9.3.2.3　Permanent skin graft material

The permanent skin graft material is Epicel®，and it is also known as“test tube skin”.In 1975，Rhinewald and Green invented an alternative epidermal material for artificial epidermal cell culture in vitro.Due to the lack of dermal components，the wound surface after transplantation has the disadvantages of easy infection，ulceration，and scar formation.However，Epicel®is transplanted on Integra®and Alloderm®artificial dermal substitute materials that have established blood supply，and has shown good results in long-term clinical observation.

With the rapid development of biology and bioengineering technology，in today's diversified skin substitute market，clinicians should choose the most suitable treatment and application according to the wound situation.Ideal skin substitutes should include the following attributes：enhance tissue regeneration，control pigmentation，barrier protection and anti-infection function，regenerate accessory structures（e.g.，hair follicles and sweat glands），easy to handle and apply，and long shelf life.There is still a certain distance between the existing skin substitutes and people's expectations.How to make full use of the advantages of skin substitutes and overcome their shortcomings is the development trend of future research.(https://www.daowen.com)