◎ 劳动力稀缺

◎ 劳动力稀缺

大批55岁以上的人正在离开劳动力大军,技能娴熟的劳动力也将因此出现严重短缺。例如,在德国,有400万左右15~19岁的人会在接下来的10年内进入劳动力市场。相比之下,年龄在55~59岁的人有600多万,其中很多人可能都会按照三段式人生很快退休。

也就是说,公司正在目睹,退出劳动力大军的世代群体比加入的群体更大。公司看到的是数百万经验丰富、晶态智力发展成熟的人离开工作岗位,而且如果全球移民潮开始减退,情况只会变得更糟,然而正在发生的似乎正是这种情形。公司如果想避免工资不断上涨、熟练工流失,那么拓宽关于谁能工作的看法就至关重要。在日本,自2012年以来,劳动年龄人口减少了500多万,但与此同时,就业人数却增加了将近450万,原因是女性和65岁以上人员的就业率增加了。考虑到这些趋势,能成功招到和留住以前不大被看好的员工的公司,会在老龄化社会中拥有最重要的竞争优势。

科技正在改变公司的经营方式,并成为重新设计工作的重要力量。长寿正在改变人们对工作和时间之间的关系的看法,实际上也改变了工作的定义。这些力量已经给企业政策带来了深层变化。长寿和科技力量之间的联系会越来越紧密,因此,公司需要现在就做出调整,这不仅是为了让人类能够繁荣发展,也是为了确保它们自身能走向成功。

【注释】

〔1〕.J.Gotbaum,and B.Wolfe,2018,“Help people work longer by phasing retirement”,https:www.brookings.edu/opinions/help-people-work-longer-by-phasing-retirement.

〔2〕.“18th Annual Transamerica Retirement Survey”,https://www.transamericacenter.org/retirementresearch/18th-annual-retirement-survey.

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〔4〕.H.Kleven,C.Landais,J.Posch,A.Steinhauer,and J.Zweimüller,“Child Penalties Across Countries:Evidence and Explanations”,May 2019,AEA Papers and Proceedings,109,122-26.

〔5〕.Copyright©American Economic Association;经AEA Papers and Proceedings允许使用。

〔6〕.C.Goldin,“A Grand Gender Convergence:its last chapter”,American Economic Review,2014,Vol.104(4),1091-119.

〔7〕.M.Bertrand,“The Glass Ceiling”,Economica,2018,Vol.85(338),205-31.

〔8〕.M.C.Huerta,W.Adema,J.Baxter,H.Wen-Jui,M.Lausten,L.RaeHyuck,and J.Waldfogel,“Fathers'leave and fathers'involvement:evidence from four OECD countries”,European Journal of Social Security,2014,Vol.16(4),308-46.

〔9〕.https://www.personneltoday.com/hr/enhancing-family-friendly-pay-pros-cons.

〔10〕.Business in the Community“Supporting Carers at Work”:https://age.bitc.org.uk/sites/default/les/supporting_carers_at_work.pdf.

〔11〕.https://www.ft.com/content/6b625a64-9697-11e9-8cfb-30c211dcd229.

〔12〕.https://www.oecd.org/dev/development-gender/Unpaid_care_work.pdf.

〔13〕.M.Knaus and S.Otterbach,“Work hour mismatch and job mobility:adjustment channels and resolution rates”.Economic Inquiry 57:227-242.

〔14〕.M.Bertrand,“The Glass Ceiling”.

〔15〕.C.Goldin,and L.F.Katz,“The most egalitarian of professions:pharmacy and the evolution of a family-friendly occupation”,Journal of Labor Economics,2016;34(3):705-45.

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〔17〕.McKinsey & Company.“Coordinating workforce development across stakeholders:An interview with ManpowerGroup CEO Jonas Prising”.Cheng,W.L,Dohrmann,T.and Law,J.October 2018.

〔18〕.德勤咨询公司的贝尔欣说,即使预算反弹,英国学习和发展组织花在外部培训提供者上的钱也更少。Jan 28th2016.UK Corporate Learning Factbook 2016:Benchmarks,Trends,and Anaysis of the UK Training Market.Bercon.com.

〔19〕.https://www.ft.com/content/4fcd2360-8e91-11e8-bb8f-a6a2f7bca546.

〔20〕.与作者的对话。

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〔24〕.A.Borsch-Supan,and M.Weiss,“Productivity and age:evidence from work teams at the assembly line”,Journal of the Economics of Aging,2016,Vol.7,C,30-42.

〔25〕.A.Duckworth,C.Peterson,M.Matthews,and D.Kelly,“Grit:perseverance and passion for long-term goals”,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2007,Vol.92(6),1087-101.

〔26〕.https://www.aarp.org/work/job-search/info-2019/mcdonalds-partners-with-aarp.html.

〔27〕.J.Birkinshaw,J.Manktelow,V.D'Amato,E.Tosca,and F.Macchi,“Older and Wise?:how management style varies with age”,MIT Sloan Management Review,2019,Vol.60,1532-9194.

〔28〕.https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/people-organisation/pdf/pwc-preparing-for-tomorrows-workforcetoday.pdf.

〔29〕.例如,可参见the Bank of America Merrill Lynch report,“The Silver Dollar-longevity revolution primer”:http://www.longfinance.net/programmes/london-accord/la-reports.html?view=report&id=452。