世界银行教育扶贫实践的反思
教育扶贫作为世界银行致力于改善世界贫困的重点工作,很大程度上对发展中国家甚至在全世界都产生了积极的影响。贷款与资金援助加大了发展中国家对教育的投入,推动了发展中国家教育的普及,增强了发展中国家人力资源的竞争力,为发展中国家的经济发展提供了有力支撑。但与此同时,我们不得不注意到世界银行的利益导向。可以说世界银行是新自由主义和私有化的代言人,在教育资助的进程中必然存在着一些弊端。
(一)受新自由主义支配
世界银行教育治理的运行机制遵循新自由主义这一基本理念:将教育改革定位为与经济结构保持同步,教育的首要目的是满足经济发展对合适劳动力的要求。[80]它主张通过发展职业教育、基础教育来发展人力资本,并强调要培养人们适应劳动力市场的技能。大量的结构调整项目都包含着宏观经济和财政政策的新自由主义“药方”,而这些项目直接或间接地影响了发展中国家的教育系统,推进了这些国家新自由主义倾向的教育改革。就职业教育而言,强调以市场需求为出发点且将重点放在依托企业的非正规的在职培训,这并不符合所有国家的实际国情和社会经济状况,因此也不能够满足所有国家的发展需要。
(二)知识来源的局限性
世界银行对“知识银行”的构建给世界各国教育发展带来了深刻的影响,但同时,我们不得不思考这些知识来源的局限性。就大多数知识产品而言,其作者都是来自发达国家,其中美国与欧洲各国占据了大部分的比例,来自发展中国家的知识产品占比则微不足道。同时,这些作者的最高学历是从发展中国家获得的占比更是微乎其微。这就说明,世界银行的知识构建主要是通过以美国为首的发达国家来实现的。因此我们不得不承认一个残酷的事实:世界银行知识的来源主要是发达国家以及在发达国家受过教育的人,其思想受到过发达国家的主流思想的影响,再传播至发展中国家进而被应用,实际上是推动了发达国家实施其自身的全球教育发展战略,这也会造成发展中国家的教育发展存在一定的局限性。本土性知识对于促进发展中国家自身教育发展而言具有较为显著的作用,但是就如今世界银行提供的各项报告来看,教育发展没有完全将本土性知识纳入体系之中。因此,这实质上是西方发达国家对发展中国家知识的单向传输,而不是双方的双向互惠。[81]
(三)政策制定的偏向性
世界银行在制定国际政策时的核心特点就是权力分布的非对称和不透明。[82]非对称体现在世界银行成员国表决权由认缴的股本来确定。因此,美国、英国、法国、德国、日本作为股本份额最大的五个国家,掌握了世界银行更多的话语权,给予了发达国家更大的政策空间。各项政策的利益向发达国家倾斜,而不是在依据发展中国家的实际情况的基础上做出决策。不透明则体现在世界银行历任行长均由美国人担任,而世界银行政策的制定很大程度上会受到行长价值偏向的影响。实际上,世界银行长期处在以经济大国组成的执行董事会的管理、决策和监督下,由美国人担任的行长居于极其重要的地位,并且长期受到美国国会及其他非政府组织构成的非正式政治渠道的决策影响。[83]值得一提的是,随着新兴经济体的崛起,我国逐渐在世界银行获得了一定的地位,这将是对世界银行的治理结构变得更加公平与合理的有效促进。
【注释】
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