新教育体系
教育体系已经在经历变革,但还处于早期阶段。这在一定程度上反映出,高等教育机构传统的关注重点是18~21岁的学生。这些机构必须向成为能支持终身学习、重点关注大龄学生的需求和动力的机构转变。考虑到市场的相对规模,这些机构的潜在收益非常高。比如说英国,现在处于传统的20~24岁的高等教育年龄范围的人有420万,但在终身学习的年龄范围,也就是25岁以上的人有4600多万。再看日本,处于传统教育年龄的人只有630万,但在终身学习年龄范围,即25~70岁的人有7300多万。
这些人口统计数据的影响力已经有人感受到了。2018年,哈佛继续教育学院招收的学生比哈佛其他所有学院加在一起还多。考虑到这些数字代表的巨大商业机会,也就不用奇怪投资者在上面下血本了。2010年,风投基金在教育领域的投资约为7亿美元。到2018年,这个数字上升到了70亿美元。此外,根据教育投资机构GSV资产管理公司联合创始人迈克尔·莫(Michael Moe)的说法,到2018年,已经创建了8家“独角兽”公司(估值达到10亿美元的科技初创公司)。
但在这些投资数字之外,还有对社会才智的最迫切需求。社会迫切需要一个包罗万象又来者不拒的终身学习的动态过程。哈佛大学继续教育学院院长亨廷顿·兰伯特(Huntington Lambert)说:“我现在唯一的热望就是,推动我们所有的继续教育提供者,为美国需要接受再教育以参与知识经济的2000万人,以及全球20亿跟他们处在同样境况的人提供服务。”〔24〕
议题的范围非比寻常。
【注释】
〔1〕.C.Goldin,and L.Katz,The Race Between Education and Technology,Harvard:Harvard University Press,2010.
〔2〕.E.Hoffer,“Reflections on the Human Condition”,Hopewell Publications,2006.
〔3〕.https://www.statista.com/statistics/499431/global-ip-data-traffic-forecast/.
〔4〕.“Satya Nadella Talks Microsoft at Middle Age”interview with Dina Bass.https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-satya-nadella-interview-issue/August 4,2016.
〔5〕.Angela Ahrendts Quotes.(n.d.).BrainyQuote.com.Retrieved August 13,2019,from BrainyQuote.com Website:https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/angela_ahrendts_852654.
〔6〕.J.Shadbolt,“Shadbolt Review of Computer Sciences Degree Accreditation and Graduate Employability”,https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/518575/ind-16-5-shadbolt-review-computer-science-graduateemployability.pdf.
〔7〕.C.Davidson,The New Education:How to Revolutionize the University to Prepare Students for a World in Flux,New York:Basic Books,2017.
〔8〕.K.Palmer,and D.Blake,The Expertise Economy:How the Smartest Companies Use Learning to Engage,Compete and Succeed,Nicholas Brealey Publishing,Boston and London,2018 p.147.
〔9〕.https://pe.gatech.edu/blog/creating-the-next-report.
〔10〕.https://dci.stanford.edu.
〔11〕.P.Beaudry,D.Green,and B.Sand,“The great reversal in the demand for skill and cognitive tasks”,Journal of Labor Economics,2016,Vol.34 S1(2),S199-247.
〔12〕.http://www.cipd.co.uk/publicpolicy/policy-reports/overqualication-skills-mismatch-graduate-labour-market.aspx.
〔13〕.Institute for Fiscal Studies,https://www.ifs.org.uk/uploads/publications/bns/BN217.pdf#page=3.
〔14〕.A.Scott,“Education,Age and the Machine”,in C.Dede,and J.Richards(eds),The 60 Year Curriculum:New Models for Lifelong Learning in the Digital Economy,forthcoming Routledge,2020.
〔15〕.K.Palmer and D.Blake,The Expertise Economy:How the Smartest Companies Use Learning to Engage,Compete and Succeed,Nicholas Brealey Publishing,Boston and London,2018 p.147.
〔16〕.D.Deming,“The growing importance of social skills in the labour market”,Quarterly Journal of Economics 2017,Vol.132,4,1593-640.
〔17〕.L.Gratton,“The challenges of scaling soft skills”,MIT Sloan Management Review,6 August 2018.
〔18〕.L.Gratton,“New frontiers in re-skilling and up-skilling”,MIT Sloan Management Review,8 July 2019.
〔19〕.https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/adult-participation-in-learning-survey-2017.
〔20〕.瓦里安法则(Varian's Rule)以谷歌首席经济学家哈尔·瓦里安的名字命名,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varian_Rule。
〔21〕.在英国,“车检”(MOT,原义为Ministry of Transport,交通部)是指三年以上的车每年一次的车检,检查车况是否适合上路,在检查出故障时会要求采取补救措施。未经过车检的车上路是违法的。
〔22〕.McKinsey Global Institute Report,2017,“Jobs lost,jobs gained”,https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/jobs-lost-jobs-gained-what-the-future-of-work-wi ll-mean-forjobs-skills-and-wages.
〔23〕.引自C.Davidson,The New Education:How to Revolutionize the University to Prepare Students for a World in Flux,New York:Basic Books,2017,p.127。
〔24〕.“Harvard's dean of continuing education pushes educational frontier”,Nancy Duvergne Smith,MIT Technology Review,21 October,2014,https://www.technologyreview.com/s/531381/huntington-lambert-sm-85/.