五、本章小节
1949年新中国成立后，中国倡导“国际革命主义”，支持恩克鲁玛统治下的加纳、安哥拉的争取安哥拉彻底独立全国同盟（National Union for the Total Independence of Angola，简称UNITA）和南非的泛非议会等民族运动的进行。到50年代末期，由于中苏关系恶化，中国更积极地介入非洲，寻求非洲盟友，以平衡苏联霸权和美国帝国主义[245]。由于其自身的殖民史，中国将自己看作第三世界国家的领导者，因而非洲国家被看作中国的天然盟友。
从1950年代末到60年代，因“大跃进”及“文化大革命”的发生，中非合作关系的步伐被迫减缓。进入1970年代，中非关系再次获得发展，这得益于非洲国家的投票支持，中华人民共和国取代台湾地区获得联合国安理会常任理事国席位，是中国在联合国唯一的合法代表。然而，随着周恩来和毛泽东的逝世以及后来邓小平提出改革开放战略，中国主要关注国内经济发展，非洲在中国外交战略中被边缘化，中国对包括非洲国家在内的发展中国家的参与程度大大减少，当然，关系没有完全停止，例如，中国依然继续向非洲国家派遣医疗队[246]。
1989年后，由于西方的经济制裁与政治孤立，中国被迫与西方断绝关系。中国在西方的孤立与制裁中吸取了教训，不再依赖西方国家的对外直接投资，这促使中国再次扩大与非洲国家的联系。1990年代末，中国实施“走出去”战略，鼓励中国企业到国外寻求发展，这一战略尽管不完全针对非洲，但是非洲却是其中的重要组成部分。非洲丰富的资源是刺激中国经济积极介入非洲的重要动力。另外，整个90年代西方国家减少在非洲的活动，也为中国介入非洲提供了千载难逢的机会。自1990年代末以来，中国外交部长已形成一个传统，每年年初访问非洲[247]，由此可见非洲在中国对外战略中的重要地位。
【注释】
[1]Judith van de Looy，Africa and China：A Strategic Partnership？African Studies Centre Working Paper 67/2006，Leiden，The Netherlands，p.1.
[2]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006.
[3]China's Long History in Africa，New African Magazine，11March，2015，http：//newafricanmagazine.com/chinas-long-history-africa/.
[4]Sithara Fernando，China-Africa Relations：An Analysis of Forum on China-Africa Cooperation（FOCAC）Documents Using Shinn and Eisenman's Optimist-Pessimist Dual Framework，African Studies，SAGE Publications，2014，6（2），pp.145-160.
[5]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.16.
[6]China's Long History in Africa，New African Magazine，11March，2015，http：//newafricanmagazine.com/chinas-long-history-africa/.
[7]第五次（1417年到1419年）、第六次（1421年到1422年）和第七次（1431年到1433年），先后到达摩加迪沙和不刺哇（索马里）、马林迪（肯尼亚）和索法拉（莫桑比克）等。
[8]The Ming Voyages，http：//afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china＿1000ce＿mingvoyages.htm.
[9]Tian Xuejun，Chinese Ambassador to South Africa，Friendship and Cooperation for a Better Future of China-Africa Relations，Speech to the South African Institute of International Affairs（SAIIA），Johannesburg，4July，2012.
[10]Deborah Brautigam，The Dragon's Gift：The Real Story of China in Africa，Oxford University Press.2009，p.23.
[11]Daniel Large，Beyond“Dragon in the Bush”：The Study of China-Africa Relations African Affairs，African Affairs，Vol.107，Issue 426，2008，pp.45-61.
[12]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.16.
[13]David H.Shinn and Joshua Eisenman，China and Africa：A Century of Engagement，Philadelphia，PA：University of Pennsylvania Press，2012，pp.21-22.
[14]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.16.
[15]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.17.
[16]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.19.
[17]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.19.
[18]然而，由于AAPSO未能很好地协调世界行动，所以极大地挫伤了亚非团结的积极性。Garth le Pere ＆Garth Shelton：Afro-Chinese Relations：An Evolving South-South Partnership，South African Journal of International Affairs，Summer/Autumn，2006，13（1），p.38.
[19]Domingos Jardo Muekalia，Africa and China's Strategic Partnership，African Security Studies，2004，13（1），p.5.
[20]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.20.
[21]Filip de Beule and Daniel Van den Bulcke，China's Opening up，from Shenzhen to Sudan，Meine Pieter van Dijk ed.，The New Presence of China in Africa，Amsterdam University Press，2009，p.44.
[22]Bruce Larkin，Chinese Aid in Political Context1 9711-975，Warren Weinstein，Chinese and Soviet Aid to Africa，Praeger Publishers，1975.
[23]Chaldeans Mensah，China’s Foray into Africa：Ideational Underpinnings and Geoeconomic Interests，African Journal of Political Science and International Relations，March，2010，4（3），p.98.
[24]Domingos Jardo Muekalia，Africa and China's Strategic Partnership，African Security Review，2004，13（1），p.6.
[25]H.Kerr，The Middle East and China，A.Halpern，Policies Towards China：Views from Six Continents，New York：McGraw Hill，p.439.转引自Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.21.
[26]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.21.
[27]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.21.
[28]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.34.
[29]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.23.
[30]1960年：加纳、马里和索马里；1961年：扎伊尔；1962年：乌干达；1963年：布隆迪和肯尼亚；1964年：贝宁、中非、刚果（布）、坦桑尼亚、突尼斯和赞比亚；1965年：毛里塔尼亚。
[31]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.23.
[32]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.22.
[33]Alan Hutchison，China's African Revolution，The Journal of Modern African Studies，1975，14（2）.
[34]Alaba Ogunsanwo，China's Policy in Africa，1958—1971，Cambridge University，1974，p.78.
[35]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.24.
[36]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.24.
[37]这十个国家是埃及、阿尔及利亚、摩洛哥、突尼斯、加纳、马里、几内亚、苏丹、埃塞俄比亚、索马里。
[38]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，And Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.19.
[39]Deborah Brautigam，The Dragon's Gift：The Real Story of China in Africa，Oxford University Press，2009，p.38.
[40]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.24.
[41]Judith van de Looy，Africa and China：A Strategic Partnership？African Studies Centre Working Paper，2006，67，Leiden，The Netherlands，p.7.
[42]Deborah Brautigam，The Dragon's Gift：The Real Story of China in Africa，Oxford University Press，2009，p.38.
[43]Deborah Brautigam，The Dragon's Gift：The Real Story of China in Africa，Oxford University Press，2009，p.32.
[44]Deborah Brautigam，China's African Aid：Transatlantic Challenges，The German Marshall Fund of the United States，2008，p.8.
[45]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.32.
[46]Bruce D.Larkin，China and Africa 19491-970，University of California，1971，p.173.
[47]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，pp.32-33.
[48]Domingos Jardo Muekalia，Africa and China's Strategic Partnership，African Security Review，2004，13（1），pp.5-11.
[49]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.18.
[50]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.22.
[51]详见第三章第二节。
[52]Judith van de Looy，Africa and China：A Strategic Partnership？African Studies Centre Working Paper，2006，67，Leiden，The Netherlands，p.11.
[53]Drew Thompson，China's Soft Power in Africa：From the Beijing Consensus to Health Diplomacy，China Brief，2005，21（5），pp.1-4.
[54]Judith van de Looy，Africa and China：A Strategic Partnership？African Studies Centre Working Paper，2006，67，Leiden，The Netherlands，p.12.
[55]Domingos Jardo Muekalia，Africa and China's Strategic Partnership，African Security Review，2004，13（1），p.6.
[56]Domingos Jardo Muekalia，Africa and China's Strategic Partnership，African Security Review，2004，13（1），p.6.
[57]David Albright，Soviet Policy，Problems of Communism，1978，27（1），p.23.
[58]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.22.
[59]Chaldeans Mensah，China's Foray into Africa：Ideational Underpinnings and Geoeconomic Interests，African Journal of Political Science and International Relations，2010，4（3），p.106.
[60]Lyal White ＆Phil Alves，China in Africa：A Relationship of（Un）Equals in the Developing World，South African Journal of International Affairs，2006，13（1），Summer/Autumn，2006，p.55.
[61]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.7.
[62]George T.Yu，China's Role in Africa，Annals of the American Academy of Politics and Social Science，1977，p.105.
[63]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.36.
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[66]Deborah Brautigam，The Dragon's Gift：The Real Story of China in Africa，Oxford University Press，2009，p.67.
[67]Mohamed El-Khawas，Africa，China and the United Nations，Africa Review，1973，2（2），p.287.
[68]Garth le Pere ＆Garth Shelton，Afro-Chinese Relations：An Evolving South-South Partnership，South African Journal of International Affairs，Summer/Autumn，2006，13（1），p.37.
[69]Deborah Brautigam，The Dragon's Gift：The Real Story of China in Africa，Oxford University Press，2009，pp.34-41；Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，pp.38-39.
[70]Domingos Jardo Muekalia，Africa and China's Strategic Partnership，African Security Review，2004，13（1），p.7.
[71]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.44.
[72]Bruce Larkin，Chinese Aid in Political Context 1971-1975，in Warren Weinstein，Chinese and Soviet Aid to Africa Nations，Praeger Publishers，1975.
[73]Philip Snow，The Star Raft：China's Encounter with Africa，Weidenfeld ＆Nicolson，1988.
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[75]Chaldeans Mensah，China's Foray into Africa：Ideational Underpinnings and Geoeconomic Interests，African Journal of Political Science and International Relations，2010，4（3），p.99.
[76]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.40.
[77]Chaldeans Mensah，China's Foray into Africa：Ideational Underpinnings and Geoeconomic Interests，African Journal of Political Science and International Relations，2010，4（3），p.98.
[78]Philip Snow，China and Africa：Consensus and Camouflage，in Robinson，T.and Shambaugh，D.（eds），Chinese Foreign Policy：Theory and Practice，Clavendon，1995.
[79]Jack Bermingham and Edwin Clausen，Sino-African Relations 19491-976，Munger Africana Library，notes 59/60Pasadena，CalTech，1981，p.31.
[80]Domingos Jardo Muekalia，Africa and China's Strategic Partnership，Africa Security Review，2004，13（1），pp.5-11.
[81]Samuel Kim，China and the World：Chinese Foreign Relations in the Post-Cold War Era，Boulder：Westview Press，1994.p.151.
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[86]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.7.
[87]Chaldeans Mensah，China's Foray into Africa：Ideational Underpinnings and Geoeconomic Interests，African Journal of Political Science and International Relations，2010，4（3），p.98.
[88]Alan Hutchison，China's African Revolution，The Journal of Modern African Studies，1975，14（2）.
[89]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.45.
[90]M Meredith，The First Dance of Freedom：Black Africa in the Post War Era，Hamilton Ltd，London，1984，p.177.
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[92]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.49.
[93]Garth le Pere ＆Garth Shelton，Afro-Chinese Relations：An Evolving South-South Partnership，South African Journal of International Affairs，Summer/Autumn，2006，13（1），p.38.
[94]Deborah Brautigam，China's African Aid：Transatlantic Challenges，The German Marshall Fund of the United States，2008，p.10.
[95]Garth le Pere ＆Garth Shelton，Afro-Chinese Relations：An Evolving South-South Partnership，South African Journal of International Affairs，Summer/Autumn，2006，13（1），p.38.
[96]Ian Taylor，China's Relations with Sub-Saharan Africa in the Post-Maoist Era，1978—1999，in F.Columbus，Politics and Economics of Africa，Volume I，Nova Science Publishers，Inc.，2001.
[97]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，pp.50-51.
[98]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.47.
[99]Domingos Jardo Muekalia，Africa and China's Strategic Partnership，African Security Review，2004，13（1），p.7.
[100]Chaldeans Mensah，China's Foray into Africa：Ideational Underpinnings and Geoeconomic Interests，African Journal of Political Science and International Relations，2010，4（3），p.101.
[101]Domingos Jardo Muekalia，Africa and China's Strategic Partnership，African Security Review，2004，13（1），p.7.
[102]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.54.
[103]中国专注于自身经济发展，急于获得西方国家的技术、投资以及专业知识。而发展中国家无助于这一目标，因此中国“忽略”发展中国家。Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.55.
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[105]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.56.
[106]它们是埃及、阿尔及利亚、摩洛哥、几内亚、刚果（金）、刚果（布）、津巴布韦、赞比亚、坦桑尼亚、肯尼亚和加蓬。
[107]Deborah Brautigam，The Dragon's Gift：The Real Story of China in Africa，Oxford University Press，2009.p.53.
[108]Kwan Ha Yim，China Under Deng，Facts on File，1991，p.156.
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[110]Chang Ya-chün，An Appraisal of Chao Tzu-yang's Visit to Africa，Issues and Studies，February，1983，19（2），p.11.
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[112]Deborah Brautigam，The Dragon's Gift：The Real Story of China in Africa，Oxford University Press，2009，p.53.
[113]Ian Taylor，China and Africa：Engagement and Compromise，Routledge Taylor ＆Francis Group，2006，p.57.
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[146]Ian Taylor，The“All-weather Friend”？Sino-African Interaction in the Twentyfirst Century，in Taylor ＆Williams，Africa in International Politics，2004，p.87.
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[232]Ian Taylor，China's Foreign Policy Towards Africa in the 1990s，The Journal of Modern African Studies，1998，36（3），p.459.2013年11月，冈比亚宣布与台湾“断交”。截至目前，只有3个非洲国家正式“承认台湾”，分别是布基纳法索、圣多美普林西比民主共和国及斯威士兰。
[233]Linda Yueh，China's“Going Out，Bringing In”Policy：The Geo-Economics of China's Rise，presented at A New Era of Geo-economics：Assessing the Interplay of Economic and Political Risk International Institute of Strategic Studies（IISS）Seminar，23-25March，2012。需要指出，80年代初期的“走出去”战略与90年代末期实施的“走出去”战略完全不同。
[234]The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Johannesburg Action Plan（2016-2018），10December，2015，http：//www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa＿eng/zxxx＿662805/t1323159.shtml.
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