如何促进中国在非洲更好的行为
由于美中关系面临着许多重大挑战，例如伊朗的制裁问题，朝鲜问题的解决以及如何避免双方在中国南海发生冲突的问题，这一系列挑战使双方不太可能消耗很多的外交资本促进他们在非洲的利益。2013年6月，当奥巴马与习近平在加利福尼亚会晤时，非洲甚至都不在议程之中。美国可以通过非洲人民要求中国对非洲进行更好的投资和建设，从而促使中国更加负责任地参与到非洲建设之中。但是只要非洲政府能够从中国的援助和投资中获益，那么非洲国家不会听取美国的这一建议[46]。
如果非洲公众通过政府、工会和市民社会提出要求，中国很有可能会改变其在非洲的行为。由于非洲公众舆论日益敌视中国的对非外交和经济政策，中国不得不对其进行调整，并保证会创造更多的工作岗位，转移更多的技术以及改善工作条件。因此，美国促使中国改变其非洲政策的最好方式不是直接对中国施加压力，而是促进非洲的民主、负责及透明。美国对非洲的援助始终关注于善治的推进和腐败的减少可能是美国鼓励中国在非洲做一个更加负责任行为者的最好办法之一[47]。这种方法可以通过美国国务院和USAID项目，促进民主、透明和强大的市民社会的建设。同时，通过专业化的军事教育计划，例如国际军事教育和培训（International Military Education and Training，简称IMET）以及国防部的非洲战略研究中心，美国国防部也可以在促进善治、文官治军、采购/合约机制透明以及负责任政府的其他方面发挥重要作用[48]。
另外，如果美国要制止中国向独裁政权出售军事物资，首先就不能区别对待自己。实际上，我们很难决定哪些政府可以得到军事援助，因为在非洲54个国家中只有11个国家被“自由之家”列为“自由”国家[49]，即便是这些国家，其国内也面临着官员腐败和权力滥用的问题。例如，美国不太可能终结与肯尼亚的安全关系，肯尼亚是美国在非洲大陆最亲密的伙伴之一，然而，新当选的肯尼亚总统被国际刑事法庭指控在该国2007年大选后煽动种族暴乱。美国面临的更大挑战是，如果美国拒绝向专制政府提供武器和军事装备，那么中国或其他武器出口商很可能会填补空缺，独裁政权仍然会全副武装，但是美国的影响将减弱[50]。
同样地，美国应积极鼓励更多的私人投资，以便迫使中国企业改变其在非洲的行为。来自美国企业的竞争将迫使中国企业向非洲政府和私人伙伴提供更好的交易，促使中国企业承担更多的社会责任，为其所在社区带来更多的益处。越多的美国企业进入非洲市场，带动地方就业，提供培训和进步机会以及创造更人性的工作条件，就越可能迫使中国企业效仿美国企业的行为，为非洲提供更好的贸易条件。例如，2013年6月，奥巴马总统倡议的非洲电力计划就可能会使非洲国家获得来自中国的更好的基础设施和投资交易[51]。
【注释】
[1]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，And Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，xiii.
[2]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，And Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.89.
[3]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，And Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.90.
[4]Johnnie Carson，Remarks to Panel Discussion on“Consolidating Democratic Gains，Promoting African Prosperity”，U.S.Institute of Peace，29March，2013.
[5]The White House，U.S.Strategy Toward Sub-Saharan Africa，June，2012，introductory letter by President Barack Obama，p.2.
[6]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，And Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.91.
[7]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，And Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.91.
[8]Pieter D.Wezeman，Siemon T.Wezeman，and Lucie Béraud-Sudreau，Arms Flows to Sub-Saharan Africa，SIPRI Policy Paper 30，Stockholm International Peace Research Institute，December，2011.
[9]Paul Midford and Indra de Soysa，Enter the Dragon！An Empirical Analysis of Chinese Versus US Arms Transfers to Autocrats and Violators of Human Rights，1989-2006，International Studies Quarterly，2012，56，p.844.
[10]Danna Harman，How China's Support of Sudan Shields a Regime Called“Genocidal”，Christian Science Monitor，26June，2007.
[11]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，And Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.96.
[12]Testimony of Stephen Hayes in U.S.Senate，Committee on Foreign Relations，Subcommittee on African Affairs，2011，p.27.
[13]Remarks by Senator Christopher A.Coons in U.S.Senate，Committee on Foreign Relations，Subcommittee on African Affairs，2011，p.2.
[14]Trends in U.S.and Chinese Economic Engagement，Report to Congressional Requesters，United States Government Accountability Office，February，2013，p.49.
[15]Trends in U.S.and Chinese Economic Engagement，Report to Congressional Requesters，United States Government Accountability Office，February，2013，p.50.
[16]Trends in U.S.and Chinese Economic Engagement，Report to Congressional Requesters，United States Government Accountability Office，February，2013，p.50.
[17]Trends in U.S.and Chinese Economic Engagement，Report to Congressional Requesters，United States Government Accountability Office，February，2013，p.51.
[18]Testimony of Stephen Hayes in U.S.Senate，Committee on Foreign Relations，Subcommittee on African Affairs，2011，p.28.
[19]Witney Schneidman，Transforming the U.S.—Africa Commercial Relationship，Top Five Reasons Why Africa Should be a Priority for the United States，Brookings Institution，April，2013，p.12.
[20]Lukasz Fijalkowski，China's“Soft Power”in Africa？，Journal of Contemporary African Studies，Vol.29，No.2，April，2011，p.227.
[21]Trends in U.S.and Chinese Economic Engagement，Report to Congressional Requesters，United States Government Accountability Office，February，2013，p.54.
[22]Witney Schneidman，Transforming the U.S.—Africa Commercial Relationship，Top Five Reasons Why Africa Should be a Priority for the United States，Brookings Institution，April，2013，p.12.http：//www.brookings.edu/～/media/Research/Files/Reports/2013/04/africa%20priority%20united%20states/04＿africa＿priority＿united＿states.pdf.
[23]Trends in U.S.and Chinese Economic Engagement，Report to Congressional Requesters，United States Government Accountability Office，February，2013，p.58.(https://www.daowen.com)
[24]The White House，President Bush Participates in Press Availability with President Kufuor of Ghana，20February，2008.
[25]The White House，Press Gaggle by President Obama Aboard Air Force One，28June，2013.
[26]Remarks by Senator Russell Feingold in U.S.Senate，Committee on Foreign Relations，Subcommittee on African Affairs，China in Africa：Implications for U.S.Interests，Senate Hearing 110-649，4June，2008，p.12.
[27]Johnnie Carson，Briefing on Assistant Secretary Carson's Recent Travel to Asia，22November，2011.
[28]Lydia Polgreen，U.S.，Too，Wants to Bolster Investment in a Continent's Economic Promise，New York Times，8August，2012.
[29]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，And Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.90.
[30]Johnnie Carson，Briefing on Assistant Secretary Carson's Recent Travel to Asia，22November，2011.http：//southafrica.usembassy.gov/mediahub＿111123a.html.
[31]Jendayi E.Frazer，Africa Policy：A Record of Success，in Claudia E.Anyaso，Fifty Years of U.S.African Policy：Reflections of Assistant Secretaries of African Affairs and U.S.Embassy Officials，Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training，2011，p.252.
[32]Merle David Kellerhals，Jr.，U.S.Diplomat Discusses Africa with Asian Counterparts，U.S.Embassy，IIPdigital.com，22November，2011.http：//iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2011/11/20111122153617elrem0.1062281.html＃axzz2So5DeFep.
[33]Merle David Kellerhals Jr.，U.S.Diplomat Discusses Africa with Asian Counterparts，U.S.Embassy，IIPdigital.com，22November，2011.http：//iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2011/11/20111122153617elrem0.1062281.html＃axzz2So5DeFep.
[34]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，And Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.112.
[35]Quoted in U.S.House of Representatives，Committee on Foreign Affairs，Subcommitee on Africa，Global Health，and Human Rights，Assessing China's Role and Influence in Africa，29March，2012.
[36]David H.Shinn，United States-China Collaboration on Health and Agriculture in Africa，Paper Presented at a Joint Conference Hosted by The Center for Strategic and International Studies and the China Institute of International Studies，Beijing，24May，2011，p.1，7.
[37]David H.Shinn，The Impact of China's Growing Influence in Africa，The European Financial Review，April-May，2011.pp.1-2.
[38]Testimony of Donald Yamamoto，Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Africa Affairs，in U.S.House of Representatives，Committee on Foreign Affairs，Subcommitee on Africa，Global Health，and Human Rights，2012，p.2.
[39]The White House，U.S.Strategy Toward Sub-Saharan Africa，June，2012，p.3.
[40]Kenya Launches Mega＄13.8bn Railway Project，Al Jazeera，28November，2013.
[41]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，And Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.115.
[42]Paul Eckert，U.S.，China to Expand Military Exchanges Amid Rows Over Cyber Security，Territory，Reuters，19August，2013.
[43]Carter Ham，Transcript：General Ham at the Chatham House，21November，2012.http：//www.africom.mil/Newsroom/Transcript/10110/transcript-general-ham-at-thechatham-house-londo.
[44]Jennifer Cooke，Introduction，U.S and Chinese Engagement in Africa：Prospects for Improving U.S.-China-Africa Cooperation，Center for Strategic and International Studies，July，2008，p.7.
[45]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，And Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.116.
[46]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，And Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.117.
[47]Larry Hanauer and Lyle Morris，Agreeing to Disagree About Africa，U.S.News ＆World Report，5June，2013.
[48]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，And Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.117.
[49]Freedom House，Freedom in the World 2013，2013，pp.14-18.http：//freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013%20Booklet＿0.pdf.
[50]Larry Hanauer，Lyle J.Morris，Chinese Engagement in Africa：Drivers，Reactions，And Implications for U.S.Policy，RAND，National Security Research Division，2014，p.118.
[51]Larry Hanauer and Lyle Morris，To Help Africa，Do Business There，U.S.News ＆World Report，27June，2013.