英文摘要
A Review of the History of Chinese Emigrants to Brazil
Gao Weinong
Abstract:Brazil is one of the countries with the earliest and largest number of overseas Chinese immigrants in Latin America.At every stage of emigration,Chinese with different numbers came to Brazil,many of whom stayed and gradually integrated into the local to become Brazilian Chinese.From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China,to the first 30 years after the founding of the People's Republic of China,and finally to the decades after China's reform and opening-up,those overseas Chinese emigrants who came to Brazil had different historical backgrounds,places of origin,types of migration,the amount of people and the distribution of their residence.This article roughly reviews the history of Chinese immigrants in Brazil.
Keywords:Brazil; Overseas Chinese; History of Migration
Reis Act and Japanese Exclusion in Brazil during the Early 1920s
Du Juan
Abstract:At the beginning of the 20th century,Brazilian nationalism began to sprout.Social elites strove to get rid of their recognition and attachment to Europe in culture and economy to seek an independent status.Also,they reckoned the connotation and peculiarity of the Brazilian nation.Instead of blindly pursuing the reproduction of European civilization,they were trying to build a new identity in their American regions.In this process,Brazil's cultural nationalism and economic nationalism were surging,and the promotion of national integration and pluralism was the mainstream voice.However,there were also the voices of extreme nationalism and racial discrimination in the meantime.Coupled with the influences of anti-Japanese movement in the United States,some forces took the opportunity to set the Japanese immigrant group as the "others",opposite to the national identity,facilitating the introduction of the Reis Act in 1923,though it was repealed in three years.This suggests that Brazil was still a country with relatively harmonious racial relations and relaxed social environment in general compared to the United States.
Keywords:Brazil; Nationalism; Racist; Japanese Immigrants; Reis Act
The Most Distant Impressions in the World:Survey and Analysis of Chinese College Students' Stereotypes of Argentina
Wang Zigang,Zhu Wenhao,Lu Qianyi,Li Manting,Wang Xuqing
Abstract:In 2022,China and Argentina has celebrated their 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations.With the rapid development of bilateral relations between China and Argentina,Chinese college students are gradually becoming a powerful force in shaping bilateral relationship.Under this background,Chinese college students' stereotype of Argentina provides an important reference for grasping the status quo and future of the "people-to-people exchanges" of the two countries.The survey consists of an open-ended questionnaire to obtain a total of twenty-eight stereotypes about Argentina from four hundred and twelve aimed students.Based on this data,five dimensions of stereotypes about Argentina were found through exploratory factor analysis.Then,regression analysis is used to determine the influence of these different dimensions of stereotypes on the subjects' favorability of Argentina,the favorability of the nationals,and the degree of interest in exploring this country.The study also analyzes the influence of different information channels on different stereotype dimensions.Ultimately,data collected is discussed and considered in more depth.
Keywords:Argentina; Stereotype; College Students
Research Trend on Chinese Mexican History in the United States over the Past Decade
Ren Jian
Abstract:Since 2010,five monographs on the history of Chinese Mexicans have been published by reputable US-based academic presses.In the history of Latin America,few immigrant groups have received such concentrated attention from the US academia.Analyzing these monographs’ intellectual backgrounds and historiographical contributions,this article explains the reasons for the research trend on Chinese Mexican history in the United States over the past ten years.This article points out that the reasons for this phenomenon are closely related to the following points:the increased significance of migration in Latin America history,the "transnational turn" in US History,and the feasibility of Mexican Chinese history in reshaping US Latino history,national histories of Latin America,and other fields.
Keywords:Mexican Chinese; History of Immigration; History of the United States; Interdisciplinary Methods
Study on Newly-Arrived Chinese Immigrants to Chile from the Perspective of Social Capital Theory—— Based on a Field Research at the Hometown of Overseas Chinese in Wuyi,Guangdong
Wu Yifan
Abstract:Mainly based on field research and supplemented by online interview and archives,this article focuses on the background,motivation,ways of emigration and economic mode of the new immigrants from Wuyi to Chile.This study has found that although the newly arrived immigrants from Wuyi lacked economic and cultural capital,they acquired wealth through immigration by using social capital.A long history of emigration and strong emigration motives are the foundation of emigration social capital.Family emigration dominated by kinship and family economy gathered through the Chinese food industry are the operational mechanism of emigration social capital.Economic capital and symbolic capital are the aim of exchange of emigration social capital.
Keywords:Chile；Wuyi Prefecture；Newly Arrived Immigrants；Social Capital；Chinese Restaurant
Analysis on the Official Identity Transformation of Chinese Coolie in Cuba
Shi Guang
Abstract:Cuba was once the largest destination for overseas Chinese in Latin America.The first large-scale Chinese immigration to the region dated back to the Chinese coolie trade in 1847-1874,when nearly 150,000 Chinese left Xiamen,Shantou,Hong Kong,Guangzhou and Macao to work in Cuba with an eight-year contract,either voluntarily or under duress.Upon arrival in Cuba,most of them worked in the sugar plantations,others in the railroads construction,docks,tobacco factories and domestic service,thus replenishing the Cuban sugar plantation economy.On completing the contract,Chinese workers had to obtain the certificates issued by the employer and the Cuban authorities to be free temporarily.The process of obtaining these two documents,however,was remained restrictive by many parties.In 1879,the first job that the Chinese Consul in Havana did after arriving in Cuba was to issue identity certificates to Chinese citizens on the island.Since then,all Chinese coolies in Cuba finally retrieved their freedom.This article analyzes the identity transformation process of Chinese coolies in Cuba,including the contracts signed by the Chinese workers before their departure,the "cédula" obtained after achieving the contracts and the identity certificates distributed by the Qing government's consulate in Havana.
Keywords:Contracted Chinese Workers; Coolies; Chinese Labors; Cuban Sugar
The Historical Formation of Immigrants and Latin America from the Global Perspective
Author:José Moya Translator:Shi Jialin
Abstract:This article analyzes various forms of trans-continental migration,including the first settlement in the Paleolithic Age,conquest and colonialism,slavery,free mass movement and commercial migration.It also analyzes how the interaction of these immigrants in the receiving environment shaped the history of Latin America.The article reveals how these interactions have shaped Latin America today.It is not only the most racially diverse region in the world,but also the most culturally homogeneous region.It has the highest crime/murder rate,but the lowest level of civil wars and international wars,massacres and other forms of collective violence.It is the region with the highest social inequality in the world,but also the most equal region in history.
Keywords:Immigration; Slavery; Latin America; Race and ethnicity; The Atlantic Ocean
The Latin America that Exists as A Research Objective—— Reflections on Latin America and Eight Propositions
Author:Waldo Ansaldi Translator:Lin Yao
Abstract:The studies with Latina America,in the field of social sciences,is that it exists as a problem and as an objective to be investigated.The article starts from the hypothesis that Latin America exists,contrary to some propositions that had some impact from the 1990s.Then,it can be apprehended as a very elusive hare through the Braudelian metaphor of Latin America.In view of that,the researcher must resort to various strategies,with a recognition that one of the long-term characteristics of the region is the structural heterogeneity of Latin America,which unfolds over three major durations:the Pre-columbian Latin America; the era of conquest and colonial domination by the Europeans; the periods of legal independence.In addition,to explain the existence of Latin America,eight propositions are formulated,which include epistemological,theoretical-conceptual elements,methods and techniques:1) Analyzing Latin America as a problem; 2) Recovering the principle of totality；3) Recovering the economic formation category of society; 4) Redressing the explanation of Latin American societies by hybridizing disciplines and theories; 5) Attending to the translatability of the categories; 6) Considering Latin America as the key to the formation and development of capitalism in the central countries; 7) Recovering the subjects as makers of history; and 8) Using the comparison method.
Keywords:Latin America；Existence；Three Durations；Heterogeneity；Research Strategies