◎ 考虑时间分配

◎ 考虑时间分配

时间是你拥有的最宝贵的资源之一,好好利用时间非常关键。

我可以重新分配时间吗?好好想想你的每一条可能的道路,以及这些道路上的各个阶段,有可能重新安排这些人生阶段中的各项活动,好让自己有更多时间吗?例如,这可能意味着不要把所有活动都集中到一个阶段,而是拆成小块时间,让它们在你的整个人生道路上更均匀地重新分配。

根据什么来分配时间?在考虑所有人生道路时,你可以想想在每一条道路上决定你如何分配时间的最重要因素是什么。比如说,你在分配时间的时候,是计划把时间花在挣钱上、学习新技能上,还是想跟家人和朋友一起度过?这么分配对吗?你需要考虑,这些道路是否会危及你未来的自我。

最后要记住,你的人生叙事是递归循环的,因为你今天采取的行动会决定你在未来可以依赖的平台和选择。这是反对决定论的有力证据:在你生命中的任何时候,你都可以采取积极行动,重塑未来。

【注释】

〔1〕.K.Thomas,“Age and Authority in Early Modern England”,London:British Academy,1976.

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〔3〕.M.E.Levine,and E.M.Crimmins,“Is 60 the new 50?:examining changes in biological age over the past two decades”,Demography,2018,55,2,387-402.

〔4〕.J.B.Shoven,G.S.Goda,“Adjusting government policies for age inflation”,National Bureau of Economic Research(NBER),Working Paper,14231,2008.

〔5〕.J.Beard,and D.Bloom,“Towards a comprehensive public health response to population aging”,The Lancet,2015;385,658-61.

〔6〕.B.Levy,et al,“Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging”,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2002;Vol.83,2,261-70.

〔7〕.https://www.aging-better.org.uk/sites/default/files/2018-11/ELSA-analysis.pdf.

〔8〕.P.Thane,Old Age in English History,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2011.

〔9〕.https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=1YdNjrUs4NM.

〔10〕.T.O'Donoghue,and M.Rabin,“Doing it now or later”,American Economic Review,Vol.89,1 March 1999,103-24.

〔11〕.贴现率是财务中的一个基本概念。如果你觉得今天的100美元和一年后的110美元没有区别,那么你的贴现率是10%,因为如果你给110美元打10%的折扣,就会得到100美元,二者就相等了。你的贴现率越低,你就越有耐心。贴现率为0意味着你认为今天的100美元跟一年后的100美元没有区别,也就是说,你拥有鸟瞰视角。

〔12〕.C.Mogilner,H.E.Hershfield,J.Aaker,“Rethinking time:implications for well-being”,Consumer Psychology Review,2018,Vol.1,Issue 1,41-53.

〔13〕.D.Blanchflower,and A.Oswald,“Is well-being u-shaped over the life cycle?”,Social Science and Medicine,2008,Vol.66(8),1733-49;亦可参见J.Rauch,The Happiness Curve,New York:St Martin's Press,2018。

〔14〕.J.Etkin,and C.Mogilner,“Does variety among activities increase happiness?”,Journal of Consumer Research,2016,43(2),210-29.

〔15〕.S.Mullainathan,and E.Shafir,Scarcity,London:Penguin,2014.

〔16〕.D.Kamerade,S.Wang,B.Burchell,S.Balderson,and A.Coutts,“A shorter working week for everyone:how much paid work is needed for mental health and well-being?”,Social Science and Medicine,2019,in press 11253.

〔17〕.M.Aguiar,and E.Hurst,“The increase in leisure inequality”,NBER Working Paper,13837,2008.

〔18〕.H.E.Hershfield,C.Mogilner,and U.Barnea,“People who choose time over money are happier”,Social Psychological and Personality Science,2016,Vol.7(7),607-706.

〔19〕.https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/11/opinion/sunday/what-should-you-choose-time-or-money.html.

〔20〕.此处及下文中的原文均为Engel's pause,但考以罗伯特·艾伦的原文,实际应为Engels'pause,是以马克思主义创始人之一恩格斯命名的,出自恩格斯的著作《英国工人阶级状况》。——译者注

〔21〕.McKinsey Global Institute,“Jobs lost,jobs gained:workforce transitions in a time of automation”,December 2017.

〔22〕.https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/14/opinion/krugman-sympathy-for-the-luddites.html.

〔23〕.关于科技在整个人类历史上对社会和工人有何影响,可参阅C.Frey,The Technology Trap:Capital,Labor,and Power in the Age of Automation,Princeton:Princeton University Press,2019。

〔24〕.https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/jolts_03152019.htm.

〔25〕.https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-01/how-a-trucking-shortage-is-fueling-u-sinflation-quicktake.

〔26〕.McKinsey Digital.Chui,M.,Manyika,J.and Miremadi,M.“Where machines could replace humans-and where they can't(yet)”,July 2016.

〔27〕.http://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2014/08/Future-of-AI-Robotics-and-Jobs.pdf.

〔28〕.https://economics.mit.edu/files/14641.

〔29〕.McKinsey Global Institute.“Jobs lost,Jobs gained:Workforce transitions in a time of automation”,December 2017.

〔30〕.J.E.Bessen,“How computer automation affects occupations:technology,jobs and skills”,Boston University School of Law,Law and Economics Research Paper,2016,No.15-4.

〔31〕.Bessen,“How computer automation affects occupations”.

〔32〕.https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/will-ai-create-as-many-jobs-as-it-eliminates/.

〔33〕.McKinsey Global Institute.Jobs lost,Jobs gained:Workforce transitions in a time of automation.December 2017.

〔34〕.L.Gratton,and A.Scott,The 100-Year Life:Living and Working in An Age of Longevity,London:Bloomsbury,2016.

〔35〕.C.Wu,M.C.Odden,G.G.Fisher,and R.S.Stawski,“Association of retirement age with mortality:a population based longitudinal study among older adults in the USA”,Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,September 2016,70(9),917-23.

〔36〕.https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/unretirement/.

〔37〕.工资越高闲暇时间并非一定就越多,还有一种替代效应在起作用。高工资使闲暇时间的成本更高,因此会鼓励人们工作更长时间。闲暇时间如何变化,取决于这些影响之间的平衡。目前占主导作用的是收入效应(我们想要更多闲暇),结果就是平均工作时间减少了。

〔38〕.Huberman and Minns,“The times they are not changin”.

〔39〕.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-48125411.

〔40〕.https://www.bls.gov/news.release/conemp.nr0.htm.

〔41〕.McKinsey Global Institute,Independent Work:choices,necessity and the gig economy.Manyika,J.Lund,S.Bughin,J.Robinson,K.Mischke,J.and Mahajan,D.October 2016.

〔42〕.D.Weil,The Fissured Workplace:Why Work Became So Bad for So Many and What Can Be Done to Improve It,Boston:Harvard University Press,2019.

〔43〕.哲学家叔本华的说法更有意思:“财富就像海水,我们喝得越多,就会变得越渴。”

〔44〕.D.Kahneman,and A.Deaton,“High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional wellbeing”,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,21 September 2010,Vol.107(38),16489-493.

〔45〕.这项研究启发了美国信用卡支付服务公司Gravity Payments的首席执行官丹·普赖斯(Dan Price)。他将自己的年薪从100万美元削减到7万美元,然后给所有员工也都发7万美元的年薪。至于说这样做对普赖斯先生的幸福有何影响,我们还没发现有任何媒体报道。