able-bodied)”的说法。

3.5 Age

3.5 年龄

3.5.1 ...being old is still equated far too often with undesirable attributes,including dependency,rigidity of thought and the inability to learn new things.Factually,such views are incorrect.

(Open University 1993,p6)

3.5.1 ……上了年纪往往被等同于各种令人讨厌的特征,包括依赖他人、思想僵化、缺乏学习新知识的能力等。这种观点其实都是不正确的。(公开大学,1993,第6页)

3.5.2 So avoid language which is condescending,patronising,pitying or otherwise derogatory.Use older people rather the Elderly.

3.5.2 因此要避免这样使用语言,即说话人故作谦逊地表示关心、对年长者屈尊俯就、显示怜悯,否则就语带贬损。提到上了年纪的人时,可用“年长者”(older people)而不统称为“老人”(the Elderly)。

我很喜欢意大利作家卡尔维诺说过的一句话:一切书籍的下文都在彼岸。

彼岸,是在读者那里。

我们希望读者能够通过这本书了解语言学的新思考,希望在语言教育中启发批判性的语言意识,并且推进中国的妇女/性别研究学科建设。

我们也期待专家同行对翻译的不足提出批评、建议。

最后我要向所有参与了这一翻译项目的同学致谢。两年前选用这本英文原著作教材时,研究生黄海涛、陈瑜、国佳、陈霞、颜湘茹、易玉梅、陈静梅等同学试译过本书一、二章部分内容,朱坤领为第一章做了全文校对。后来我们决定将本书纳入翻译丛书时,由我、博士生唐红梅、柯倩婷共同完成了翻译工作。我负责第一章至第四章,唐红梅翻译了第五章、第六章、第十章,柯倩婷翻译了第七章、第八章、第九章和第十一章,她们也完成了参考书目和中英文译名对照表初稿。后来她们先后去美国研修,我开始做全书的统稿工作。

本书最初的校改和统稿工作是我在香港中文大学完成的,在此我特别要感谢中文大学中国研究服务中心的助理主任熊景明老师,那段和平安宁的时光为我后来的紧张工作提供了一个缓冲,让我能够静心反思、汲取更新自我的力量。

本书校样出来后,我又做了两次校对,这本书稿校对花了很多时间,我真要感谢责任编辑马元龙先生的耐心等待。

感谢天津师范大学妇女研究中心的杜芳琴教授,她从福特基金会资助的“发展中国的妇女和社会性别研究”项目中提供了购买本书版权的款项。

感谢中山大学教务处将本书翻译项目纳入支持范围,感谢中文系“985”项目的资助,由于这些特别有力的资金注入,我们可以邀请本书作者来中山大学讲学,为翻译和试用这一教材提供了优越条件。

我还要感谢英国桑德兰大学国际教育中心主任Neil Maynard先生和他的妻子罗玉琴,由于他/她们的努力,我们得以在中山大学和桑德兰大学的艺术、设计、媒体与文化学院发展起合作项目;感谢该学院院长Flavia Swann教授、副院长Sue Thornham教授、索尼媒体中心主任Mike O'Brien教授等在我访问桑德兰大学时提供的各种支持。

真诚感谢我的同事和好朋友戴凡教授、宋素凤教授和张世君教授,这本小书是一个纪念,纪念我们共同的奋斗和姐妹情谊。

感谢玛丽·塔尔博特教授在中山大学期间的认真教学,她的美好祝愿会一直鼓舞我们继续前行:

在激发这一系列翻译著作的女性主义政治议程中,我感受到温暖的国际友谊和团结力量,我真诚希望这本小书可以尽一些力,促进性别教育论坛持续发展她们的具有解放力量的项目。

艾晓明

2004年8月24日于广州中山大学