中国在非洲建立经济特区
2006年11月，在北京举办的中非合作论坛上，中国国家主席胡锦涛承诺在接下来的三年中在非洲建立3～5个经济特区（Special Economic Zone，简称SEZ）。
何谓SEZ？在SEZ地理范围内，为了吸引外国投资，实施优惠的商业政策，比如税收减免，建设基础设施，意在为投资者降低交易成本，以及简化运作手续。SEZ也意在帮助中国自身的经济重组，将在中国国内市场竞争力较弱的劳动密集型产业如纺织品、皮革制品和建材等转到海外。按照中国的构想，SEZ是中国与非洲国家分享本国在促进投资和FDI增长方面经验的一种手段[119]。
SEZ的选址？共同的历史和意识形态联系为最初的中非关系奠定了基础，但当前这种接触则更多地依赖于发展经济的迫切要求。采掘业、石油及矿物无疑是首要利益，因而经济特区将被建立在这些资源集中的地方[120]。截至目前，中国已在5个国家设立了7个经济特区：埃及、埃塞俄比亚、毛里求斯、尼日利亚和赞比亚。有些是中非合资企业，有些则完全是中国独资[121]。
SEZ的效果？赞比亚－中国经济贸易合作区是由中国建立的第一个境外经济贸易合作区。自成立以来，开发区已吸引了多家中国公司和跨国公司，这些企业已投资6亿多美元，在矿业、工程和建筑部门为6000多非洲人提供了就业机会[122]。尼日利亚的莱基自由贸易区是由莱基环球投资有限公司和中国政府联合投资的，希望能够成为经济增长培育区，能够吸引FDI、促进出口以及为本地人创造长期就业机会[123]。卢西·科尔金、克里斯托夫·伯克和马丁·戴维斯指出，中国的经济特区政策是从自身的经济改革中得出的经验。他们指出，达累斯萨拉姆、路易港、拉各斯未来成为像香港、广州、澳门和上海这样最富生命力的城市不是没有可能[124]。
SEZ面临的挑战？大多数经济特区正处于发展的起步阶段，面临许多挑战：其一，由于地理及政治因素差异，SEZ在中国成功，但是不一定能在非洲取得成功。世界银行最近的一个报告称，各国家的具体情况对经济特区的实现效果有至关重要的影响，因为中国与非洲国家的地理和政治状况存在差异，所以在非洲建立经济特区可能不太合适[125]。该报告认为，中国放之四海而皆准的模式“在政策层面似乎合理，但执行和设计才是决定成功的关键因素”[126]。另外，非洲的经济特区不是国家主导，而是由私人企业管理。在中国，SEZ有专门的政治和经济政策，国家能够“指导”发展，包括动用政治意愿加以执行。然而遗憾的是，非洲大多数SEZ基础设施落后，政治支持有限，监督机制较弱。然而，由于大多数经济特区仍在建设中，这些特区最终能否建成和成功运行与政府官员的持续努力和非洲当地人民的支持密切相关[127]。
【注释】
[1]Meine Pieter van Dijk，Introduction：Objectives of and Instruments for China's New Presence in Africa，in Meine Pieter van Dijk，The New Presence of China in Africa，Amsterdam University Press，2009，p.13.
[2]Deborah Brautigam，The Dragon's Gift：The Real Story of China in Africa，Oxford University Press，2009，pp.106-117.
[3]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，and Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.24.
[4]“对外经济合作司”是直译，应该是“中国商务部的对外投资和经济合作司”（Department of Outward Investment and Economic Cooperation），参见http：//hzs.mofcom.gov.cn/。
[5]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，And Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.24.
[6]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，And Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.25.
[7]Trends in U.S.and Chinese Economic Engagement，Report to Congressional Requesters，United States Government Accountability Office，February，2013，p.11.
[8]Sébastien Le Belzic，China's Exim Bank：Africa's Largest Financier Looks for an Even Bigger Role，The Africa Report，25October，2012.http：//www.theafricareport.com/North-Africa/chinas-exim-bank-africas-largest-financier-looks-foran-even-bigger-role.html.
[9]Trends in U.S.and Chinese Economic Engagement，Report to Congressional Requesters，United States Government Accountability Office，February，2013，p.11.
[10]Trends in U.S.and Chinese Economic Engagement，Report to Congressional Requesters，United States Government Accountability Office，February，2013，p.10.
[11]Jean-Raphael Chaponniere，Chinese Aid to Africa，Origins，Forms and Issues，Meine Pieter van Dijk，The New Presence of China in Africa，Amsterdam University Press，2009，pp.56-58；Deborah Brautigam，The Dragon's Gift：The Real Story of China in Africa，Oxford University Press，2009，pp.34-55.
[12]Deborah Brautigam，China's African Aid：Transatlantic Challenges，The German Marshall Fund of the United States，2008，p.9.
[13]Deborah Brautigam，The Dragon's Gift：The Real Story of China in Africa，Oxford University Press，2009，p.32.
[14]Jean-Raphael Chaponniere，Chinese Aid to Africa，Origins，Forms and Issues，in Meine Pieter van Dijk，The New Presence of China in Africa，Amsterdam University Press，2009，pp.62-67.
[15]Peter Kragelund and Meine Pieter van Dijk，China's Investments in Africa，in Meine Pieter van Dijk，The New Presence of China in Africa，Amsterdam University Press，2009，p.85.
[16]Deborah Brautigam，The Dragon's Gift：The Real Story of China in Africa，Oxford University Press，2009，p.128.
[17]Deborah Brautigam，The Dragon's Gift：The Real Story of China in Africa，Oxford University Press，2009，p.130.
[18]Carnegie Endowment for International Peace，China's Growing Role in Africa：Myths and Facts，9February 2012，http：//carnegieendowment.org/ieb/2012/02/09/china-s-growing-role-in-africa-myths-and-facts/9j5q.
[19]Paul Eckert，New Database Focuses on China's Secretive Aid to Africa，Reuters，29April，2013，http：//www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/30/us-china-africaaid-idUSBRE93T01Z20130430.
[20]Joshua Kurlantzick，Charm Offensive：How China's Soft Power is Transforming the World，Yale University Press，2006.
[21]Martin Davies，How China Delivers Development Assistance to Africa，Center for Chinese Studies，University of Stellenbosch，February，2008.
[22]Jean-Claude Berthelemy，Impact of China's Engagement on the Sectoral Allocation of Resources and Aid Effectiveness in Africa，African Economic Conference，11-13November，2009，United Nations Conference Centre，Addis Ababa，Ethiopia，p.11.
[23]Deborah Brautigam，The Dragon's Gift：The Real Story of China in Africa，Oxford University Press，2009，p.12.
[24]Deborah Brautigam，The Dragon's Gift：The Real Story of China in Africa，Oxford University Press，2009，p.2.
[25]Deborah Brautigam，The Dragon's Gift：The Real Story of China in Africa，Oxford University Press，2009，p.165.
[26]Jean-Claude Berthelemy，Impact of China's Engagement on the Sectoral Allocation of Resources and Aid Effectiveness in Africa，African Economic Conference，11-13November，2009，United Nations Conference Centre，Addis Ababa，Ethiopia，p.10.
[27]Deborah Brautigam，The Dragon's Gift：The Real Story of China in Africa，Oxford University Press，2009，p.164.
[28]Deborah Brautigam，The Dragon's Gift：The Real Story of China in Africa，Oxford University Press，2009，p.12.
[29]Deborah Brautigam，Chinese Aid and African Development：Exporting Green Revolution，Macmillan，1998.
[30]Deborah Brautigam，China's Foreign Aid in Africa，What Do We Know？，School of International Service，American University，2007.
[31]Deborah Brautigam，China's African Aid-Transatlantic Challenges，German Marshall Fund Paper，2008.
[32]Reagan Thompson，Assessing the Chinese Influence in Ghana，Angola，And Zimbabwe：The Impact of Politics，Partners，and Petro，Stanford University，Center for International Security and Cooperation（CISAC），21May，2012，p.4.
[33]Wang Jianye，What Drives China's Growing Role in Africa？，IMF Working Papers 07/211，IMF，Washington，D.C.，2007.
[34]Robert I.Rotberg，Chinese Trade with Africa Hits Record High，15Mar.，2014，http：//www.chinausfocus.com/finance-economy/chinese-trade-with-africa-hits-record-high/.
[35]Piet Konings，China and Africa：Building a Strategic Partnership，Journal of Developing Societies，2007，23（3），p.356.
[36]Denis M.Tull，China's Engagement in Africa：Scope，Significance and Consequences，Journal of Modern African Studies，2006，44（3），p.464.
[37]Brian Smith，Western Concern at China's Growing Involvement in Africa，2006，www.asiantribune.com/show＿article.php？id＝3102.
[38]Denis M.Tull，China's Engagement in Africa：Scope，Significance and Consequences，Journal of Modern African Studies，2006，44（3），p.464.
[39]Jean-Raphael Chaponniere，Chinese Aid to Africa，Origins，Forms and Issues，in Meine Pieter van Dijk，The New Presence of China in Africa，Amsterdam University Press，2009，p.55.
[40]Thompson Ayodele，Olusegun Sotola，China in Africa：An Evaluation of Chinese Investment，IPPA Working Paper Series，2014.
[41]Meine Pieter van Dijk，Competing Trade Policies with Respect to Africa，in Meine Pieter van Dijk，The New Presence of China in Africa，Amsterdam University Press，2009，p.101.
[42]Lauren Gamache，Alexander Hammer，Lin Jones，China's Trade and Investment Relationship with Africa，USITC Executive Briefings on Trade，April，2013.
[43]Jean-Claude Berthelemy，Impact of China's Engagement on the Sectoral Allocation of Resources and Aid Effectiveness in Africa，African Economic Conference，11-13November，2009，United Nations Conference Centre，Addis Ababa，Ethiopia，p.7.
[44]Simone Foxman，Trade Ties Between China and Africa could Surge 25%This Year—And That's just the Beginning，11April，2013，http：//qz.com/73463/trade-tiesbetween-china-and-africa-could-surge-25-this-year-and-thats-just-the-beginning/。显然，这一预测过于夸大了，实际上，2014年的中非贸易额达2200亿美元，已经是一个非常了不起的成绩，是FOCAC启动时的22倍，但是与作者预测的3850亿美元还有较大差距。之所以出现如此大的偏差，也不难理解，作者是在前几年增速的基础上预测未来，然而，若要维持这种超高增速（27%）实在离谱，毕竟基数越来越大。
[45]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，and Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.28.
[46]Jean-Claude Berthelemy，Impact of China's Engagement on the Sectoral Allocation of Resources and Aid Effectiveness in Africa，African Economic Conference，11-13November，2009，United Nations Conference Centre，Addis Ababa，Ethiopia，p.7.
[47]Ali Zafar，The Growing Relationship Between China and Sub-Saharan Africa：Macroeconomic，Trade，Investment，and Aid Links，Oxford University Press，2007，p.116.
[48]Jean-Claude Berthelemy，Impact of China's Engagement on the Sectoral Allocation of Resources and Aid Effectiveness in Africa，African Economic Conference，11-13November，2009，United Nations Conference Centre，Addis Ababa，Ethiopia，p.8.
[49]Ncube，Mthuli，Leyeka Lufumpa，Charles，Ndikumana，Leonce，Chinese Trade and Investment Activities in Africa，Policy Brief，African Development Bank Group，July，2010，1（2），p.4.
[50]Robert I.Rotberg，Chinese Trade with Africa Hits Record High，15Mar，2014，http：//www.chinausfocus.com/finance-economy/chinese-trade-with-africa-hitsrecord-high/.
[51]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，And Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.28.
[52]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，And Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.30.
[53]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，And Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.30.
[54]U.S.Energy Information Administration，China Country Report，September，2012.
[55]Gamache，Lauren，Alexander Hammer，and Lin Jones，China's Trade and Investment Relationship with Africa，United States International Trade Commission Executive Briefings on Trade，April，2013.
[56]African Development Bank Group，Chinese Trade and Investment Activities in Africa，Policy Brief，July，2010，1（4）.
[57]Shinn，David H.，and Joshua Eisenman，China and Africa：A Century of Engagement，University of Pennsylvania Press，2012，p.279.
[58]African Center for Economic Transformation，Looking East：China-Africa Engagements—Ghana Country Case Study，December，2009，p.5.
[59]Gao Wenzhi，Economic and Commercial Counselor，Embassy of China in Ghana，Work by Mutual Efforts to Promote Trade and Economic Collaboration Between Ghana and China，Remarks to Standard Chartered Bank Professional Forum，Accra，Ghana，1October，2013，http：//english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/newsrelease/counselorsoffice/westernasiaandafricareport/201310/20131000332843.shtml.
[60]Trends in U.S.and Chinese Economic Engagement，Report to Congressional Requesters，United States Government Accountability Office，February，2013，pp.19-26.
[61]Robert I.Rotberg，Chinese Trade with Africa Hits Record High，15Mar，2014，http：//www.chinausfocus.com/finance-economy/chinese-trade-with-africa-hitsrecord-high/.(https://www.daowen.com)
[62]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，and Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.27.
[63]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，And Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.28.
[64]Lauren Gamache，Alexander Hammer，Lin Jones，China's Trade and Investment Relationship with Africa，USITC Executive Briefings on Trade，April，2013.
[65]Ian Taylor，Unpacking China's Resource Diplomacy in Africa，Center on China's Transnational Relations Working Paper，No.19，2007，pp.2-3.
[66]Ian Taylor，Unpacking China's Resource Diplomacy in Africa，Center on China's Transnational Relations Working Paper，No.19，2007，p.8.
[67]Lauren Gamache，Alexander Hammer，Lin Jones，China's Trade and Investment Relationship with Africa，USITC Executive Briefings on Trade，April，2013.需要说明的是，中国需求不是石油价格增长的唯一因素，更不是主要因素，否则无法解释当今石油价格的下降。实际上，原油产量、美国施压等都是影响石油价格的重要因素。
[68]Chris Alden，China in Africa，Survival，2005，47（3），pp.147-164.
[69]Judith van de Looy，Africa and China：A Strategic Partnership？，African Studies Centre Working Paper 67/2006，Leiden，The Netherlands，p.15.
[70]Ian Taylor，Unpacking China's Resource Diplomacy in Africa，Center on China's Transnational Relations Working Paper，No.19，2007，p.10.
[71]Denis M.Tull，China's Engagement in Africa：Scope，Significance and Consequences，Journal of Modern African Studies，2006，44（3），p.469.
[72]Ian Taylor，Unpacking China's Resource Diplomacy in Africa，Center on China's Transnational Relations Working Paper，No.19，2007，p.10.
[73]尽管如此，石油绝非中国对非洲资源的唯一需求，实际上，中国积极地寻求包括铜、矾土、铀、铝、锰、铁矿等在内的任何资源。Ian Taylor，Unpacking China's Resource Diplomacy in Africa，Center on China's Transnational Relations Working Paper，No.19，2007，p.2.
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