成功生涯?还是幸福生涯?
剑桥辞典对成功(success)生涯的定义是:取得想要或希望的成果,或获取正向的结果,可以说成功就是达到预期的目标。剑桥辞典对于幸福(happiness)的定义是:感觉到快乐。亚里士多德的方法伦理即目的论,他认为如果生命活着是值得的,肯定是事物本身,就是最终目的,可以说幸福就是为自己本身。如此看来,成功生涯是指达到或完成外在目标,幸福生涯是获取自己本身的快乐。
成功的人生就是幸福的人生吗?Dickinson H在他1988年的博士论文中认为:这个世界上有两种人最幸福:一种是淡泊宁静的平凡人,一种是功成名就的杰出者。20年后他追踪当初论文中121位自认为幸福的人,其中50位成功人士的幸福感主要源于事业的成功,而另外的71人,则是普通百姓。当年那71位平凡者,因有两人去世,共收回69份调查表,他们仍然觉得自己“非常幸福”。其中50名成功者的选项却发生了巨大的变化,仅有9人仍然选择“非常幸福”,23人选择了“一般”,有16人选择了“痛苦”,另有2人选择了“非常痛苦”。他推翻了先前的结论,重新说道:所有靠物质支撑的幸福感,都不能持久,都会随着物质的离去而离去。只有心灵的淡泊宁静,继而产生的身心愉悦,才是幸福的真正源泉。
幸福是个人主观的感受,跟幸福感有关的概念包括:快乐(happiness)、幸福(well being)、主观幸福(subjective well-being)、心理幸福(psychological well-being)、生活满意(life satisfaction)。主观幸福感把快乐定义为幸福,具体来说就是拥有较多的积极正向情绪、较少的消极情绪和更高的生活满意度[23],所以主观幸福感包括快乐、幸福与生活满意。心理幸福感研究者认为,幸福不能等同于快乐,应该从人的发展、自我实现与人生意义的角度进行理解,幸福感是人们与真实的自我协调一致[24],所以心理幸福感除了积极正向情绪之外,更强调自我实现与人生意义。心理幸福感理论结构由Ryff C D和Keyes C L M提出,包含六个向度:自主(autonomy)、情境主控感(environmental mastery)、个人成长(personal growth)、正向人际关系(positive relations)、有生活目标(purpose in life)、自我接纳(self-acceptance)[25]。
希望中心取向的生涯咨询师特别强调无望感(hopeless)跟无助感(helpless)是两个不同的概念,心理师的专业训练着重在处理无助感,经常忽视无望感[26]。如果生涯咨询师是为了帮助来访者追求成功,咨询焦点将会落在处理无助感上,致力于协助来访者找到获取成功的方法。但是,如果生涯咨询师是为了帮助来访者追求幸福感,咨询焦点势必要处理无望感,以建立来访者的希望感为首要目标。生涯最终要到达的是天心月圆、华枝春满,这种状态通常跟幸不幸福有关,跟成不成功无关。
综上所述,成功生涯是指达到或完成外在目标,幸福生涯是获取自己本身的快乐;成功无法带来幸福,除非成功是来自追求所致的身心愉悦;主观幸福感包括快乐、幸福与生活满意;心理幸福感除了积极正向情绪之外,更强调自我实现与人生意义;生涯咨询师是为了帮助来访者追求幸福感,咨询的焦点势必要处理无望感,以建立来访者的希望感为首要目标。
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Risk Society and Career Well-being
Huang Sufei
[Abstract]This paper first argues that the career education in 21st century is the wisdom of flexibility,with the key features presented:①Spring Crisis among emerging adult population,which shows that young people in 21st century need more time to transit from adolescence to adulthood,comparing with people from 20th century.②The study of career in 21st century society requires contingency approach.With the future being always unpredictable,the linear career concept is no longer applicable.③The post-modern multiple career type and style has replaced the collective narrative career path,which is commonly used in the past.④Elaborate the evolution of career concept and compares the difference among career guidance,career education and career counseling.⑤In the end,discuss that a successful career is not necessarily a well-being career.Finally sum up,a successful career means achieving or accomplishing an external goal.Career well-being is to achieve one's own happiness.Success cannot bring happiness unless success comes from a pursuit of physical and mental pleasure.Subjective well-being includes happiness,wellbeing and life satisfaction.Psychological well-being has to have positive emotions,and also emphasizes self-realization and meaningful life.Career counseling is to help clients to pursue career well-being.Career counselor has to focus on dealing with hopelessness,and take rebuilding client's hope as the prior concern.
[Key words]spring crisis;risk society;post-modernism;multiple career paths;career well-being
【注释】
[1]尼特族,是NEET在台湾的译音,全称是Not currently engaged in Employment,Education or Training,它指一些不升学、不就业、不进修或参加就业培训,终日无所事事的族群。
[2]啃老族并非找不到工作,而是主动放弃了就业的机会,赋闲在家,不仅衣食住行全靠父母,而且花销往往不菲。
[3]MachadoA.Travel ler,ThereisNoPath[EB/OL].(2016-02-01).www.minimo.50webs.org/caminante_eng.html.
[4]引自金树人于2014年在上海交通大学课堂上的讲义。