从日汉对比的角度谈谈「シテイタ」的意义

On the meaning of“～Shiteita”as seen from a Contrastive Study of Japanese and Chinese

张岩红

[摘　要]奥田靖雄认为，日语最基本的时系统是过去与非过去的对立，体系统是完成与继续的对立，两者是内在时间和外在时间的统一体，「シテイタ」为过去时继续体。本文在前人研究和实际例句的基础上，从日汉对比的角度，在阐明日语单词层面上的「シテイタ」与动词种类之间的关系的同时，进一步明确与「シテイタ」相对应的汉语所存在的两个不同层面的体系，即词组层面（“……来着”“……过”）和句子层面（“……来着”）。这跟时间副词“正在、正、在”和时间名词“每天”等都有一定的关系。

[关键词]シテイタ　日汉对比　意义关系　基本意义　派生意义

Abstract：Okuda Yasuo has shown that the basic tense system in Japanese is an opposition of past tense and nonpast tense，and the aspect system is an opposition of perfect aspect and imperfect aspect.While tense system and aspect system represent the unity of inner time and extrinsic time，“～Shiteita”represents imperfect aspect of past tense.On the basis of previous research and real-world examples，this paper，from the perspective of Japanese-Chinese contrast，presents the relationship between word-level“～Shiteita”and verb types.It further clarifies the two systems on different levels，namely，phrase level and sentence level，exist in words and phrases in Chinese that are corresponding to“～Shiteita”.These different systems and levels，as well as the relationships in between，are correlated to Chinese adverbs of time“zhnagzai，zheng，zai”and noun of time“meitian”.