中国对非政策——以石油业为例[137]
不知道是不是巧合，中国对非洲兴趣的日益增加恰好发生在非洲大陆发现大量石油储备之际。为了满足本国经济建设的需要，中国致力于扩大石油进口以及石油供应国家的多元化，这是中国对外贸易援助的政策之一。根据该政策，中国增加来自非洲的石油进口以及扩大非洲石油供应国的数量。此外，为了达到这一目的，中国可谓是使出了浑身解数。
首先，中国强调与石油储量大国的政治、外交和经济战略的关联性，以确保获得所在国家的石油供应。中国综合利用外交与经济诱因来确保非洲石油供应。中国重要的石油公司都是国有企业，由于它们是中国政府在海外的代表，所以政府为它们在海外的活动提供了各种支持[138]。通过软贷款和信用额度、发展援助、赠与及其他诱因（武器交易和外交支持），中国致力于赢得石油生产国的好感，从而为公司争取到特权。石油外交（petrodiplomacy）在安哥拉有很好的体现，自2001年以来，中国从该国的进口增加了400%。近期，中国进出口银行向安哥拉提供20亿美元的一揽子贷款，条件是安哥拉每天向中国提供1万桶石油。
其次，中国重视小众市场（niche markets）。在中国看来，小众国家（不受重视的国家）及其石油部门的竞争有限，这或者因为西方国家出于政治考虑对这些国家（如苏丹）实行禁运（第一类小众国家），又或者因为这些国家是新兴的石油生产国（第二类小众国家）。鉴于中国石油公司的资金不足以及所具有的技术竞争力相对（发达国家）较弱，将小众国家定为目标是中国确保获得石油利益的战略决策。中国对非洲石油需求的增加符合其总体能源安全政策，苏丹和西非许多石油生产国分别属于第一类和第二类小众国家。1996年，美国对苏丹进行制裁以及大量西方石油公司撤离使中国的CNPC成为苏丹最大的石油投资方。2004年，苏丹在达尔富尔地区实施非人道行为，美国和其他西方国家力图通过联合国安理会采取反对苏丹的行动，然而，这些试图惩罚苏丹的活动都因中国的反对而遭受挫折。中国或者弃权或者威胁使用否决权。中国认为这是涉及一国主权的“内政”，不应干涉，但是在某种程度上可以说，中国之所以在安理会采取这样的做法与其在该国的石油利益密切相关。首先，苏丹并非中国石油进口无足轻重的石油供应国，苏丹占中国石油进口的6.9%，仅次于安哥拉，是中国在非洲的第二大石油供应国。其次，大尼罗河石油作业公司（GNPOC）[139]是中国CNPC最大的海外投资企业，近年来，它已投资50亿美元用于获得勘探和钻孔许可、管道建设、炼油厂和其他重要基础设施。这些投资表明中国重视在苏丹的长期战略利益。因此，中国反对联合国制裁毫不奇怪，因为制裁将威胁中国在苏丹的投资以及未来的石油供应。
【注释】
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[20]自老布什（George H.W.Bush）以来，除克林顿和小布什（George W.Bush）访问SSA两次外，其他总统均是访问一次。美国国务卿希拉里访问四次，其前任康多莉扎·赖斯和科林·鲍威尔分别访问三次和四次。
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[106]所谓“连带”项目，是指该项目不是投资方的主要项目，但又与该主要项目有一定关联的次要项目。比如投资于一个矿产项目，但由于该项目周边基础设施较差，为了使该项目顺利实施，需要改善相关基础设施，比如道路、通讯等，这些项目就是“连带”项目。
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[139]这是一家由苏丹石油公司与CNPC以及马来西亚和加拿大的石油公司共同组建的合资企业，成立于1997年。